E-mail:g_jzwang@GeneralChemistry王錦芝汕頭大學醫(yī)學院化學教研室E-mail:g_jzwang@GenSomeRequirementsandSuggestions1.Bringyourselftoclass.2.Beawakeandfollowme.3.Prepareforthelessons(basicchemicalexpressions).4.Workontheproblemsandexercisesaftertheclass(homework).SomeRequirementsandSuggestiBasicsofChemistryAnIntroductiontoChemistry§1.Atomicstructure§2.Chemicalsubstances:FormulasandnamesAtoms,Molecules,andIonsPhysicalMeasurementsCalculationwithChemicalFormulasandEquations§1.Massandmolesofsubstance§2.Chemicalreactions:Equations§3.Stoichiometry:Quantitativerelationsinchemicalreactions§4.WorkingwithsolutionsBasicsofChemistryAnIntroducChapter1_1AnIntroductiontoChemistryChapter1_1AnIntroductiontoChemistryI.Modernchemistry1.Whatischemistry?Chemistry—thesubjectyouaregoingtolearn—isthescienceofmatterandthechangesitcanundergo.Theworldofchemistrythereforeembraceseverythingaroundus—thebuildingwelivein,thefoodweeat,thefleshwearemadeof,andthesiliconwebuildintocomputer.Thereisnothingmaterialsoutsidethereachofchemistry,beitlivingordead,vegetableormineral,onEarthorinadistantstar.AnIntroductiontoChemistryI.《基礎(chǔ)化學》英文教學課件：Chapter_1_1AnIntroductiontoChemistryfieldElectricfieldMagneticfieldAnIntroductiontoChemistryfiAnIntroductiontoChemistry2.Chemistry:AscienceattwolevelsChemistryoperatesontwolevels.Atonelevel,chemistryisaboutmatteranditstransformations.Atthislevel,wecanactuallyseethechanges,aswhenafuelburns,aleafchangescolorinthefall,ormagnesiumburnsbrightlyinair.Thislevelisthemacroscopic(宏觀的)level,theleveldealingwiththepropertiesoflarge,visibleobjects.AnIntroductiontoChemistry2.AnIntroductiontoChemistryHowever,thereisunderworldofchange,aworldthatwecannotseedirectly.Atthisdeepermicroscopic(微觀的)level,chemistryinterpretsthesephenomenaintermsoftherearrangementsofatoms.AnIntroductiontoChemistryHo《基礎(chǔ)化學》英文教學課件：Chapter_1_1AnIntroductiontoChemistryThesymboliclanguageofchemistry,theexpressionofchemicalphenomenaintermsofchemicalsymbolsandmathematicalequations,tiesthetwolevelstogether.Chemicalequationsdescribeeventsatthemacroscopiclevelinawaythatcanbeinterpretedatthemicroscopiclevel.Ithasbeensaidthatachemistthinksatthemicroscopiclevel,conductsexperimentsatthemacroscopiclevel,andrepresentsbothsymbolically.AnIntroductiontoChemistryThAnIntroductiontoChemistryExperimentandexplanationaretheheartofchemicalresearch.Anexperiment(實驗)

isanobservationofnaturalphenomenacarriedoutinacontrolledmannersothattheresultscanbeduplicated(reproduced?)andrationalconclusionsobtained.3.ExperimentsandExplanationAfteraseriesofexperiments,perhapsaresearcherseessomerelationshiporregularityintheresults.Iftheregularityisfundamentalandwecanstateitsimply,wecallitalaw.Alaw(定律)

isaconcisestatementormathematicalequationaboutafundamentalrelationshiporregularityofnature.

