NameTheRenaissancePeriod1.age：1500-1660

Writer'sFeatures

EnglishLiterature

Writings Writing'sFeaturesbackground：stimulatedbytherediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekGoldenAge，especiallyinliterature；theChurchofEnglandbrokeawayfromtheCatholicChurchfeatures：(1)Newpoeticalformsintroduced，e.g.blankverseandsonnet;(2)theEnglishdramabaseditselfonthemodelsofRomanandGreekclassicsandtheprecedentsfromItalyandSpain(3)theuniversaltendofhumanisminemphasizingman'sdignityandhisworldlyhappinessEdmundSpenser 1.Thepoet'spoet; TheFaerieQueen Anallegory；"ahistoricalpoem"topresenttheexampleofaperfect2.Perfectmelodararesenseofbeautasplendidimaginatioaloftymoralpurity(TheShepheadesCalenderEpithalamion)gentlemaaherorepresentoneofthe12virtuefiercewarresandChristopherMarlowe(BlankverseUniversitywit）

andseriousness；adedicatedidealismperfectedblankverseandturneditintotheprincipalmediumofEnglishdramacreatedaseriesofimagesoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama

DrFauctusThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove

faithfulloves1.symbolicofahumanistintheRenaissance；basedontheGermanlegendofamagicianaspiringforknowledgeandmeetinghistragicendasaresultofsellinghissoultotheDevilWilliamShakespeare Thegreatestplaywrightandthemostpopularsonnet

acreationof

154poems；Englishformskillfulplotconstruction；irony；agooduseofalanguage；skilledinvariouspoetic TheMerchantofforms；ofthreequatrainsanda)；nationalunityunderHamlet

ThetraditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandidealizePortiaasaheroineamightyandjustsovereignisaKing’sgovernmentmustbecarried (VenusandRapeofandtoexposetheinsatiablegreedandon”(在一種強(qiáng)大英明君主統(tǒng)治下國(guó)家，統(tǒng)一是非常必) romantictragicomedies；Romeoand(EachherohashisweeknessofnaturHamlethemelancholicscholar-princfacesJulie；Shakespeare'sgreatestthedilemmabetweenactionandinnerweaknessismadeuseofbyare：Hamlet，Othello，KingLear，andtheoutsideeviloldkingLearwhoisunwillingtototallygiveuphispower Macbeth)makeshimselfsufferfromtreacheryandinfidelity；andMacbeth’slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrimes.)literatureshouldbeacombinationofandtruth，andshouldnatureandreality

brutalityoftheJew.ManypeopletodaytendtoregardtheplayasasatireoftheChristians'hypocrisyandtheirfalsestandardsoffriendshipandcunningwaysofpursuingworldlinesstheirunreasoningprejudiceagainstJews(Shylock).Amanofcontemplationratherthanthequalitiesof“blood-and-thunder”thrillerandaphilosophicalexplorationoflifeanddeathFrancisBacon awellknownphilosopherscientistandthefoundationofmodernscience；his"Essays"isanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishbrevity\compactness\powerfulness

OfStudies ItanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefothedifferentwaysbydifferentpeopletopursuehowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharaterJohnDonne theleadingfigure(代表人)ofthe"metaphysical玄學(xué))；hispoemscanbeTheSunRising 1.dramatizingandillustratingthestateofbeinginlovedividedintotwogroups：thesecularandthereligious；sermons；ThesongsSonnetsaseeminglyunfocuseddiversityofexperiencesandattitudesandafreerangefeelingsandmoods；dynamicratherthanstatic

Death，BeNotProud（Holy

2.aboldchallengetotheproudDeathJohnMilton AversatileforfreedominallaspectsasaChristianhumanist ParadiseLostTheNeoclassicalPeriod1.age：1660-1798

Satan，afterbeingdefeatedinhisrebelagainstandEvetoeattheapplesfromtheForbiddenTreandcausesFallofManbackgroun：TheEnglishsocietyoftheneoclassicalperiodwasaturbulentone.FastdevelopmentofEnglandasanatio；theAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReasonfurtheranceoftheEnlightenmentuniversalequality"waswhathumansocietyshouldseekfo；advocateduniversaleducation(3)revivingtheinterestinoldclassicalworks(neoclassicism)(4)keeptoordrlogirestrainedemotionandaccuracy(5)hadspecificrulesforalmosteverygenreofliteratureJohnBunyan AsastoutPuritahehadmadeaconscientiousstudyoftheBibleandfirmlybelieveess IsthemostsuccessfulreligiousallegoryintheEnglishlanguagitsinsalvationthroughspiritualstruggle

