大學英語四級考試閱讀講義（二十八）Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:考試大Therelationshipbetweenthehomeandmarketeconomieshasgonethroughtwodistinctstages.Earlyindustrializationbegantheprocessoftransferringsomeproductionprocesses(e.g.clothmaking,sewingandcanningfoods)fromthehometothemarketplace.Althoughthehomeeconomycouldstillproducethesegoods,theprocesseswerelaborious(費力的)andthemarketeconomywasusuallymoreefficient.Soon,themoreimportantsecondstagewasevident—themarketplacebeganproducinggoodsandservicesthathadneverbeenproducedbythehomeeconomy,andthehomeeconomywasunabletoproducethem(e.g.electricityandelectricalappliances,theautomobile,advancededucation,sophisticatedmedicalcare).Inthesecondstage,thequestionofwhetherthehomeeconomywaslessefficientinproducingthesenewgoodsandserviceswasirrelevant;ifthefamilyweretoenjoythesefruitsofindustrialization,theywouldhavetobeobtainedinthemarketplace.Thetraditionalwaysoftakingcareoftheseneedsinthehome,suchasinnursingthesick,becamesociallyunacceptable(and,inmostseriouscases,probablylesssuccessful).Justastheappearanceoftheautomobilemadetheuseofthehorse-drawncarriageillegalandthenimpractical,andtheappearanceoftelevisionchangedtheradiofromasourceofentertainmenttoasourceofbackgroundmusic,somostofthefruitsofeconomicgrowthdidnotincreasethepurchasetheminthemarket.Growthbroughtwithitincreasedvarietyinconsumergoods,butnotincreasedflexibilityforthehomeeconomyinobtainingthesegoodsandservices.Instead,economicgrowthbroughtwithitincreasedconsumerrelianceonthemarketplace.Inordertoconsumethesenewgoodsandservices,thefamilyhadtoenterthemarketplaceaswageearnersandconsumers.Theneoclassical(新古典主義的)modelthatviewsthefamilyasdecidingwhethertoproducegoodsandservicesdirectlyortopurchasetheminthemarketplaceisbasicallyamodelofthefirststage.Itcannotaccuratelybeappliedtothesecond(andcurrent)stage.Thereasonwhymanyproductionprocessesweretakenoverbythemarketplacewasthat.itwasanecessarystepintheprocessofindustrializationtheydependedonelectricityavailableonlytothemarketeconomyitwastroublesometoproducesuchgoodsinthehomethemarketplacewasmoreefficientwithrespecttoprocessesItcanbeseenfromthepassagethatinthesecondstage.sometraditionalgoodsandserviceswerenotsuccessfulwhenprovidedbythemarketeconomyprovidednewgoodsandservicesneverproducedbythehomeeconomyproducingtraditionalgoodsathomebecamesociallyunacceptablewhethernewgoodsandserviceswereproducedbythehomeeconomybecameirrelevantDuringthesecondstage,ifthefamilywantedtoconsumenewgoodsandservices,theyhadtoenterthemarketplace.aswageearnersC)bothasworkersandpurchasersbothasmanufacturersandconsumersascustomersEconomicgrowthdidnotmakeitmoreflexibleforthehomeeconomytoobtainthenewgoodsandservicesbecause.A)thefamilywasnotefficientinproductionitcouldnotsupplythembyitselfthemarketforthesegoodsandserviceswaslimitedTheneoclassicalmodelisbasicallyamodelofthefirststage,becauseatthisstage.thefamilycouldrelyeitheronthehomeeconomyoronthemarketplacefortheneededgoodsandservicesmanyproductionprocesseswerebeingtransferredtothemarketplaceconsumersreliedmoreandmoreonthemarketeconomythefamilycoulddecidehowtotransferproductionprocessestothemarketplace大學英語四級考試閱讀講義(三十六)Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Theauthorthinksthereasonwhycustomhasbeenignoredintheacademicworldisthat.customrevealsonlythesuperficialnatureofhumanbehaviorthestudyofsocialorderscanreplacethestudyofcustompeoplearestillnotawareoftheimportantrolethatcustomplaysinformingourworldoutlookcustomhaslittletodowithourwaysofthinkingWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoJohnDewey?Anindividualcanexerciseverylittleinfluenceontheculturaltraditionintowhichheisborn.Customisthedirectresultofthephilosophicalprobingsofagroupofpeople.Anindividualisstronglyinfluencedbytheculturaltraditionevenbeforeheisborn.Customrepresentsthecollectivewisdomwhichbenefitstheindividual.Theword“custom“inthispassagemostprobablymeans.theconceptofthetrueandthefalseofasocietytheindependentlydevelopedsocialorderstheadjustmentoftheindividualtothenewsocialenvironmentAccordingtothepassage,aperson'slife,fromhisbirthtohisdeath,isconstantlyshapingtheculturaltraditionsofhispeopleispredominatedbytraditionalcustom考試大D)ischieflyinfluencedbythepeoplearoundhim.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageis.tourgeindividualstofollowtraditionalcustomstostressthestronginfluenceofcustomsonanindividualtoexaminetheinteractionofmanandsocialcustomstoshowman'sadjustmenttotraditionalcustoms大學英語四級考試閱讀講義（三十八）Unit11PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:WhatstartedthepublicandCongressionalconcernaboutdeceptivepackagingrumpus?考試大Asenator'sdiscoveryofthetricksinpackaging.Expensivepackagingforpoorqualityproducts.Theriseintheunitpriceformanyproducts.Theword"undue"(Line2,Para.2)means"A)improperB)adequateC)excessiveD)unexpectedConsumersareconcernedaboutthechangesinpackagesize,mainlybecause.theunitpriceforaproductoftenrisesasaresulttheyhatetoseeanychangesinthingstheyarefamiliarwiththeyhavetopayforthecostofchangingpackagesizesthisentailsanincreaseinthecostofpackagingmeettheneedsofconsumerssuitallkindsofproductsintroducenewproductsenhancethemarketpositionofproducts25.Theauthoriscriticalmainlyof.inferiorpackagingdishonestpackagingthechangesinpackagesizeexaggeratedillustrationsonpackages大學英語四級考試閱讀學習筆記(19)InfraredscanningtechnologymaybebroughtbackintooperationbecauseofgrowingconcernabouttheexcessiveuseofpesticidesoncropsthedesireoffarmerstoimprovethequalityoftheirproducetheforcefulpromotionbytheDepartmentofAgriculturefullsupportfromagricultureexperts注：因果關系詞becauseof"Thistechniquecanbeusedon75percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates,"saysGeorgeQertherofTexasA&M.RayJackson,whorecentlyretiredformtheDepartmentofAgriculture,thinksremoteinfraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.ButonlyifPaleyfindsthefinancialbackingwhichhefailedtoobtain10yearsago.