書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-安徽藝術學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Emailisaconvenient,highlydemocraticinformalmediumforconveyingmessages

that（）welltohumanneeds.

問題1選項

A.adheres

B.conforms

C.satisfies

D.reflects

【答案】B

【解析】動詞辨析。adheres堅持，黏附；conforms符合；satisfies滿足，使?jié)M意；reflects反射，考慮。句意：電子郵件是方便的、高度大眾化的用于傳遞信息的非正式媒介，它（）人們的需求。從語義上來說，B項和C項都可以,但是satisfy是及物動詞，排除。conformto意為“符合，遵照，順應”，因此正確答案是B選項。

2.單選題

Henrylookedverymuch（）whenhewascaughtcheatinginthebiologyexam.

問題1選項

A.discouraged

B.embarrassed

C.disappointed

D.bewildered

【答案】B

【解析】詞義辨析。discouraged“氣餒的”;embarrassed“尷尬的”;disappointed“失望的,沮喪的”,bewildered“困惑的”。句意:當Henry在生物考試中因為作弊被抓時,他顯得非常尷尬。選項B符合句意。

3.翻譯題

WehavenoideaifonlineadsworkInthesummerof2003,ViacomexecutiveMelKarmazinmanagedtosumupoldmedia’shorroroftheInternetwithoneofbusinesslore’sgreatestvulgaron-liners.Karmazin,aswaggeringformeradsalesmanandonetimeCBSCorporationpresident,hadmadeanexpeditiontocheckoutSiliconValley'shottestyoungupstart:Google.Sittinginthefuturesearchgiant’soffices,helistenedindismayasitsfounders,LarryPageandSergeyBrin,anditsCEO,EricSchmidt,detailedthemanywaystheircompanycouldtrackandanalyzetheeffectivenessofonlineadvertising.Thiscouldnotpossiblybegoodforbusiness,Karmazinthought,1.Ithadalwaysbeennearlyimpossibleformarketerstotellwhichoftheiradsworkedandwhichdidn’tandthelesstheyknew,themoreanetworklikeCBScouldchargefora30-secondspot.Artwasfarmoreprofitablethanscience.

Adecadelater,someonefinallyseemstobe,well,messingwithGoogle'sownbagoftricks.Lastyear,agroupofeconomistsworkingwitheBay’sinternalresearchlabissuedamassiveexperimentalstudywithasimplestartlingconclusion:Foralarge,well-knownbrand,searchadsareprobablyworthless.2.Thismonth,theirfindingswerere-releasedasaworkingpaperbytheNationalBureauofEconomicResearchandgreetedwitharoundofcoverageaskingwhetherInternetadvertisingofanykindworksatall.

“Weknowalotlessthantheadvertisingindustrywouldlikeustothinkweknow,"StevenTadelis,oneoftheeBaystudy’sco-authors,toldme.

AskGoogle.FacebookorTwitter,ofcourse,andthey’llreliablybustoutthird-partyresearchexplainingthattheiradsworkjustfine,evenifconsumersdon’talwaysclickonthem.Anentireecosystemofanalyticscompanies,includingbignameslikeComScoreandNielsen,hasevolvedtotellclientswhichonlineadvertisementsgivethemthebiggestbangfortheirbucks,Especiallycutting-edgefirms,suchasDialogic.Haveevenfoundwaystodrawcorrelationsbetweentheadsconsumersseeonlineandwhattheybuyinstores.Weareswimmingindata.3.AndthereareplentyofprofessionalsouttherehappytotellcorporateAmericawhatallthatdatameans,withthehelpofsomefancymathematicalmodels.

Theproblem,accordingtoTadelisandothers,isthatmuchofthedatawebsitesgenerateismoreorlessuseless.Someoftheproblemsarepracticallyasoleasmarkingitself.Forinstance,companiesliketorunlargeadcampaignsduringmajorshoppingseasons,likeChristmas.ButifsalesdoublecomeDecember,it’shardtosaywhethertheadortheholidaywasresponsible.Companiesalsounderstandablyliketotargetaudiencestheythinkwilllikewhatthey’reselling.Butthatalwaysleadstothenaggingquestionofwhetherthecustomerwouldhavegoneandpurchasedtheproductregardless.Economistscallthisissue“endogeneity.”DerekThompsonattheAtlanticdubsittheI-was-gonna-buy-it-anywayproblem.”

