Chapter1TheNatureofInterculturalCommunicationCopyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.1-3TopicsGlobalization/glocalization/grobalizationCultureEnculturation/AcculturationEthnocentrismNorms,rules,roles,andnetworksSubculturesandsubgroupsCommunicationbarriersMultinationalmanagementorientations3Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.1-4ExampleofMiscommunicationTelexsenttoafactorymanagerofaU.S.subsidyinLima,Peru:“Pleasesendaheadcountofthepeopleinyourfactoryandinyouroffice,brokendownbysex.Informationurgent.”Thelocalmanager,aPeruvian,replied:“Here’syourheadcount:wehave30inthefactory,15intheoffice,5inthehospitalonsickleave,nonebrokendownbysex.Ifyoumustknow,ourproblemhereiswithalcohol.”(Axtell,1994)4Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.5CommunicationandCultureCommunicationandcultureareinseparable.Cultureisacodewelearnandshare.LearningandsharingrequirecommunicationCommunicationrequirescodingandsymbolsthatarelearnedandshared.(Smith,1966)5Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.6DefinitionsInternationalcommunication-communicationbetweengovernmentsoramongnationsIntraculturalcommunication-communicationbetweenmembersofthesamecultureGlobalbusinesscommunication-communicationbetweenbusinessesfromdifferentcountries6Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.7Interculturalbusinesscommunication–interpersonalcommunicationwithinandbetweenbusinessesthatinvolvepeoplefrommorethanonecultureMeltingpot-socioculturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferingbackgroundsandnationalities;implieslosingethnicdifferencesandformingonelargesociety(macroculture)Diffusion-theprocessbywhichtwocultureslearnandadaptmaterialsandadoptpracticesofeachother7Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.8Worldculture-theideathatastraditionalbarriersamongpeopleofdifferingculturesbreakdown,oneculturewillemergeGlobalization-theabilityofafirmtotakeaproductandmarketitintheentirecivilizedworld8U.S.Census201064% WhiteAmericans16% HispanicAmericans14% AfricanAmericans5% AsianAmericans.9% Amer.Indians&AlaskanNatives.2% NativeHawaiians&Pacific Islanders.9% OthersCopyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.99Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.10Globalization,Glocalization,andGrobalizationGlobalization—theworldwidediffusionofpracticesGlocalization—theinterpenetrationoftheglobalandlocalGrobalization—focusesontheimperialisticambitionsofnations,corporations,andorganizationstoimposethemselvesonothers10Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.11DimensionsofCultureLanguages(codes/modes)VerbalNonverbalPhysical PsychologicalEnvironmentHumanBehaviorContent Processes NaturalManMade KnowledgeBeliefEncoding SystemsDecoding Thought FromBorden,1991,17111Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.12DescribetheU.S.oranotherCultureUsingBordenLanguageVerbalNonverbalPsychologicalContentKnowledgeBeliefSystemsProcessesEncodingThoughtDecodingThoughtPhysicalEnvironmentCulturalactivities12Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.13Perceptions&StereotypesPerceptionsarelearnedthroughthedimensionsofculture.Cultureislearnedthroughperception.Stereotypesareperceptionsaboutcertaingroupsofpeopleornationalities,oftenbaseduponlimitedknowledgeand/orexposure13Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.14StereotypesofU.S.PersonsInformalrelationshipsRatherformalinbusinessattire(suitsformen;dressesorsuitsforwomen)WorkaholicsEmbarrassforeignbusinesspeopleOverlyconcernedwithtime,money,andappointments14Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.15Makedecisionsonhard,objectivefactsConsidercontractsandthewrittenwordasveryimportantBeawareofthestatusdifferenceswithintheorganization;however,generallynodisplayofsuperiorityorinferiorityismadewhichmakesrank-consciousforeignersuneasyAreverymobileConveysuperiorityintheiractions15Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.16StereotypesofSelectedCultures(JapaneseandU.S.Students) Japanese