一、翻譯標準：忠實、通順.忠實指意義忠實于原文.通順指符合中文表達習慣。."信、達、雅"、評分情況（每題2分）.全句結構（句子當中各個成分位置順序安排是否恰當合理）0.5分.除全句結構0.5分之外，剩下1.5分分布于句子當中三個重要給分點（通常為重要詞組或者重要結構）重要結構：定語從句、比較結構、虛擬語氣、倒裝結構、雙重否定例：Researchershaveestablishedthatwhenpeoplearementallyengaged,biochemicalchangesoccurinthebrainthatallowittoactmoreeffectivelyincognitive（認矢口的）areassuchasattentionandmemory.研究人員證實人們在動腦筋時，頭腦里會產生生化變化，使頭腦在注意力和記憶力這類認知領域中更加有效的活動。（全句結構0.5）三、翻譯過程L找到需翻譯語句對應文中的位置2.理解階段1）根據(jù)上下文關系2）分析句子結構3）表達階段（注意中英文表達習慣的差異）1）詞序：即詞與詞或詞與句子之間的位置順序關系，中文習慣為修飾語前置。例：Thegirlinredismysister.穿紅衣服的女孩是我姐姐。Ilikethewatchwhichyouboughtme.我喜歡你給我買的那塊表。Wecankeepfitbygoinginforexercise.我們可以通過參加體育鍛煉來保持健康。2）句序：a.中文習慣為狀語從句前置，英語中狀語從句（如原因、條件從句）有時置于主句之后，而漢語一般將狀語從句置于主語之前。例：IwouldbemosthappytogowithyouifIamnotintheway.如果不礙事的話我很高興和你們一起去。b.中文按照時間邏輯順序安排句序，英文按照事情的重要性來安排句序。彳列：ItwasakeendisappointmentwhenIhadtopostponethevisitwhichIhadplannedtopaytoChinainJanuary.我原計劃1月份訪問中國，后來必須推遲，對此我深表遺憾。翻譯技巧.增詞法：目的在于使譯文通順而不是增加含義1）增加動詞彳列：Afterthebanquetandtheconcert,hewouldworkonhisreport.（參加）宴會和（出席）音樂會之后他會繼續(xù)寫報告。2）增加名詞例：Hecann'tendurethetensionofmodernlife.他不能忍受現(xiàn)代生活的緊張（節(jié)奏）。彳列：Youarefrankandhonestwithallyourfaults.你對錯誤的（態(tài)度）坦誠。.轉譯法：1）含有動詞意味的名詞轉譯為動詞例：Itisevidenceenoughofthedesireofallofustosolvetheproblemaccordingtopeople'swillassoonaspossible（ASAP）.這充分證明了我們都希望按照人們的意愿盡快解決問題。2）動詞轉譯為名詞彳列：Formalityhasalwayscharacterizedtheirrelationship.他們之間關系的特點是以禮相待。按照設計大部分衛(wèi)星在完成任務后自行燃燒。3）形容詞副詞之間相互轉譯例：Wetookseveralbriefandrestlessnaps.我們簡短不安地睡了幾次。大學英語四級考試閱讀筆記⑷Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Theauthor'spurposewritingthispassageistotell,readershowtobepopularinwitharoundteen-agershowtolearntodecidethingsforthemselvesparentshowtocontrolandguidetheirchildrenpeoplehowtounderstandandrespecteachotherAccordingtotheauthor,manyteen-agersthinktheyarebraveenoughtoactontheirown,but,infact,mostofthem.havemuchdifficultyunderstandingeachotherlackconfidencedarenotcopewithproblemssingle-handedareverymuchafraidofgettinglostWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?Thereisnopopularitythatreallycounts.Whatmanyparentsaredoingisinfacthinderingtheirchildrenfromfindingtheirownpaths.Itisnotnecessarilybadforateen-agertodisagreewithhisorherclassmates.Mostteen-agersclaimthattheywanttodowhattheyliketo,buttheyareactuallydoingthesame.Theauthorthinksofadvertisementsas.A)convincingB)influentialC)instructiveD)authoritativeDuringtheteen-ageyears,oneshouldlearnto.A)differfromothersinasmanywaysaspossiblefindone'srealselfrebelagainstparentsandthepopularitywaves注：1.rebel背叛、反叛3.should虛擬語氣，表示負態(tài)度.reassurance=re+assure-ance使確信；boldly勇敢的；strikeout開辟.setoff開始3.endup結果treason用來解釋前面的現(xiàn)象.把青少年從眾心理比喻成蠶繭：1.第一句結論句，后面跟著解釋.第二、三句Industry...工業(yè)廣告對青少年的影響.第四句Andmanyof...父母親對青少年的影響注:l.path路徑三個youmay舉例來支持前面一句話Thepathisworthfollowing.Findyourself.Beyourself.提出建議，后面句子給出原因countvi.重要，vt.