(Symbolizeshuman"All

purposeistourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandseekConcreteandlivinglanguage\carefullyobservedandvividlypresented

comethisvanity"；everythingandanythingsalvationthroughconstantstruggleswiththeirownweaknessandinthisworldis"vanity"，havenovalueandallkindsofsocialevilsnomeaninbutthistown"lay"inthewaytotheCelestialCity，meaningpilgrimshadresistthetemptationstherewhentheymadetheirwaythrough)AlexanderPope Stronglyadvocatedneoclassicism，emphasizingthatliteraryworksshouldbejudgedOnCriticismbyclassicalrulesofordrreasologirestrainedemotiogoodtasteanddecorumSatiric\concise\smooth\graceful\well-balancedstyleDanielDefoe Averygoodstory-teller；hissentencesaresometimesandplain，and Robinsonsometimeslongandrambling，whichleaveonthereaderanimpressionofcasualnarrationSmooth\easy\colloquial\mostlyvernacularJonathanSwift Isalmostunsurpassedinthewritingofprose；“properwordsGulliver’sTravelsinproperplaces”Clear\simple\concretediction\uncomplicatedsentencestructure\economyconcisenessoflanguage

acomprehensivestudyofthetheoriesofliterarytypicaldidacticintheformofheroicplaininanditiseasytoread.Adventureonadesertedisland；depictsaherogrowsfromaninexperiencedyouthontoashrewdandhardenedsongofcourage，wisdom，struggleagainstthehostilenaturalenvironmentFourplaces：Lilliput，Brobdingnag，theflyingisland；HouyhnhnmHenryFielding Firstofallthe18thcenturyEnglishnovelisttowritethe"comicepicinpros"thefirstTomJonestogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandthethird-person“FatheroftheEnglishNoveljustcopiesofhumanmanners”Easy\unlaboured\familiar\extremelyvividandvigorous\logicandrhythmSamuelJohnson VerymuchconcernedwiththethemeofthevanityofhumanmatterhowTotheRightHonorabletheEarlcomplexhissentencesthoughtisalwaysclearlyexpressed ChesterfieldRichardBrinsleySheridan TheonlyimportantEnglishdramatistoftheeighteenthcentur；inhisplaymoralityTheSchoolofistheconstanttheme

AstrongindignationattheEarl'sindependenceineconomyandanewerainthedevelopmentofliteratureAstoryabouttwobrothersThomasGrayTheRomanticPeriod1.age：1798-1870

Theleaderofthesentimentalpoetryofthe“theGraveyardSchool” ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard Reflectsonsorrowofthemysteriesofhumanlifewithatouchofhispersonalmelancholybackground：comingalongwiththeFrenchRevolutionandtheIndustrialRevolutionfeatures:(1)contrarywiththethatmanhaveinonthespecialqualitiesofindividualmind(2)tendtoprobeintotheinnerworldofthehumanspiritrathernarratedailyhappeningsofthehumanworld(3)employruralscenerlegendaryandmythologicastoriesofancienttimefiguresfromcountryandOrientals(4)produceanumberofgreatpoestheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry(5)thefocusoftheeverydaylifeofhumanbeingsintheAgebroughtabouttheflourishingoffamiliaressaysWilliamBlake ThefirstimportantRomanticspokesmanofvevolt；took“ThisWorld”as“aTheChimneySweeper/SongsofInnocence1.indicatestheconditionsoftheexploitationofchilddfndgt“TheefmyksvisionaryTheChimneySweeper/SongsofExperienc/akereligionaconsolation;andimaginative”Plain\direct\lyricbeauty\symbolismWilliamWordsworth A“worshipperofpoetinmemoryofthehim，lifeisacyclicaljourney，itsbeginningfinallyturnsouttobeitsthewritingofthe

TheTyger 2.revealsthetruenatureofreligionwhichhelpsbringmiserytopoorchildrenLyricalBalladsTinternAbbeycommonpeopleinordinarylanguagthejoysandsorrowsofthecommonpeoplearIWanderedLonelyasaCloudhisthemes；naturalscenerywithitsbeautyandmysteryactsalsoasoneofhisfavoritethemes，thepoorinruralplaces；revealtheinnerworkingsofindividual’s