ButtheInternetalsogunksupattemptsatanalysisinitsownspecialways.Forinstance,ifsomebodysearchesfor“Amazon,bananaslicer,”andclicksonasearchadthatpopsuprightnexttohisresults,chancesarehewouldhavemadeittoAmazon’ssitewithouttheextranudge.EvenifhenevertypedthewordAinzaon,hestillmighthavegottentothesitethroughthenaturalpowerofsearch.4.Intheend,itallcomesdowntotheevergreenchallengeofdistinguishingcorrelation(e.gaFaccebookusersawanadandthenboughtsomeshoes)fromcausation(e.g.,aFacebookuserboughtsomeshoesbecausehesawanad).

Thereis,however,awaytogetaroundthesehurdles.Runanalyticscompaniesdon’tdothat,relyinginsteadonelaboratestatisticalregressionsthattrytoflaweddata.Butit’stherouteTapeless—nowabusinessprofessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley—andhiscollaboratorstookwitheBay.5.Intheirfirsttest,theresearcherslookedatwhatwouldhappenifthecompanystoppedbuyingadsnexttoitsownname,whichseemedlikethemostobviouswasteofmoney.Todoso,theypulledtheadsfromYahooandMSNbutleftthemrunningonGoogle.Itturnedout,theadvertisingmadevirtuallynodifference.YeteBaywasspendingdollarseverytimeacustomerclickedanadinsteadofthelinksittingrightbelowit.

【答案】1.營銷人員通常幾乎不可能告訴他們哪些廣告有效，哪些沒有。而且他們知道得越少，像CBS這樣的網絡可能會在30秒內索要越多的費用。

2.本月，研究調查結果由國家經濟研究局作為工作文件而重新發(fā)布，并引發(fā)了一輪關于互聯(lián)網廣告是否有效的討論。

3.有很多專業(yè)人士樂于借助一些奇特的數(shù)學模型，告訴美國企業(yè)所有數(shù)據(jù)的含義。

4.最后，這一切都歸結于一個長久的挑戰(zhàn)：區(qū)分相關性（比如，一個臉書用戶看了一個廣告，然后買了雙鞋）與因果關系（比如，一個臉書用戶買了一雙鞋，是因為看到了一個廣告）。

5.在第一次測試中，研究人員研究了如果該公司停止以自己的名義購買廣告將會發(fā)生什么，這似乎明顯浪費了錢。

4.單選題

His______personalityprovidesgoodmaterialforcritics.

問題1選項

A.mature

B.considered

C.literate

D.dual

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項mature“成熟的”；B選項considered“經過深思熟慮的”；C選項literate“能讀會寫的”；D選項dual“雙重的”。句意：他的______人格為評論家提供了很好的素材。根據(jù)語境，這里D選項dual“雙重的”比較符合題意，意思指他的雙重人格有很多可討論的話題。因此D選項正確。

5.翻譯題

Ithinkthat,fromabiologicalstandpoint,humanlifealmostreadslikeapoem.Ithasitsownrhythmandbeat,itsinternalcyclesofgrowthanddecay.Itbeginswithinnocentchildhood,followedbyawkwardadolescencetryingawkwardlytoadaptitselftomaturesociety,withitsyoungpassionsandfollies,itsidealsandambitions;thenitreachesamanhoodofintenseactivities,profitingfromexperienceandlearningmoreaboutsocietyandhumannature;atmiddleage,thereisaslighteasingoftension,amellowingofcharacterliketheripeningoffruitorthemellowingofgoodwine,andthegradualacquiringofamoretolerant,morecynicalandatthesametimeakindlierviewoflife;theninthesunsetofourlife,theendocrineglandsdecreasetheiractivity,andifwehaveatruephilosophyofoldageandhaveorderedourlifepatternaccordingtoit,itisforustheageofpeaceandsecurityandleisureandcontentment;finally,lifeflickersoutandonegoesintoeternalsleepnevertowakeupagain.Oneshouldbeabletosetthebeautyofthisrhythmoflife,toappreciate,aswedoingrandsymphonies,itsmaintheme,itsstrainsofconflictandthefinalresolution.Themovementsofthesecyclesareverymuchthesameinanormallife,buttherelicmustbeprovidedbytheindividualhimself.