AnIntroductiontoChemistryExAnIntroductiontoChemistryAtsomepointinaresearchproject,ascientisttriestomakesenseoftheresultsbydevisinganexplanation.Ahypothesis(假定)

isatentativeexplanationofsomeregularityofnature.Ifahypothesissuccessfullypassesmanytests,itbecomesknownasatheory.Atheory(理論)

isatestedexplanationofbasicnaturalphenomena.Thegeneralprocessofadvancingscientificknowledgethroughobservation;theframingoflaws,hypothesis,ortheories;andtheconductingofmoreexperimentsiscallthescientificmethod.AnIntroductiontoChemistryAtAnIntroductiontoChemistryExperimentsResultsHypothesisFurtherexperimentsdevisedbasedonhypothesisPositiveresultssupporthypothesisNegativeresultsleadtomodificationorrejectionofhypothesisandformulationofnewhypothesisAtheoryfollowsafterresultsconsistentlysupportahypothesisFurtherexperimentsAnIntroductiontoChemistryExCisplatinthefirstmemberofaclassofplatinum-containinganti-cancerdrugs

Cisplatin《基礎(chǔ)化學》英文教學課件：Chapter_1_1AnIntroductiontoChemistry4.ThedifferentbranchesofchemistryFourmaintraditionalbranchesare:Inorganicchemistry(無機化學):Alltheotherelementsandtheircompounds.Organicchemistry(有機化學):Compoundsofcarbon.Physicalchemistry(物理化學):Theprincipleofchemistry.Analyticalchemistry(分析化學):Techniquesforidentifyingsubstancesandmeasuringtheiramounts.Morebranchesofchemistryare:Biochemistry(生物化學):Biologicallyimportantsubstances,processes,andreactions.Theoreticalchemistry(理論化學):Molecularstructureandpropertiesintermsofmathematicalmodels.Chemicalengineering(化學工程):Industrialchemicalprocesses.AnIntroductiontoChemistry4.AnIntroductiontoChemistry5.ContentsofthiscourseIntroduction:Chapter1Solution

Chapter2:Colligativepropertiesofsolution

Chapter3:Electrolytesolution

Chapter4:Buffer

Chapter5:ColloidsBasicprinciples

Chapter6:Thermodynamics

Chapter7:Kinetics

Chapter8:ElectrochemistryAnIntroductiontoChemistry5.Structuralchemistry

Chapter9:Atomicstructureandperiodictable oftheelement

Chapter10:Covalentbondandintermolecular forces

Chapter11:CoordinationcompoundAnIntroductiontoChemistryAnalyticalchemistry

Chapter12:Titrationanalysis(chemical analysis)

Chapter13:UV-Visspectrophotometry (instrumentalanalysis)StructuralchemistryAnIntroduAnIntroductiontoChemistryII.Lawofconservationofmass（質(zhì)量守恒定律）Mass:Thequantityofmatterinamaterial.Themassismeasuredbyabalance.Lawofconservationofmass:Thetotalmassremainsconstantduringachemicalreaction.AnIntroductiontoChemistryIIAntoineLavoisier(1743–1794)Heatedmercury(Ⅱ)oxideAntoineLavoisier(1743–1794)HAnIntroductiontoChemistryIII.Matter:PhysicalstateandchemicalconstitutionTwoprincipalwaystoclassifymatter:

Byitsphysicalstate:Solid,liquid,orgas;

Byitschemicalconstitution:Element, compound,ormixture.ClassificationofmattersAnIntroductiontoChemistryIIAnIntroductiontoChemistryThemainidentifyingcharacteristicofsolids:Rigidity(Liquidsandgasesarefluids).Whatdistinguishesagasfromaliquidisthecharacteristicofcompressibility(可壓縮性).1.Solids,liquids,andgasesMolecularrepresentationsofsolid,liquid,andgas.SolidLiquidGasAnIntroductiontoChemistryThAnIntroductiontoChemistrySolid:

Theformofmattercharacterizedbyrigidity;asolidisrelativelyincompressibleandhasfixedshapeandvolume.Thethreeformsofmatter—solid,liquid,andgas—arereferredtoasthestatesofmatter.Liquid:

Theformofmatterthatisarelativelyincompressiblefluid;aliquidhasafixedvolumebutnofixedshape.Gas:

Theformofmatterthatisaneasilycompressiblefluid;agivenquantityofgaswillfitintoacontainerofalmostanysizeandshape.AnIntroductiontoChemistrySoAnIntroductiontoChemistry2.PhysicalchangeandchemicalchangeAphysicalchangeisachangeintheformofmatterbutnotinitschemicalidentity.Changesofphysicalstateareexamplesofphysicalchanges.solidliquidgasfreezingmeltingdepositionsublimationevaporationcondensationAnIntroductiontoChemistry2.SublimationofI2Steamandliquidwateraretwodifferentformsofthesamechemicalsubstance,water.CoffeineSublimationofI2SteamandliqAnIntroductiontoChemistryTheprocessofdissolvingonematerialinanotherisafurtherexampleofaphysicalchange.AnIntroductiontoChemistryAnIntroductiontoChemistryAchemicalchange(chemicalreaction)isachangeinwhichoneormorekindsofmatteraretransformedintoanewkindofmatterorseveralkindsofmatter.Na + Cl2

NaClAnIntroductiontoChemistryA

LinusPauling(1901-1994)萊納斯·鮑林

NobelPrizeinChemistry(1954)

NobelPeacePrize(1962)Sickle-CellAnemiaandHemoglobinSolubilityLinusPauling(1901-1994)Nobel

Hemoglobinisthesubstanceinredbloodcellsthatcarriesoxygen.Hemoglobinisnormallypresentinsolutionwithintheredbloodcells.Butinpeoplewithsickle-cellanemia,theunoxygenatedhemoglobinreadilycomesoutofsolution.Itproducesafibrousprecipitatethatdeformsthecell,givingitthecharacteristicsickleshape.

Hemoglobinsarelargemolecules(molecularweightabout64,000amu)consistingoffourproteinchains,twoofonekind(αchains)andtwoofanotherkind(βchains).Normalandsickle-cellhemoglobinsarealmostexactlyalike,exceptthateachchainofthehemoglobinresponsibleforsickle-cellanemiadiffersfromnormalhemoglobininoneplace.

HemoglobinisthesubstancInthisplace,thenormalhemoglobinhasthegroupwhichhelpsconferwatersolubilityonthemoleculebecauseofthepolarityofthegroupanditsabilitytoformhydrogenbonds.Theabnormalhemoglobinhasthefollowinghydrocarbongroup:Hydrocarbongroupsarenonpolar.Thissmallchangemakesthemoleculelesswater-soluble.Inthisplace,thenormalhemoHowtoLiveLongerandFeelBetter,advocatedveryhighintakeofVitaminC.HowtoLiveLongerandFeelBeAnIntroductiontoChemistryAphysicalproperty

isacharacteristicthatcanbeobservedforamaterialwithoutchangingitschemicalidentity.Examplesarephysicalstate(solid,liquid,orgas),meltingpoint,andcolor,etc.3.PhysicalpropertyandchemicalpropertyAchemicalpropertyisacharacteristicofamaterialinvolvingitschemicalchange.Achemicalpropertyofsodium(Na)isitsabilitytoreactwithchlorine(Cl2)toproducetablesalt(NaCl).AnIntroductiontoChemistryAAnIntroductiontoChemistryAsubstance(純物質(zhì))

isakindofmatterthatcannotbeseparatedintootherkindsofmatterbyanyphysicalprocess.Forexample,water,Na,Cl2,NaCl.Nomatterwhatisitssource,asubstancealwayshasthesamecharacteristicproperties.Forexample,whetherNaClisobtainedbyburningsodiuminchlorineorfromseawater(4×1018tons),itisawhitesolidmeltingat801oC.Substance:elementorcompound4.Elements,compounds,andmixturesAsubstanceisasingle,pureformofmatter.AnIntroductiontoChemistryAAnIntroductiontoChemistryAnelement(單質(zhì))