ComposeduponWestminsterBridgeDweltAmongtheUntroddenWaysseemingsimplicityofthepoetbothindictionanddescriptionisimmersedSolitaryaprofoundandsympatheticlongingforabetterworlysm“emotionrecollectedintranquillity”

AvividpictureofabeautifulmorningInLondon；ItalianformSamuelTaylorColeridge

Canbedividedintotwodemonicandconversational；

KublaKhan

DescribesthepleasuredomeoftheKhan;GeorgeGordonByron chiefcontribution：“Byronichero”：Suchaheroisaproud，mysteriousSongfortheLudditesrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Passionateandisrightallthewrongsina DonJuan（TheIslesofcorruptsociety，andhewouldfightsingle–handedlyagainstallthepolitical，religiousandmoral.Thushisfigureisarebelliousindividualagainstsocialsystemsandconventions.PercyByssheShelley Greatestachievementishisfour-actpoeticUnbound ASong：MenofEnglandOdetotheWestWind

awarcrycallinguponallworkingpeopleofEnglandtoriseagainsttheirpoliticaloppressorsandanaddresstopointouttothemtheintolerableinjusticeofeconomicexploitationTheautumnwind，buryingthedeadyear，preparingforaSpring；“IfWintercomes，canSpringbefarbehind?”expressedeagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromtherealityJohnKeatsJaneAustenTheVictorianPeriod1.age:1836-1901background:

Sensuous，colorfulandrichinandcloselyknitOdetoanGreciandescriptionMainliteraryconcernisabouthumanbeingsintheirpersonalrelationshisherPrideandPrejudicecharacteristicthemeisthatmaturityisachievedthroughthelossofillusions/Delightfulandprofound

ShowthecontrastbetweenthepermanenceofartandtransienceofhumanpassionWavevividpicturesofeverydaylifeofsimplecountrysociety(1)earlyyearrapideconomicdevelopmentaswellasserioussocialproblems(2)thenexttwentyyeasprosperityandrelativestability.anationalspiritofearnestnesrespectabilitmodestydomesticity(3)thelastthreedecades：thedeclineoftheBritishempireandthedecayoftheVictorianvaluesidea:(1)Darwin’sTheOriginofDescentofManshookthetheoreticalbasisofthetraditionalitcouldpromotethematerialhappiness(3)sociallyconsciouswriterscriticized(2)‘sdepreciationofculturalvalues，coldindifferencetowardshumanfeeling(4)literature：magnitudeanddiversity，romanticallyandrealistically4.criticalrealistwriters：criticizedthesociety，concernedaboutthefateofcommonpeopleCharlesDickens 1.realistOliverTwist thecrueltyandhypocrisyoftheworkhousesystemandthedark2.characteristics:(1)heisskillfulinthedialectandhavealargevocabulary(2)characterportrayal(3)charactersaremostlyinnocent,helpless，persecutedchildcharacters(4)amixtureofhumorandsympathism(pathos)(5)bizarrefigure，horrible

(ThePickwickPaper；DavidCopperfield；criminalunderworldlifeDomebyandSon；ATaleofTwoCities；BleakHouse；LittleDorrit；HardTimes；GreatExpectations)TheBronteSisters 1.scene：vast，rough，untouchedmoorlandwilderness JaneEyre/CharlotteBronte 1.Mr.RochesterandJaneEyre.Charlotte’sworksareallaboutthestruggleofanindividualconsciousnesstowardsWutheringHeights/EmilyBronteself-realization，aboutsomelonelyandneglectedyoungwomenwithafiercelongingforlove，understandingandafull，happylife.Inhermind，man’slifeiscomposedofperpetualbattlebetweensinandandevil

Rochester：agrim-looking，energetic，quick-tempered，butanunderstandingmiddle-agedaburningspiritandalongingtoloveandbeloved；strugglesforrecognitionofherbasicrightsandequalityasawoman.It‘sanindividualconsciousstruggletowardsself-realization.Shegetsjoythroughthesacrificeoforherweaknessovercome(usesflashbacks)Nelly：Catherine’soldnurse，narrator，toldMr.Lockwood，atemporarytenantthestoryAlfredTennyson PoetLaureate(Wordsworth，Southey)