【答案】我認為，從生物學的角度來看，人生就像一首詩。它有自己的韻律和節(jié)奏，自有內在的生長與衰亡周期。它開始于天真的童年，緊隨其后的是稚拙的青春期，帶著年輕的激情和愚笨，笨拙而努力地走向成熟；后來人到壯年，經歷漸廣，閱人漸多，涉世漸深；乃至中年，節(jié)奏漸緩，個性沉淀如熟果，如美酒，更具容忍之心，愈發(fā)憤世嫉俗，卻待人生愈發(fā)溫和；再后來到暮年時，內分泌系統(tǒng)活動減少，如果我們已經悟得老年真諦，且據(jù)此安頓殘年，則生活將平和、寧靜、安詳且美滿；最后生命之光搖曳而逝，人開始永恒的長眠，不再醒來。人應能感受這種生命韻律之美，就如欣賞交響樂一樣，欣賞其主旋律、激昂的高潮和舒緩的尾聲。生命的樂章大同小異，但每個人應譜寫出自己獨有的樂曲。

6.單選題

Werarelyperceivemorethanaminute（）ofthesightsandsoundsthatfalluponourorgans;thegreatmajoritypassesusby.

問題1選項

A.fraction

B.fiction

C.function

D.friction

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項fraction表示“分數(shù)，部分，小部分”，B選項fiction表示“小說，編造，謊言”，C選項function表示“功能，運轉，函數(shù)”，D選項friction表示“摩擦，摩擦力”。根據(jù)句意可知，我們僅僅察覺到偶然觸及我們感官的一小部分光和聲音；而大部分已經過去了。空缺處單詞與后文中的thegreatmajority形成對比，形容光和聲音的一小部分，因此，只有A項符合語境。故本題正確答案為A選項。

7.單選題

ThemajorobstacletothereforminNewOrleans,(),ismoney.

問題1選項

A.asisitacrossthecountry

B.asitisacrossthecountry

C.asitwereacrossthecountry

D.aswereitacrossthecountry

【答案】B

【解析】考查語法知識。主句是現(xiàn)在時，排除C和D選項。as后不需要使用倒裝結構，因此B選項符合題意。

8.單選題

Thevictim（

）tosurviveifhehadbeentakentohospitalintime.

問題1選項

A.wouldhaveachance

B.wouldhavehadachance

C.hasachance

D.hashadachance

【答案】B

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。句意：如果送到醫(yī)院去，這個病人或許還能得救。這里根據(jù)句意，病人沒有及時送到醫(yī)院，if引導的是虛擬的條件句，而且根據(jù)if后面的時態(tài)可以知道這是表示對過去事情的推測，所以答案要選B。

9.單選題

Ourgenerationhasmadesuchimmensediscoveriesandachievedsuchundreamedenrichmentsoftheoutsideoflife,thatithaslosttouchwiththeinsideoflife.Ithasforgottenthetruerichesandbeautiesofitsspiritualinheritance:richesandbeautiesthatgofarbeyondourmodernchatteraboutvaluesandideals.Themind'ssearchformorebreadthhasobscuredtheheart'scravingformoredepth.Onceagainmanhasbecomethedupeofhisowncleverness.Andbecauseitisdifficulttoattendtomorethanafewthingsatatime,weleaveoutagreatrangeofexperienceswhichcomesinbyanotherrouteandtellsusofanotherkindoflife.Ourinterestrushesouttothefarthestlimitsoftheuniverse,butweseldomtakeasoundingoftheoceanbeneathourrestlesskeels.Weget,therefore,aqueerfeelingthatweareleavingsomethingout.Knowledgehasgrown;butwisdom,savoringthedeepwonderandmysteryoflife,lingersfarbehind.Thusthelifeofthehumanspirit,whichoughttomaintainabalancebetweentheworldvisibleandtheworldinvisible,isthrownoutofgear.