數(shù)Theauthor'spurposewritingthispassageistotell.readershowtobepopularinwitharoundteen-agershowtolearntodecidethingsforthemselvesparentshowtocontrolandguidetheirchildrenpeoplehowtounderstandandrespecteachother注：寫作目的題型，目標讀者：青少年大學英語四級考試閱讀學習筆記(10)WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureofthenursingsystematBethIsraelHospital?Thedoctorgetsmoreactiveprofessionalsupportfromtheprimarynurse.Eachpatientistakencareofbyaprimarynursedayandnight.Theprimarynursewritescareplansforeverypatient.Theprimarynursekeepsrecordsofthepatient'shealthconditionseveryday.注：第三段末句，B選項dayandnight,C選項everypatient,D選項everydayItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.inmosthospitalspatientcareisinadequatefromtheprofessionalpointofviewinmosthospitalsnursesgetlowsalaries注：1.推理題，正確答案為原文內容的同義改寫。2.A項中的patient為耐心的，混淆"病人"意思3.inadequate不完善的，B項為文章第二句的同義改寫句NursingatBethIsraelHospitalproducesthebestpatientcarepossible.Ifwearetosolvethenursingshortage(不足)，hospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBethIsrael'sexample.同類型題：ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings(測深)weretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.TheaimofvoyagesMauryencouragedinthe1840swas.tomakesomesoundexperimentsintheoceanstocollectsamplesofseaplantsandanimalstoestimatethelengthofcablethatwastobemadetomeasurethedepthsoftwooceansAprimarynursecanproposeadifferentapproachoftreatmentwhenthepresentoneisrefusedbythepatientthepresentoneprovestobeineffectivethepatientisfoundunwillingtocooperate注：第三段第二句Themaindifferencebetweenanurse-managerandaheadnurseisthattheformer.isamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommitteeofthehospitalhastoarrangetheworkshiftsoftheunit'snursescanmakedecisionsconcerningthemedicaltreatmentofapatienthasfullresponsibilityintheadministrationoftheunit'snurses注：1.倒數(shù)第二段，former前者指代nurse-manager,反義latter后者2.A選項為竄段選項,B與黑體部分矛盾。D選項對應劃線部分。大學英語四級考試閱讀筆記(13)Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureofthenursingsystematBethIsraelHospital?Thedoctorgetsmoreactiveprofessionalsupportfromtheprimarynurse.Eachpatientistakencareofbyaprimarynursedayandnight.Theprimarynursewritescareplansforeverypatient.Theprimarynursekeepsrecordsofthepatient'shealthconditionseveryday.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.inmosthospitalspatientcareisinadequatefromtheprofessionalpointofviewinmosthospitalsnursesgetlowsalariesAprimarynursecanproposeadifferentapproachoftreatmentwhen.A)thepresentoneisrefusedbythepatientC)thepresentoneprovestobeineffectiveD)thepatientisfoundunwillingtocooperateThemaindifferencebetweenanurse-managerandaheadnurseisthattheformer.isamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommitteeofthehospitalhastoarrangetheworkshiftsoftheunit'snursesC)canmakedecisionsconcerningthemedicaltreatmentofapatientD)hasfullresponsibilityintheadministrationoftheunit'snursesTheauthor'sattitudetowardsthenursingsystematBethIsraelhospitalisA)negativeB)neutralC)criticalD）positiveNursingatBethIsraelHospitalproducesthebestpatientcarepossible.Ifwearetosolvethenursingshortage（不足），hospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBethIsrael'sexample.