BreakBreakBreak

thefeelingofsadnessarecontrastedwiththeapowerfulexpressionofthepoet‘sphilosophicalandreligiousdoubts CrossingTheBar joysofthechildrenandtheunfeelingmovementoftheshipandseaaboutlife，soul；hasthenaturalpoweroflinkingvisualpictureswithexpression，andthesetwowiththefeelings

Ulysses

waves；abcbmeansleavingthisworldandenteringthenextworldexpressTennyson’sowndeterminationandcouragetobravethestruggleoflifebutalsoreflectstherestlessnessandaspirationofRobertBrowning perfects"dramaticmonologue"，keepsreadersalert，thoughtfulandenlightened MyLastDuchessMeetingatNightPartingatMorning

theageinheroiccouplets，dramaticmonologuesoundslikeblankverseGeorgeEliot Pseudonym：MaryAnnEvansfounderof"streamofconsciousness"，focusoninnerstruggle.hereditaryinfluencesgovernhumanaction.concernforthedestinyofwoman.thetragedyofwomenliestheirverybirth(hereditaryinfluences)naturalisticandpsychologicalnovel

MiddlemarchAStudyofProvincialLife

afullviewoflifeinasmallEnglishtownThomasHardy 1.Eliot),alsocriticalTessofThecriticizethesociety，hypocricyofthesocietyrealistwriter(Dickens) (Wessex：TheReturnofthenaturalism，themisery，povertyTesssuffersFaulkner),alsoMayorofCasterbridge；JudetheObscure)“Notguessingthecause，therewasnothingtoremindhimthatTheModernPeriod

pessimisticintellectuallyadvancedandemotionallytraditionaltellsverygoodstoriesaboutveryinterestingpeoplebutseldomstopstoaskwhynaturalism：Darwin’sideaof"survivalofthefittest"(1)manisbornwithtragic，inevitablyboundbyhisownhereditarytraits(2)manprovespowerlessbeforefatehoweverheseldomescapesdoomeddestiny

experienceisastointensity，andnotastoduration.Tess’spassingcorporealblighthadbeenhermentalharvest”(1)naturalandsocialsciencesenormouslyadvanced(2)capitalismcameintoitsmonopolystage(3)thegapbetweentherichandthepoorwasfurtherdeepened(4)WorldWar12broke2.whatideasinfluencethiskindsofphilosophicalideas(1)KarlMarx：scientificsocialism(2)Darwin’stheoryofevolution，"survivalofthefittest"(3)Freud’sanalyticalpsychology(4)Theirrationalistphilosophersgiveimmenseinfluence3.ideas:(1)Modernismoriginatedfromskepticismanddisillusionofcapitalism(2)TheFrenchsymbolismannouncedmodernism(3)takestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Themajorthemesarethedistorted，alienatedandillrelationshipsdifferencebetweenModernismandRealismModernismisareactionagainstrealisminmanyaspects(1)ModernismrejectsrationaliswhichisthetheoreticalbaseofRealism(2)ModernismreflectsthesourceofRealisi.e.theexternaobjectivmaterialworld(3)Modernismrejectsalmostallthetraditionalelementsinliterature5.D.H.Lawence’sworks’features:(1)heinterestsinexploringthepsychologicalthinkslifeimpulseisman‘sinstinct.anyconsciousoppressionwillcausedistortionoftheindividual‘sapsychologicalexplorationofhumanrelationship，ythosenndesthatstnthatturnnonines.AndthedesiresforpowerandmoneycausethealienationofhumanrelationshipsJohnOsborne："LookbackinAnger""theAngryYoungworking-classdramaandtheTheaterofAbsurdGeorgeBernardShaw 1.idea:against"artforart‘sshouldservesocialpurposesbyreflectinghumanlife，revealingsocialcontradictionsandeducatingcommonpeople2.worksfeatures：problemplays，onlyonepassion：indignationshowingone’scharacterbytheexpenseofanother’sinversioscharacterseerepresentativesfpointsofviethatshiftandalterduringtheplaytheforwardmotionconsistsnotintheunrollingofplotbutintheoperationoftheofdiscourse

Mrs.Warren’sProfession(St.Joan(historicalplay)；TheAppleCart(politicalplay)；TheDoctor‘sDilemma(politicalplay))

aplayabouttheeconomicoppressionofwomanJohnGalsworthy AconventionalinheritedthefinetraditionsofthegreatVictoriannovelistsofthecriticalrealism；focusingonplotdevelopmentandcharacterportrayaimpartialpresentationofthesociallifeinadocumentarye