1.Whichofthefollowingmaybestserveasthetitleofthepassage?

2.Theauthorofthispassageimplieshisconcernoverman's（）

3.Theauthorsuggeststhatmanneedsto（）

4.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedinthepassage?

5.Whatissomethingthatweareleavingoutaccordingtotheauthor?

問題1選項

A.Man'sNeedforWisdom.

B.TheInvisibleWorld.

C.TheHeartandMindofMan.

D.TheGrowthofKnowledge.

問題2選項

A.inhumanitytoothermen

B.emphasisonthematerialisticinlife

C.explorationsinthefarthestlimitsoftheuniverse

D.lackofknowledgeofthevisibleworld

問題3選項

A.becleverer.

B.learntodomorethanonethingatatime

C.givemoreattentiontothespirit

D.becomemoresocial

問題4選項

A.Thesoulofmenisrestless.

B.Peoplespendtoomuchtimeinidletalk.

C.Manistooconcernedwiththingsofthespirit.

D.Manshouldsearchformorebreadthinhislife.

問題5選項

A.Immensediscoveries

B.Undreamedenrichmentsoftheoutsideoflife

C.Wisdom

D.Knowledge

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。這段文章主要講述了人類追求外在物質的世界而忽略了內在的精神世界的情況。文章的倒數(shù)第二句“Knowledgehasgrown;butwisdom,savoringthedeepwonderandmysteryoflife,lingersfarbehind.”進行了點題,人們的知識增長了,但智慧卻遠遠落后,所以人們需要智慧。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)上一題可以知道,文章就是在說人類追求外在物質的世界而忽略了內在的精神世界的情況,所以由此推斷,作者擔心的是人類過于關注物質世界。選項B正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。福據(jù)文章中的Ithasforgottenthetruerichesandbeautiesofitsspiritualinheritance。可以知道作者還是很希望大家更多的關注內在世界,所以選項C正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文中“Weget,therefore,aqueerfeelingthatweareleavingsomethingout.”我們有一種奇怪的感覺,覺得我們遺漏了什么。選項B說的是表象,選項C和D錯誤。所以只有選項A符合原文。

5.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文中的倒數(shù)第二句“Knowledgehasgrown;butwisdom,savoringthedeepwonderandmysteryoflife,lingersfarbehind.”由此推斷,人們遺失的是智慧。

10.單選題

Here______youwanttosee.

問題1選項

A.comesthegirl

B.comedoesthegirl

C.thegirlcomes

D.comingthegirlis

【答案】A

【解析】考查倒裝句。句意：你想見的女孩來了。here位于句首時，其后用完全倒裝形式，倒裝句中的謂語動詞come和go不能用進行時態(tài)，所以A選項comesthegirl符合題意。因此A選項正確。

11.單選題

Theriverisalready（）itsbanksbecauseofexcessiverainfall;andthecityisthreatenedwithalikelyflood.

問題1選項

A.parallelto

B.levelto

C.flaton

D.flushwith

【答案】D

【解析】parallelto平行,

類似；level不與to搭配；flat也不與介詞on搭配；flushwith齊平,

同高。句意：由于雨水過多，河水已經和堤岸齊平了，這座城市可能面臨洪水的威脅。選項D符合句意。

12.單選題

AtfirstIdidnotawarethis,butwhenIfoundoutthenextdayfromanotherforeignguestatthehotel,aEuropean,Icouldn’tbelievemyears.

問題1選項

A.didnotaware

B.whenIfoundout

C.fromanotherforeignguestat

D.aEuropean,Icouldn’tbelieve

E.沒有錯誤

【答案】A

【解析】動詞誤用。A項aware改為know。aware是形容詞,而A項中didnot后面應該接動詞。

13.單選題

Hewassoangrythathejustcouldn’t（）fromtellingthemwhathethought.