注：1.patientn.病人，adj.耐心的.第一句強烈結論：主題句.administration管理.dowellto AtBethIsraeleachpatientisassignedtoaprimarynursewhovisitsatlengthwiththepatientandconstructsafull-scalehealthaccountthatcoverseverythingfromhismedicalhistorytohisemotionalstate.Thenshewritesacareplancenteredonthepatient'sillnessbutwhichalsoincludeseverythingelsethatisnecessary.注：1.assign分配2.atlength長時間3.account紀錄，賬戶注：l.keeptrackwith跟蹤3.approach接近，方法4.本段講BethIsrael醫(yī)院醫(yī)生和護士協(xié)調合作注：1.self-contained自成一體2.劃線句為列舉語言現(xiàn)象，可能出考題，快速閱讀此部分3.shift班次BethIsrael'snurse-in-chiefranksasanequalwithothervicepresidentsofthehospital.ShealsoisamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommittee,whichinmosthospitalsincludesonlydoctors.注：1.nurse-in-chief護士長2.首句說明護土長的地位很高3.only出現(xiàn)，是考點WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureofthenursingsystematBethIsraelHospital?Thedoctorgetsmoreactiveprofessionalsupportfromtheprimarynurse.Eachpatientistakencareofbyaprimarynursedayandnight.Theprimarynursewritescareplansforeverypatient.Theprimarynursekeepsrecordsofthepatient'shealthconditionseveryday.注：第三段末句，B選項dayandnight,C選項everypatient,D選項everydayItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.inmosthospitalspatientcareisinadequatefromtheprofessionalpointofviewinmosthospitalsnursesgetlowsalaries注：1.推理題，正確答案為原文內容的同義改寫。2.A項中的patient為耐心的，混淆"病人"意思nadequate不完善的，B項為文章第二句的同義改寫句NursingatBethIsraelHospitalproducesthebestpatientcarepossible.Ifwearetosolvethenursingshortage(不足)，hospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBethIsrael'sexample.同類型題:ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings(測深)weretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.TheaimofvoyagesMauryencouragedinthe1840swas.tomakesomesoundexperimentsintheoceanstocollectsamplesofseaplantsandanimalstoestimatethelengthofcablethatwastobemadetomeasurethedepthsoftwooceansAprimarynursecanproposeadifferentapproachoftreatmentwhen.A)thepresentoneisrefusedbythepatientC)thepresentoneprovestobeineffectiveD)thepatientisfoundunwillingtocooperate注：第三段第二句Themaindifferencebetweenanurse-managerandaheadnurseisthattheformer.isamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommitteeofthehospitalhastoarrangetheworkshiftsoftheunit'snursesC)canmakedecisionsconcerningthemedicaltreatmentofapatientD)hasfullresponsibilityintheadministrationoftheunit'snurses注：L倒數(shù)第二段，former前者指代nurse-manager,反義latter后者2.A選項為竄段選項,B與黑體部分矛盾。D選項對應劃線部分。25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthenursingsystematBethIsraelhospitalisA)negativeB)neutralC)criticalD)positive注：態(tài)度題，找直接評價，文章第一句話在態(tài)度題中出現(xiàn)neutral的話，一定不會是答案。