TheManofProperty(trilogy：TheManof Soames(husband),Irene(wife),Bosinney(wife’slover)Property；InChancery；ToLet) thepredominantpossessiveinstinctoftheForsytesSoamesrepresentstheprinciplethattheaccumulationofwealthintheaimhumor，clear，unpretentious；aclearandstraightforwardlanguage oflife，forheconsiderseverythingintermsofone‘sneverpaysanyattentiontohiswife‘sthoughtsandtakeshermerelyaspartofhisownproperty.theme：humanrelationshipsofthecontemporaryEnglishSocietyaremerelyanextensionofpropertyrelationshipsWilliamButlerYeats Combinationofhisappreciationofbeautyandasenseoftragedyasignificancetotheordinaryeventsoflifeinhisstyleisbothsimpleandrich，colloquialandformal，withaqualityofmetaphysicalwitandsymbolic

TheLakeIsleofInnisfreeDownByTheSalleyGardens

sighttoescapeintoanideal“fairyland”wherehecouldlivecalmlyasahermitandenjoythebeautynatureanoldsongfromanoldpeasantwomanT.S.Eliot (1)presentsphysicaldisorderandspiritualdecadenceinthemodernwesternsocietyTheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock(2)reflectsdisillusionanddespairofawholepostwargeneration.TheWasteLandsterilityhadbeenafflictingallsensitivemembersofthepostwargenerationconcernswiththespiritualbreakupofamoderncivilizationinwhichhumanlifelostitsmeaningreflectsthe20thcenturypeople‘sdisillusionandfrustrationinameaninglessandboringworldD.H.Lawrence ExpressastrongreactionagainstthemechanicalcivilizatiooneofthefirstnovelistsSonsandLovers(ThetointroducethemesofpsychologyintohisthatthehealthywayoftheRainbow；Womenin

dramaticmonologueinironictonecontent:themeditationofanagingyoungmanovertheproposingmarriagetheme:thespeaker‘sincapabilityoffacinguptoloveandtolifeinasterileupper-classworldalandmarkandamodelofthe2t-centuryEnglish(LyricalBalladsofWordsworth)contents:ignorant,drunkenandbrutishfather(Mr.Morel),theweary,frustratedmother(Mrs.Morel),theintelligentandambitiousindividual’spsychologicaldevelopmentlayintheprimacyofthelifeinanotherterm，thesexualadeliberateuseofthewordsinhisnoveldeclarethatanyrepressionofthesexualimpulsebasedsocilormoralvaluesofthecivilizedworldwouldcauseseveredamagestotheharmonyofhumanrelationshipsandpsychichealthoftheindividual’spersonality

Chatterley‘sLover)

woman,triestofindemotionalfulfillmentinhersons(Paul).shehopeshersonsshouldneverbecameminers,theywillbeeducatedtorealizeheridealsofsuccess,happinessandsocialrespect.Paulisincapableofescapingtheoverpoweringemotionalbondbyhermotherslove.(distortedrelationship)JamesJoyce 1.scene：thesamesetting：Ireland，especiallyDublin，thesameIrishDubliners（Araby） 1.ataleofthefrustratedquestforbeautypeopleandtheirlife

（ThePortraitofTheArtistAsa

theme：thechildlivesnotwithhisparentsbutwithanuncleandstreamofunspokenmaterialsdirectlyfromthepsychethecharacters，ormakethecharacterstelltheirowninnerthoughtsinmonologuesaliteraryformpresentingpsychologicalaspectsofcharactersstyle：straightforward\lucid\logical\leisurely\concentratingonrevealinginhisthepsychicbeingofthecharactersAmericanLiterature

aunt，asymbolofthatisolationandlackofproperrelationbetweenparentsandchildren(Ulysses：anaccountofman‘slifeduringoneday.Theeventsseemtobetrivial,insignificant，butbelowthesurfaceofnaturalflowofmentalreflections，theshiftingmoodsandimpulsesinthecharactersinnerworldarerichlypresentedinanfrankandpenetratingway.)TheRomantic

stretchesfromtheendof18thcenturytotheoutbreakofthecivilwar.“theAmericanRenaissance”Writingsintheperiodemphasizeupontheimaginativeandemotiontiufliterature.ThemostclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementinthisperiodisNewEnglandTranscendentalism.WashingtonIrving