問題1選項

A.holdoff

B.holdon

C.holdback

D.holdup

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。holdbackfrom意為“抑制…阻止…”。句意“他非常生氣，忍不住把自己的想法告訴了他們。”選項C符合句意。

14.填空題

“TheIAEAshouldpositivelyclarifyrelevantproblemsbycooperatingwithIraninafairand_______manner”and“IranshouldbeflexibleandsincerewhencooperatingwiththeIAEA,”Xinhuareported,citingHong.(person)

【答案】impersonal

【解析】【考查點】形容詞。

【解題思路】根據(jù)橫線前的and，可知fair和橫線處表示并列，所以橫線處應為形容詞，并且意思和fair對應，impersonal意思為“非指個人的，客觀的”，符合語境。

【句意】新華社援引洪磊的話說：“國際原子能機構應該以公平、客觀的方式與伊朗合作，積極澄清有關問題。伊朗在與國際原子能機構合作時，應該靈活、真誠。”

15.單選題

Theyhadplannedtogooutingthisweekend,buttheyfinallyhadto（）itbecauseoftherainyweather.

問題1選項

A.cancel

B.eliminate

C.delay

D.prolong

【答案】A

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。cancel“取消,撤銷”;eliminate“消除,排除”;delay“延期,耽擱”;prolong“延長,拖延”。句意:他們原計劃這個周末去郊游,但由于下雨,最后不得不取消了。選項A符合句意。

16.單選題

（

）,Imustdoanotherexperiment.

問題1選項

A.Beiteversolate

B.Itiseversolate

C.Itbeeversolate

D.Solateitbeever

【答案】A

【解析】考查狀語從句的倒裝。根據(jù)選項及句意，可推測空格指“盡管很晚了，但我必須再做一個實驗”，Beiteversolate是由Thoughit(may)beeversolate而來，省略了though再將be移至主語it之前而來。句意：盡管很晚了，但我必須再做一個實驗。

17.單選題

Globalwarmingiscausingmorethan300,000deathsandabout$125billionineconomiclosseseachyear,accordingtoareportbytheGlobalHumanitarianForum,anorganizationledbyKofiAnnan,theformerUnitedNationssecretarygeneral.

Thereport,tobereleasedFridayanalyzeddataandexistingstudiesofhealth,disaster,populationandeconomicstrends.Itfoundthathuman-influencedclimatechangeswasraisingtheglobaldeathratesfromillnessesincludingmalnutrition（營養(yǎng)不良）andheat-relatedhealthproblems.

Butevenbeforeitsrelease,thereportdrewcriticismfromsomeexpertsonclimateandrisk,whoquestioneditsmethodsandconclusions.

Alongwiththedeaths,thereportsaidthatthelivesof325millionpeople,primarilyinpoorcountries,werebeingseriouslyaffectedbyclimatechange.Itprojectedthatthenumberwoulddoubleby2030.

RogerPielkeJr.,apoliticalscientistattheUniversityofColorado,Boulder,whostudiesdisastertrends,saidtheForum’sreportwas“amethodologicalembarrassment”becausetherewasnowaytodistinguishdeathsoreconomiclossesrelatedtohumandrivenglobalwarmingamidthemuchlargerlossesresultingfromthegrowthinpopulationsandeconomicdevelopmentinvulnerableregions.Dr.Pielkesaidthat“climatechangeisanimportantproblemrequiringourutmostattention”.Butthereport,hesaid,“willharmthecauseforactiononbothclimatechangeanddisastersbecauseitissodeeplyflawed（有瑕疵的）”.

However,SorenAnderasen,asocialscientistatDahlbergGlobalDevelopmentPartnerswhosupervisedthewritingofthereport,defendedit,sayingthatitwasclearthatthenumberswereroughestimates.Hesaidthereportwasaimedatworldleaders,whowillmeetinCopenhageninDecembertonegotiateanewinternationalclimatetreaty.

Inapressreleasedescribingthereport,Mr.Annanstressedtheneedforthenegotiationstofocusonincreasingtheflowofmoneyfromrichtopoorregionstohelpreducetheirvulnerabilitytoclimatehazards,whilestillcurbingtheemissionsoftheheattrappinggases.Morethan90%ofthehumanandeconomiclossesfromclimatechangeareoccurringinpoorcountries,accordingtothereport.