isasubstancethatcannotbedecomposedbyanychemicalreactionintosimplersubstances.Forexample,Na,Cl2.(Anelementisasubstancecomposedofonlyonekindofatom.)Acompound(化合物)

isasubstancecomposedoftwoormoreelementschemicallycombinedinfixedproportions.Forexample,NaCl,H2O.AnIntroductiontoChemistryAnCDiamondgraphiteO2O3CDiamondgraphiteO2O3Household

aluminiumfoil

AlHousehold

aluminiumfoilAlYouareworkingintheofficeofapreciousmetalsbuyer.Aminerbringsyouanuggetofmetalthatheclaimsisgold.Yoususpectthatthemetalisaformof“fool’sgold”,calledpyrite,thatiscomposedofironandsulfur.Inthebackofyouoffice,youhaveachunkofpuregold.Whatsimpleexperimentscoudyouperformtodeterminewhethertheminer’snuggetisgold?PyriteFeS2黃鐵礦AuYouareworkingintheofficeOrpiment,雌黃As2S3雞冠石Realgar,雄黃As4S4Arsenictrioxide，砒霜As2O3Orpiment,雌黃Realgar,雄黃ArsenicMrJamesMarsh(1794–1846)

AsMrJamesMarshAsHgMERCURY水俁灣災難MinamataDiseaseHgMERCURY水俁灣災難AnIntroductiontoChemistryAmixture(混合物)

isakindofmatterthatcanbeseparatedbyphysicalmeansintotwoormoresubstances.Forexample,NaClsolution.Amixturehasvariablecomposition;Amixturecanbeseparatedbyphysicalprocess(e.g.,distillationormagnet).AnIntroductiontoChemistryAMixturesareclassifiedintotwotypes.Aheterogeneousmixture（異相混合物）

isamixturethatconsistsofphysicallydistinctparts,eachwithdifferentproperties.Ahomogeneousmixture

（均相混合物）

(alsoknownasasolution)isamixturethatisuniforminitspropertiesthroughoutgivensamples.MixturesareclassifiedintotAnIntroductiontoChemistryAnIntroductiontoChemistrySummaryChemistryisthescienceofmatterandthechangesitcanundergo.Chemistryisanexperimentalscienceinthatthefactsofchemistryareobtainedbyexperiment.Thesefactsaresystematizedandexplainedbytheory,andtheorysuggestsmoreexperiments.Thescientificmethodinvolvesthisinterplay,inwhichthebodyofacceptedknowledgegrowsasitistestedbyexperiment.Chemistryemergedasaquantitativesciencewiththeworkoftheeighteenth-centuryFrenchchemistAntoineLavoisier.Hemadeuseoftheideathatthemass,orquantityofmatter,remainsconstantduringachemicalreaction(lawofconservationofmass).SummaryChemistryisthesciencSummaryMattermaybeclassifiedbyitsphysicalstateassolid,liquid,orgas.Mattermayalsobeclassifiedbyitschemicalconstitutionasanelement,compound,ormixture.