EarnaninternationaloftheAmericanshortthebestRipVanclassicstylethatAmericanLiteratureeverproducedTheAmericanGoldSmithMusicality\dreaming\Gothic\supernatural\exoticplace

WellknowforRip’s20-yearsleepAmodelofperfectEnglishinAmericanliteratureandinthelanguageaswellRalphWaldoEmerson ThechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism(AmericanPuritanism\EuropeanRomanticism)；isgenerallyknownasanlastreputationbeganonlywiththepublicationofEssays；theAmericanself-reliance\Americanscholar\theover-soul\intuitive\short\declarative\NathanielHawthorne PublishedTwice-ToldTales/TheScarletletter；blackvisionoflifeandhumanbeings；sinandevil；thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones；thePuritanconceptoflifeismasterofsymbolismkeenpsychologicalanalysis\ambiguity

Nature TheunofficialmanifestofortheTranscendentaleyeballs：oneismergedintonature，whileretainingauniqueperceptionoftheexperienceYoungGoodmanBrown EveryonepossessessomeevilsecretWaltWhitman PoetrycouldplayavitalpartintheprocessofcreatinganewnatiastrongsenseofThereWasaChildWentmission；usethepoetic“I”，speakinginthevoiceoftriangularrelationship：CavalryCrossingaFord"I"thesubjectinthe"you"thethinsSongofMyselfwouldmeanadifferentwaveoffeelingOpenness\freedom\individualism\conversationalandcasual\simpleevencrude

Thegrowthofachild/ayounggrowingAmericanRemindsitsreadersofaphotooftheAmericanCivilUniversality，singularityandequalityHermanMelville Amasterofallegoryandsymbolism MobyDick ThefirstAmericanprosesymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestoftruthandknowledgeofthespiritualexplorationintoman'sdeeprealityandDicksymbolizesnature；Ahab--atragichero，becomingevilhimselfinhisthirsttodestroyevil.TheRealisticPeriod 1865-1914background：theCivilWaraffectedboththesocialandthevaluesystem(1)transformedfromanagriculturalonetoanindustrializedandcommercializedone(2)stimulatedtechnologicaldevelopment(3)steppedupurbanization(4)peoplebecamedubiousaboutthehumannatureandthecharityofGodTheGildedAgeAmericanRealisticPeriodandEnglishRealisticPeriod(VictorianPeriod)commonground(1)agreatinterestintherealitiesoflif，aimattheinterpretationoftheactualitiesofanyaspectoflife(2)whatwasbrutalorfilth，theopenportrayalofclassstruggle(3)commonpeoplemostlydepicteddifferences(America)(1)nativetrendsintherealisticportrayalofthelandscapeandsocialsurfaces(2)perfectthedialectstyle(3)concernabout"localAmericanNaturalism：influencedbyDarwin'sevolutionarytheory

auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism(1)acceptthemorenegativeimplicationsofitanduseittoexplainthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworks(2)inheritedqualitieandhabitsconfinedbysocialforcesaredepicted(3)them：human"bestialityespeciallythesexualdesire(4)unpolishedlanguage(5)philosophicallthetruthisalwayspartiallyhiddenfromtheeyesoftheindividulorbeyondhiscontrol(6)materialsourcefromthelowerranksofsocietyportraymiseryandpoverty(7)naturalismisevolvedfromrealism.Author'stoneinwritingislessseriousandironicandpessimisticMarkTwain 1."Thetruefatherofournationalliterature"；"damnedhumanrace"2.features:paidmoreattentiontothe"life"oftheAmericanspreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleinhis"localcolorism"

TheAdventureofHuckleberryFinn(TheAdventureofTomSawyar)withtheeventualvictoryofhisconscienceoverhissocial

Fromwhich"allmodernAmericanliteraturemilestoneinAmericanbooksarenotedfortheircolloquialyetpoeticstyle，theirwide-rangingtheiruniversallyshareddreamofperfectinnocenceandfreedomconcernedwiththelifeofasmall，well-definedregionandthelower-classpeopleHuckgrows TheclimaxisHuck‘sinnerstruggleontheMississippi,betweenhisnostalgicinavanishingwayoflifeandrecordersofapresentthatfadedtheireyes