NursingatBethIsraelHospitalproducesthebestpatientcarepossible.Ifwearetosolvethenursingshortage(不足)，hospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBethIsrael'sexample.大學英語四級考試閱讀筆記(19)Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:AccordingtothepassagetheJarvik-7artificialheartprovedtobe.atechnicalfailureatechnicalwonderagoodlifesaveraneffectivemeanstotreatheartdiseaseFromthepassageweknowthatSymbionInc.,hasbeenbannedbythegovernmentfromproducingartificialheartswillreviewtheeffectsofartificialheartsbeforedesigningnewmodelsmaycontinuetoworkonnewmodelsofreliableartificialheartscanmakenewmodelsofartificialheartsavailableonthemarketin10to20yearsThenewmodelsofartificialheartsareexpected.tohaveaworkinglifeof10or20yearstobesetfullyinthepatient'schesttobeequippedwithanexternalpowersourcetocreateanewpassageforinfectionTheword"them"inLine7,Para.2refersto.doctorswhotreatheartdiseasesmakersofartificialheartsAmerica'shealth-careprogramsnewmodelsofartificialhearts注：指代題Somepeoplefeelthat.大學英語四級考試閱讀筆記匯總artificialheartsareseldomeffectivethecountryshouldnotspendsomuchmoneyonartificialheartsthecountryisnotspendingenoughmoneyonartificialheartsAmerica'shealth-careprogramsarenotdoingenoughforthenation'shealthJustsevenyearsago,theJarvik-7artificialheartwasbeingcheeredasthemodelofhumancreativeness.ThesightofBarneyClark-aliveandconsciousaftertradinghisdiseasedheartforametal-and-plasticpump-convincedthepress,thepublicandmanydoctorsthatthefuturehadarrived.Ithadn't.AftermonitoringproductionoftheJarvik-7,andreviewingitseffectsonthe150orsopatients(mostofwhomgotthedeviceasatemporarymeasure)theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationconcludedthatthemachinewasdoingmoretoendangerlivesthantosavethem.Lastweektheagencycancelleditsearlierapproval,effectivelybanning(禁止)thedevice.注：1.cheer歡呼、喝彩.convince使 相信.monitor監(jiān)視.review回顧.theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration美國食物藥品管理局簡寫FDA?成果型文章:.文中出現(xiàn)新、老兩個成果，新成果正評，老成果負評，抓住正負評價原因.抓住新老成果各自技術特點TherecallmayhurtSymbionInc,makeroftheJarvik-7,butitwon'tendtherequestforanartificialheart.Oneproblemwiththebannedmodelisthatthetubesconnectingittoanexternalpowersourcecreatedapassageforinfection（感染）.Inventorsarenowworkingonnewdevicesthatwouldbefullyplaced,alongwithatinypowerpack,inthepatient'schest.Thefirstsampleproductsaren'texpectedforanother10or20years.Butsomepeoplearealreadyworryingthatthey'llwork-andthatAmerica'soverextendedhealth-careprogramswillloseaprecious$2.5billionto$5billionayearprovidingthemforarelativelyfewdyingpatients.Ifsuchexpenditures（開支）cutintofundingformorebasiccare,theneteffectcouldactuallybeadeclineinthenation'shealth.注：l.recall取消，re有"向后”含義.看至ljSymbionInc.就把32題標在這里；看到newdevices就把33題標在這里。.external外部的，passage通道.work可行、有效，they指代前文thefirstsampleviding引導現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語指代題做法：1.將代詞所在句代詞之前部分的名詞以及代詞之前句子的名詞劃出.根據(jù)單復數(shù)縮小范圍.