Materialsareeithersubstancesormixturesofsubstances.Substancesareeitherelementsorcompounds,whicharecomposedoftwoormoreelements.Mixturescanbeseparatedintosubstancesbyphysicalprocesses,butcompoundscanbeseparatedintoelementsonlybychemicalreactions.SummaryMattermaybeclassifie《基礎(chǔ)化學》英文教學課件：Chapter_1_1《基礎(chǔ)化學》英文教學課件：Chapter_1_1E-mail:g_jzwang@GeneralChemistry王錦芝汕頭大學醫(yī)學院化學教研室E-mail:g_jzwang@GenSomeRequirementsandSuggestions1.Bringyourselftoclass.2.Beawakeandfollowme.3.Prepareforthelessons(basicchemicalexpressions).4.Workontheproblemsandexercisesaftertheclass(homework).SomeRequirementsandSuggestiBasicsofChemistryAnIntroductiontoChemistry§1.Atomicstructure§2.Chemicalsubstances:FormulasandnamesAtoms,Molecules,andIonsPhysicalMeasurementsCalculationwithChemicalFormulasandEquations§1.Massandmolesofsubstance§2.Chemicalreactions:Equations§3.Stoichiometry:Quantitativerelationsinchemicalreactions§4.WorkingwithsolutionsBasicsofChemistryAnIntroducChapter1_1AnIntroductiontoChemistryChapter1_1AnIntroductiontoChemistryI.Modernchemistry1.Whatischemistry?Chemistry—thesubjectyouaregoingtolearn—isthescienceofmatterandthechangesitcanundergo.Theworldofchemistrythereforeembraceseverythingaroundus—thebuildingwelivein,thefoodweeat,thefleshwearemadeof,andthesiliconwebuildintocomputer.Thereisnothingmaterialsoutsidethereachofchemistry,beitlivingordead,vegetableormineral,onEarthorinadistantstar.AnIntroductiontoChemistryI.《基礎(chǔ)化學》英文教學課件：Chapter_1_1AnIntroductiontoChemistryfieldElectricfieldMagneticfieldAnIntroductiontoChemistryfiAnIntroductiontoChemistry2.Chemistry:AscienceattwolevelsChemistryoperatesontwolevels.Atonelevel,chemistryisaboutmatteranditstransformations.Atthislevel,wecanactuallyseethechanges,aswhenafuelburns,aleafchangescolorinthefall,ormagnesiumburnsbrightlyinair.Thislevelisthemacroscopic(宏觀的)level,theleveldealingwiththepropertiesoflarge,visibleobjects.AnIntroductiontoChemistry2.AnIntroductiontoChemistryHowever,thereisunderworldofchange,aworldthatwecannotseedirectly.Atthisdeepermicroscopic(微觀的)level,chemistryinterpretsthesephenomenaintermsoftherearrangementsofatoms.AnIntroductiontoChemistryHo《基礎(chǔ)化學》英文教學課件：Chapter_1_1AnIntroductiontoChemistryThesymboliclanguageofchemistry,theexpressionofchemicalphenomenaintermsofchemicalsymbolsandmathematicalequations,tiesthetwolevelstogether.Chemicalequationsdescribeeventsatthemacroscopiclevelinawaythatcanbeinterpretedatthemicroscopiclevel.Ithasbeensaidthatachemistthinksatthemicroscopiclevel,conductsexperimentsatthemacroscopiclevel,andrepresentsbothsymbolically.AnIntroductiontoChemistryThAnIntroductiontoChemistryExperimentandexplanationaretheheartofchemicalresearch.Anexperiment(實驗)

isanobservationofnaturalphenomenacarriedoutinacontrolledmannersothattheresultscanbeduplicated(reproduced?)andrationalconclusionsobtained.3.ExperimentsandExplanationAfteraseriesofexperiments,perhapsaresearcherseessomerelationshiporregularityintheresults.Iftheregularityisfundamentalandwecanstateitsimply,wecallitalaw.Alaw(定律)

isaconcisestatementormathematicalequationaboutafundamentalrelationshiporregularityofnature.

AnIntroductiontoChemistryExAnIntroductiontoChemistryAtsomepointinaresearchproject,ascientisttriestomakesenseoftheresultsbydevisinganexplanation.Ahypothesis(假定)

isatentativeexplanationofsomeregularityofnature.Ifahypothesissuccessfullypassesmanytests,itbecomesknownasatheory.Atheory(理論)

isatestedexplanationofbasicnaturalphenomena.Thegeneralprocessofadvancingscientificknowledgethroughobservation;theframingoflaws,hypothesis,ortheories;andtheconductingofmoreexperimentsiscallthescientificmethod.AnIntroductiontoChemistryAtAnIntroductiontoChemistryExperimentsResultsHypothesisFurtherexperimentsdevisedbasedonhypothesisPositiveresultssupporthypothesisNegativeresultsleadtomodificationorrejectionofhypothesisandformulationofnewhypothesisAtheoryfollowsafterresultsconsistentlysupportahypothesisFurtherexperimentsAnIntroductiontoChemistryExCisplatinthefirstmemberofaclassofplatinum-containinganti-cancerdrugs