(LifeontheMississippi；TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaveras

affectionforJimandthelaws,finallyhefollowshisowngood-heartedmoralityratherthantheconventionalvillageoneskillfullyusedthelanguageis,tagnistsInnocentsManthatCorruptedHuckleberrytypicalAmericanboywith"asoundheartandaspokeinvernacular，bothrealisticallyandsymbolicallyhishumorisremarkable，hishumorisnotonlyfunnyelementsmakinglaugh，butakindofartisticstyletocriticizethesocialinjusticeandsatirizethedecayedromanticism

Hadleyburg)

deformedconscience"，innocentandrebelHenryJames 1.ThefirstAmericanwritertoconceivehiscareerininternationaltermsbyofpsychologicalrealism；laidagreateremphasisonthe“innerworld”ofman;ThePortraitofALadyisgenerallyconsideredtobehishighlyrefinedandinsightful

DaisyMiller DaisyMiller–theAmericanGirlinthespiritofNewWorldnarrator:FrederickWinterbourneDaisyMiller:Freedomanindividuality,innocent,aprettyAmericanFlirtEmilyDickinson 1.worksfeatures:

ThisismylettertotheWorld

Anxietyaboutcommunicationwiththeoutsideworld;sheusesaparticularrhymepattern,usesdashesandcapticallettersasameansheardaFlybuzz–WhenIdied Adescriptionofthemomentofdeath;emphasissimplicityandplainnessfocusonasingleimageorsymbol

IliketoseeitlaptheMilesBecauseIcouldnotstopfor

Animalizingtrainaspartofnature;Personifiesdeathandimmoralitthreestagesoflifyoutmaturepoemsarepersonalandmeditative(5)personificationideskepticalabouttherelationshipbetweenmanandnaturconcernsdeath，immortality，love，natureShecalledthisstreamoftiny，aphoristicpoemsafragmented“l(fā)ettertotheworld,”awaytobridgeherprivateworldwiththepublicherpoetrydespiteitsostensibleformalremarkableforitssubtletyandrichnessTheodoreDreiser 1.idea：naturalist

SisterCarrie

period，endoflifeProjecttheAmericanvalue–materialistic；hereditydteesgman‘syunderwhatlife(trilog：TheFinancie；TheTita；TheTheModernPeriod：

wasironic，eventragichumanbeings'lifewastrappedinto‘a(chǎn)welterofinscrutableforces‘(3)Darwin'sideaof "survivalofthefittest"isembodiedas"killortobekilled"Dreiser‘sworks(4)explaintheinsignificanceoflifeandattacktheconventionalmoralstandards(5)materialismisthecore.manhasasearchforsatisfactionhisdesires，desiresformoney(6)sexisanotherhumandesiresexualbeautysymbolizesthesocialstatus2.features:lackofconcision，moreinclusiveandlessselective

Stoicgreatestwork:AnAmericanTragedy)1.age：secondhalfofthe19thcenturytoearlydecadesofthe20thcentury2.background:(1)theU.S.hasbecomethemostpowerfulcountry(2)technologicalrevolution(3)adeclineinmoralstandar，aspiritualwastelanfeelingsoffealos，disorientationanddisillusionmentinfluencingideas:(1)thesameasEnglishModernperiod：KarlMarx，Darwin，F(xiàn)reud(2)streamofconsciousness:"TheLostGeneration"byGertrudthesecondAmericanRenaissance–theexpatriatemovementJohnSteinbeck："TheGrapesofWrath"AllenGinsberg："Howl"，themanifestoofBeatMovementSalinger："TheCatcherintheRye"modernism'sfeatures:literature：conveyavisionofsocialbreakdownandmoraldecaywriter：developtechniquesthatcouldrepresentabreakwiththepast.modernisticworksarediscontinuityandfragmentation7.ThedifferencesbetweenModernismAmericaandEngland(1)Americanwritersemphasizetheconcretesensoryimagesordetailsasthedirectconveyorofexperience(2)modernfictionemploythefirstnarrationorconfinethereadertothe"centralconsciousness"oronecharacter‘spointofviewcommonground：directness，compression，vividness，sparingofwordsEzraPound aleadingspokesmanofthe"Imagistmovement:(1)directtreatmentofpoeticsubjects(2)eliminateornamentalwords(3)rhythmicalcompositioninthesequenceofthemusicalphraseratherthaninsequenceofametronomeRober