注意結合動詞判斷所指代為人、事或物Theword"them"inLine7,Para.2refersto.doctorswhotreatheartdiseasesmakersofartificialheartsAmerica'shealth-careprogramsnewmodelsofartificialhearts注：指代題，按照指代題的作法解題AccordingtothepassagetheJarvik-7artificialheartprovedtobe.atechnicalfailureatechnicalwonderagoodlifesaveraneffectivemeanstotreatheartdisease注：對老成果負評價FromthepassageweknowthatSymbionInc..hasbeenbannedbythegovernmentfromproducingartificialheartswillreviewtheeffectsofartificialheartsbeforedesigningnewmodelsmaycontinuetoworkonnewmodelsofreliableartificialheartscanmakenewmodelsofartificialheartsavailableonthemarketin10to20years注：屢敗屢戰(zhàn)。A選項為泛指而文章為特指；B選項為竄段選項，另外選項中的artificialhearts擴大了文章中的指代范圍。二段首句：TherecallmayhurtSymbionInc,makeroftheJarvik-7,butitwon'tendtherequestforanartificialheart.Thenewmodelsofartificialheartsareexpected.tohaveaworkinglifeof10or20yearstobesetfullyinthepatient'schesttobeequippedwithanexternalpowersourcetocreateanewpassageforinfection注：第二段考新成果的技術特點Somepeoplefeelthat.artificialheartsareseldomeffectivethecountryshouldnotspendsomuchmoneyonartificialheartsthecountryisnotspendingenoughmoneyonartificialheartsAmerica'shealth-careprogramsarenotdoingenoughforthenation'shealth注：定位第二段Butsomepeoplearealreadyworrying...TherecallmayhurtSymbionInc,makeroftheJarvik-7,butitwon'tendtherequestforanartificialheart.Oneproblemwiththebannedmodelisthatthetubesconnectingittoanexternalpowersourcecreatedapassageforinfection(感染).Inventorsarenowworkingonnewdevicesthatwouldbefullyplaced,alongwithatinypowerpack,inthepatient'schest.Thefirstsampleproductsaren'texpectedforanother10or20years.Butsomepeoplearealreadyworryingthatthey'llwork-andthatAmerica'soverextendedhealth-careprogramswillloseaprecious$2.5billionto$5billionayearprovidingthemforarelativelyfewdyingpatients.Ifsuchexpenditures（開支）cutintofundingformorebasiccare,theneteffectcouldactuallybeadeclineinthenation'shealth.大學英語四級考試閱讀筆記（26）一、翻譯標準：忠實、通順忠實指意義忠實于原文通順指符合中文表達習慣。"信、達、雅"二、評分情況（每題2分）L全句結構（句子當中各個成分位置順序安排是否恰當合理）0.5分2.除全句結構0.5分之外，剩下1.5分分布于句子當中三個重要給分點（通常為重要詞組或者重要結構）重要結構：定語從句、比較結構、虛擬語氣、倒裝結構、雙重否定例：Researchershaveestablishedthatwhenpeoplearementallyengaged,biochemicalchangesoccurinthebrainthatallowittoactmoreeffectivelyincognitive（認知的）areassuchasattentionandmemory.研究人員證實人們在動腦筋時，頭腦里會產生生化變化，使頭腦在注意力和記憶力這類認知領域中更加有效的活動。（全句結構0.5）三、翻譯過程.找到需翻譯語句對應文中的位置1）根據(jù)上下文關系2）分析句子結構3）表達階段（注意中英文表達習慣的差異）1）詞序：即詞與詞或詞與句子之間的位置順序關系，中文習慣為修飾語前置。例：Thegirlinredismysister.穿紅衣服的女孩是我姐姐。Ilikethewatchwhichyouboughtme.我喜歡你給我買的那塊表。Wecankeepfitbygoinginforexercise.我們可以通過參加體育鍛煉來保持健康。2）句序：a.中文習慣為狀語從句前置，英語中狀語從句（如原因、條件從句）有時置于主句之后，而漢語一般將狀語從句置于主語之前。彳列：IwouldbemosthappytogowithyouifIamnotintheway.如果不礙事的話我很高興和你們一起去。b.中文按照時間邏輯順序安排句序，英文按照事情的重要性來安排句序。仞U：ItwasakeendisappointmentwhenIhadtopostponethevisitwhichIhadplannedtopaytoChinainJanuary.我原計劃1月份訪問中國，后來必須推遲，對此我深表遺憾。翻譯技巧.增詞法：目的在于使譯文通順而不是增加含義1）增加動詞例：Afterthebanquetandtheconcert,hewouldworkonhisreport.（參加）宴會和（出席）音樂會之后他會繼續(xù)寫報告。2）增加名詞例：Hecann'tendurethetensionofmodernlife.他不能忍受現(xiàn)代生活的緊張（節(jié)奏）。彳列：Youarefrankandhonestwithallyourfaults.