AmericansEnglish gentlemanly, formal,proper, polite polite,intelligentIrish cold,patient, drinkers,jovial, religious hot-tempered,loudChinese diligent,serious quiet,small, ingenious,laboring industrious,smartMexicans cheerful,passionate lazy,poor,loud, spicy-foodeaters dirty,uneducatedRussians cold,dark,closed, cold,respectauthority, secret,selfish hard-workingIsraelis religious,faithful, religious,quarrelsome, warlike,Jewish wealthy,greedy16Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.17TermsEnculturation-socializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyoursocietyFrontstageculture-culturalinformationthatyouarewillingtosharewithoutsidersBackstageculture-culturalinformationconcealedfromoutsidersAcculturation-processofadjustingandadaptingtoanewanddifferentcultureCulturalsynergy-twoculturesmergetoformastrongeroverridingcultureMulticultural-peoplewhocanmovebetweentwoormoreculturesverycomfortablyEthnocentrism-thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundiscorrectMindsets

-waysofbeingthatallowustosee,perceive,andreasonthroughourownfilter17Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.18DimensionsofAcculturationIntegration-personsbecomeanintegralpartofthenewculturewhilemaintainingtheirculturalintegritySeparation-individualskeeptheircultureandstayindependentofthenewcultureAssimilation-personsareabsorbedintotheirnewcultureandwithdrawfromtheiroldcultureDeculturation-individualslosetheiroriginalcultureanddonotacceptthenewculture18Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.19Norms,Rules,Roles,andNetworks(Situationalfactorsthatinfluenceencodinganddecodingofverbalandnonverbalmessages)Norms-culturallyingrainedprinciplesofcorrectandincorrectbehaviorswhich,ifbroken,carryaformofovertorcovertpenaltyRules-formedtoclarifycloudyareasofnormsRoles-includebehavioralexpectationsofapositionwithinacultureandareaffectedbynormsandrulesNetworks-formedwithpersonaltiesandinvolveanexchangeofassistance19Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.20SubculturesandSubgroupsSubcultures(ormicrocultures)-groupspossessingtraitsthatsetthemapartfromotherswithinthemacroculture.U.S.examples:seniorcitizens,Catholics,disabledpersons,AsianAmericansSubgroups-groupswithwhichthemacroculturedoesnotagreeandhasproblemscommunicating.U.S.examples:youthgangs,prostitutes,embezzlers20Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.21CulturalIntelligenceInvolveslinguisticintelligence,spatialintelligence,intrapersonalintelligence,andinterpersonalintelligenceInvolvestheabilitytointeractsuccessfullywithindividualsfromothercultures21Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.22CommunicationBarriersPhysical-time,environmentCultural

-social,ethnic,religion,socialPerceptual-viewingfromyourownmindsetMotivational-mentalinertiaoflistenerExperiential-dissimilarexperiencesorlifehappenings22Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.23Linguistic-unusualvocabularyEmotional-personalfeelings,likesordislikesNonverbal-howsomethingissaidorhowthepersonbehavesorgesturesCompetition-listener'shavingtheabilitytodootherthings23Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.24CulturalIcebergAbovethewaterline—whatwecansee;behaviorsthatarevisibleBelowthewaterline—whatwecannotsee;behaviorsthatarenotvisibleorthatdonotmakesensetous24MetaphorsinCulture文化中的隱喻TheCultureIceberg

TheCultureOnion文化冰山文化洋蔥

25Cultureislikeaniceberg26CultureislikeanonionSymbolsheroesritualsvalues27SymbolsSymbolsreferstowords,gestures,pictures,orobjectsthatcarryaparticularmeaningonlyrecognizedbythosewhosharetheculture.28Heroes“Heroes”isatermusedtoindicatepersons,ordinaryorfamous,realorimaginary,aslongastheypossesscharacteristicsthatarehighlyprizedandworshipedinaculture.29RitualsRitualsarethosecollectiveactivitiesthatareconsideredsociallyessentialwithinaculture.30ValuesValuesaresocialprinciples,goals,orstandardsacceptedbypersonsinaculture.31Cultureisoursoftware32Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin.33Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.34DomesticandGlobalMindsetsDomesticMindsetFunctionalexpertisePrioritizationStructureIndividualresponsibilityNosurprises

TrainedagainstsurprisesGlobalMindsetBigger,broaderpictureBalanceofcontradictionsProcessTeamworkanddiversity ViewchangeasopportunityOpennesstosurprises34Copyright?2014PearsonEducation,Inc.35Multinational

ManagementOrientationsEthnocentricManagement-Allworkerstreatedthesame;noallowanceforculturaldifferencesintheworkforcePolycentricManagement-ConsiderstheculturalneedsofcountrywherethefirmislocatedRegiocentricManagement-C