Cisplatin《基礎(chǔ)化學》英文教學課件：Chapter_1_1AnIntroductiontoChemistry4.ThedifferentbranchesofchemistryFourmaintraditionalbranchesare:Inorganicchemistry(無機化學):Alltheotherelementsandtheircompounds.Organicchemistry(有機化學):Compoundsofcarbon.Physicalchemistry(物理化學):Theprincipleofchemistry.Analyticalchemistry(分析化學):Techniquesforidentifyingsubstancesandmeasuringtheiramounts.Morebranchesofchemistryare:Biochemistry(生物化學):Biologicallyimportantsubstances,processes,andreactions.Theoreticalchemistry(理論化學):Molecularstructureandpropertiesintermsofmathematicalmodels.Chemicalengineering(化學工程):Industrialchemicalprocesses.AnIntroductiontoChemistry4.AnIntroductiontoChemistry5.ContentsofthiscourseIntroduction:Chapter1Solution

Chapter2:Colligativepropertiesofsolution

Chapter3:Electrolytesolution

Chapter4:Buffer

Chapter5:ColloidsBasicprinciples

Chapter6:Thermodynamics

Chapter7:Kinetics

Chapter8:ElectrochemistryAnIntroductiontoChemistry5.Structuralchemistry

Chapter9:Atomicstructureandperiodictable oftheelement

Chapter10:Covalentbondandintermolecular forces

Chapter11:CoordinationcompoundAnIntroductiontoChemistryAnalyticalchemistry

Chapter12:Titrationanalysis(chemical analysis)

Chapter13:UV-Visspectrophotometry (instrumentalanalysis)StructuralchemistryAnIntroduAnIntroductiontoChemistryII.Lawofconservationofmass（質(zhì)量守恒定律）Mass:Thequantityofmatterinamaterial.Themassismeasuredbyabalance.Lawofconservationofmass:Thetotalmassremainsconstantduringachemicalreaction.AnIntroductiontoChemistryIIAntoineLavoisier(1743–1794)Heatedmercury(Ⅱ)oxideAntoineLavoisier(1743–1794)HAnIntroductiontoChemistryIII.Matter:PhysicalstateandchemicalconstitutionTwoprincipalwaystoclassifymatter:

Byitsphysicalstate:Solid,liquid,orgas;

Byitschemicalconstitution:Element, compound,ormixture.ClassificationofmattersAnIntroductiontoChemistryIIAnIntroductiontoChemistryThemainidentifyingcharacteristicofsolids:Rigidity(Liquidsandgasesarefluids).Whatdistinguishesagasfromaliquidisthecharacteristicofcompressibility(可壓縮性).1.Solids,liquids,andgasesMolecularrepresentationsofsolid,liquid,andgas.SolidLiquidGasAnIntroductiontoChemistryThAnIntroductiontoChemistrySolid:

Theformofmattercharacterizedbyrigidity;asolidisrelativelyincompressibleandhasfixedshapeandvolume.Thethreeformsofmatter—solid,liquid,andgas—arereferredtoasthestatesofmatter.Liquid:

Theformofmatterthatisarelativelyincompressiblefluid;aliquidhasafixedvolumebutnofixedshape.Gas:

Theformofmatterthatisaneasilycompressiblefluid;agivenquantityofgaswillfitintoacontainerofalmostanysizeandshape.AnIntroductiontoChemistrySoAnIntroductiontoChemistry2.PhysicalchangeandchemicalchangeAphysicalchangeisachangeintheformofmatterbutnotinitschemicalidentity.Changesofphysicalstateareexamplesofphysicalchanges.solidliquidgasfreezingmeltingdepositionsublimationevaporationcondensationAnIntroductiontoChemistry2.SublimationofI2Steamandliquidwateraretwodifferentformsofthesamechemicalsubstance,water.CoffeineSublimationofI2SteamandliqAnIntroductiontoChemistryTheprocessofdissolvingonematerialinanotherisafurtherexampleofaphysicalchange.AnIntroductiontoChemistryAnIntroductiontoChemistryAchemicalchange(chemicalreaction)isachangeinwhichoneormorekindsofmatteraretransformedintoanewkindofmatterorseveralkindsofmatter.Na + Cl2

NaClAnIntroductiontoChemistryA

LinusPauling(1901-1994)萊納斯·鮑林

NobelPrizeinChemistry(1954)

NobelPeacePrize(1962)Sickle-CellAnemiaandHemoglobinSolubilityLinusPauling(1901-1994)Nobel

Hemoglobinisthesubstanceinredbloodcellsthatcarriesoxygen.Hemoglobinisnormallypresentinsolutionwithintheredbloodcells.Butinpeoplewithsickle-cellanemia,theunoxygenatedhemoglobinreadilycomesoutofsolution.Itproducesafibrousprecipitatethatdeformsthecell,givingitthecharacteristicsickleshape.

Hemoglobinsarelargemolecules(molecularweightabout64,000amu)consistingoffourproteinchains,twoofonekind(αchains)andtwoofanotherkind(βchains).Normalandsickle-cellhemoglobinsarealmostexactlyalike,exceptthateachchainofthehemoglobinresponsibleforsickle-cellanemiadiffersfromnormalhemoglobininoneplace.

HemoglobinisthesubstancInthisplace,thenormalhemoglobinhasthegroupwhichhelpsconferwatersolubilityonthemoleculebecauseofthepolarityofthegroupanditsabilitytoformhydrogenbonds.Theabnormalhemoglobinhasthefollowinghydrocarbongroup:Hydrocarbongroupsarenonpolar.Thissmallchangemakesthemoleculelesswater-soluble.Inthisplace,thenormalhemoHowtoLiveLongerandFeelBetter,advocatedveryhighintakeofVitaminC.HowtoLiveLongerandFeelBeAnIntroductiontoChemistryAphysicalproperty

isacharacteristicthatcanbeobservedforamaterialwithoutchangingitschemicalidentity.Examplesarephysicalstate(solid,liquid,orgas),meltingpoint,andcolor,etc.3.PhysicalpropertyandchemicalpropertyAchemicalpropertyisacharacteristicofamaterialinvolvingitschemicalchange.Achemicalpropertyofsodium(Na)isitsabilitytoreactwithchlorine(Cl2)toproducetablesalt(NaCl).AnIntroductiontoChemistryAAnIntroductiontoChemistryAsubstance(純物質(zhì))

isakindofmatterthatcannotbeseparatedintootherkindsofmatterbyanyphysicalprocess.Forexample,water,Na,Cl2,NaCl.Nomatterwhatisitssource,asubstancealwayshasthesamecharacteristicproperties.Forexample,whetherNaClisobtainedbyburningsodiuminchlorineorfromseawater(4×1018tons),itisawhitesolidmeltingat801oC.Substance:elementorcompound4.Elements,compounds,andmixturesAsubstanceisasingle,pureformofmatter.AnIntroductiontoChemistryAAnIntroductiontoChemistryAnelement(單質(zhì))

isasubstancethatcannotbedecomposedbyanychemicalreactionintosimplersubstances.Forexample,Na,Cl2.(Anelementisasubstancecomposedofonlyonekindofatom.)Acompound(化合物)

isasubstancecomposedoftwoormoreelementschemicallycombinedinfixedproportions.Forexam