你對錯誤的（態(tài)度）坦誠。.轉譯法：1）含有動詞意味的名詞轉譯為動詞例：Itisevidenceenoughofthedesireofallofustosolvetheproblemaccordingtopeople'swillassoonaspossible（ASAP）.這充分證明了我們都希望按照人們的意愿盡快解決問題。2）動詞轉譯為名詞例：Formalityhasalwayscharacterizedtheirrelationship.他們之間關系的特點是以禮相待。按照設計大部分衛(wèi)星在完成任務后自行燃燒。3）形容詞副詞之間相互轉譯例：Wetookseveralbriefandrestlessnaps.我們簡短不安地睡了幾次。四、一些具體結構的翻譯：.限定性定語從句：按照修飾語前置翻譯方法。通常譯為"……的"。（置于被修飾的名詞之前）仞U：Forthepopulationasawhole,wemustbemoreconcernedwiththedelayedeffectsofabsorbingsmallamountsofthepesticidesthatinvisiblypolluteourworld.從人口的總體考慮，我們必須更多地關注攝入少量的、在不知不覺中污染我們世界的殺蟲劑所造成的延遲效應。.非限定性定語從句（即which之前有逗號）譯為單句例：Hesaidthatthiswasagoodidea,whichhewouldconsider.他說這是一個好主意，他會加以考慮。1）分譯法：將先行詞與同位語從句分開翻譯，中間用"即"、"就是說"、冒號、破折號分開。例：Hesaidthatthiswasagoodideathathewouldconsider.（定語從句）Wehavetofacethefactthatwearestillpoor.（同位語從句）我們必須面對一個事實，即我們還很貧窮。2）轉換法：如果同位語修飾的名詞含有動作意義，則可將該名詞譯為動詞。這類詞有：suggestion/opinion/belief/hope例：Hehasafeelingthathissonwasnotwrong.他感覺到他的兒子沒有錯。4.比較結構：最根本的譯法譯為"比…更...”例：Researchershaveestablishedthatwhenpeoplearementallyengaged,biochemicalchangesoccurinthebrainthatallowittoactmoreeffectivelyincognitiveareassuchasarentionandmemory.研究人員證實人們在動腦筋時，頭腦里會產生生化變化，使頭腦在注意力和記憶力這類認知領域中更有效地活動。Andsomeonewithahistoryofdoingmoreratherthanlesswillgointooldagemorecognitivelysoundthansomeonewhohasnothadanactivemind.后者忽視了向分散居住的社區(qū)提供充分的服務需要較高的花費，以及近郊居民上下班既費錢又費時間1）將more...than...譯為“比...更...”；將more譯為“更...”例：HewasmoreactivethanI.他比我更積極。2）用比較級表達級含義時，可譯為"最"、"莫過于"。例：Thereisnobetterexamplethanthis.這是的例子。5.被動結構1）譯為被動。如"被"、"受到"、"遭到"、"由"、"為...所"。由聯(lián)合國建立的委員會正在考慮這個問題。2）譯為表語。即"是的”例：Thedecisionwasnotmadeeasily.這個決定不是輕易做出的。3）譯為主動句。例：Hewasgivenahighmarkbyhisteacher.他的老師給了他一個高分。大學英語四級考試閱讀講義(五十六)Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whateverthecause,theeffectcanbedevastating.AsanAmericanwoman,youhaveanalmostnine-out-of-tenchanceofendingupalone.Eitheryourmarriageisoneofthefourintenthatwillbebrokenupbydivorce,oryouwilloutliveyourmalepartnerbyfourtosixyears—evenlongerifyouareyoungerthanhe(andyouprobablyare).Anddon'tdeceiveyourself.Widowsaren'tallblue-hairedladiesplayingmahjong(麻將)inMiami.They'realsoyourfiftyishbigsistersfromcollege.Whetherbydeathordivorce,youwilllikelysomedaybesolelyresponsibleforyourfinancialsecurityandwell-being.Ifyouaren'tpreparingforthat,youareathighriskofoutlivingyourassets.ThreeoutoffourolderpoorAmericansarefemale.Thispassageismainlyabout.thecauseandeffectofwomen'snotsavingmoneywomen'slowpositioninthesocietywhywomenearnlessthanmenthereasonwhywomendonotsavemoneyWhatisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?40%Americanfamiliesendindivorce.AmongtheolderpoorAmericans,75%arefemale.Everywomanhastoberesponsibleforherownlivingatoldage.Awomangenerallysurvivesherhusbandby4~6years.AccordingtoAdeleMorrissette,women.shouldnotworktoohardpaymoreattentiontomakingthansavingmoneyshouldthinkoutbetterwaystomakemoneyaresobusythattheyarenotabletomakemoneyThe