1.WhatisthefindingoftheGlobalHumanitarianForum?

2.WhatdowelearnabouttheForum’sreportfromthepassage?

3.WhatdoesDr.PielkesayabouttheForum’sreport?

4.WhatisSorenAndreasen’sviewofthereport?

5.WhatdoesKofiAnnansayshouldbethefocusoftheCopenhagenconference?

問題1選項

A.Globaltemperaturesaffecttherateofeconomicdevelopment

B.Ratesofdeathfromillnesshaverisenduetoglobalwarming

C.Malnutritionhascausedserioushealthproblemsinpoorcountries

D.Economictrendshavetodowithpopulationandnaturaldisasters

問題2選項

A.Itwaschallengedbysomeclimateandriskexperts

B.Itarousedalotofinterestinthescientificcircles

C.Itwaswarmlyreceivedbyenvironmentalists

D.Itcauseabigstirindevelopingcountries

問題3選項

A.Itsstatisticslookembarrassing

B.Itisinvalidintermsofmethodology

C.Itdeservesourclosestattention

D.Itsconclusionispurposelyexaggerated

問題4選項

A.Itsconclusionsarebasedoncarefullycollecteddata

B.Itisvulnerabletocriticismifthestatisticsarecloselyexamined

C.ItwillgiverisetoheateddiscussionsattheCopenhagenconference

D.Itsroughestimatesaremeanttodrawtheattentionofworldleaders

問題5選項

A.Howrichandpoorregionscanshareresponsibilityincurbingglobalwarming

B.Howhumanandeconomiclossesfromclimatechangecanbereduced

C.Howemissionsofheat-trappinggasescanbereducedonaglobalscale

D.Howrichcountriescanbetterhelppoorregionsreduceclimatehazards

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細節(jié)事實題。文章第二段提到“受人類影響的環(huán)境變化導致了如營養(yǎng)不良及其他與高溫相關的問題死亡率升高”(Itfoundthathuman-influencedclimatechangeswasraisingtheglobaldeathratesfromillnessesincludingmalnutritionandheat-relatedhealthproblems)，選項B“由于全球變暖，死亡率上身”符合題意。

第2題:細節(jié)事實題。文章第三段提到“在這篇報告發(fā)表之前就已經引起了很多氣象和風險專家的批判”（Butevenbeforeitsrelease,thereportdrewcriticismfromsomeexpertsonclimateandrisk,whoquestioneditsmethodsandconclusions），因此選項A“受到一些氣象和風險專家的挑戰(zhàn)”符合題意。

第3題:細節(jié)事實題。文章第五段提到皮爾克博士對于報告的看法，他認為這次報告就是一個方法論的尷尬（amethodologicalembarrassment），隨后又解釋了原因，由此可知在皮爾克博士看來，這個報告在方法論上是不成立的，選項B符合題意。

第4題:細節(jié)事實題。文章第六段提到“很明顯報告中的數(shù)據(jù)是粗略估計的，并且他認為這個報告是針對各國領導人提出的”（whosupervisedthewritingofthereport,defendedit,sayingthatitwasclearthatthenumberswereroughestimates.Hesaidthereportwasaimedatworldleaders,whowillmeetinCopenhageninDecembertonegotiateanewinternationalclimatetreaty），選項D“它的粗略估計是為了引起領導人的注意”符合題意。

第5題:推理判斷題。文章最后一段提到“在新聞發(fā)布會上，安南強調需要增加從富裕國家到貧窮國家的資金流動，來幫助減少氣候變化給他們造成的傷害”（Inapressreleasedescribingthereport,Mr.Annanstressedtheneedforthenegotiationstofocusonincreasingtheflowofmoneyfromrichtopoorregionstohelpreducetheirvulnerabilitytoclimatehazards,whilestillcurbingtheemissionsoftheheattrappinggases），選項D“富裕國家怎樣更好地幫助貧窮國家減少氣候帶來的危害”符合題意。

18.翻譯題

Directions:PutthefollowingparagraphintoChinese.WriteyourChineseversionintheproperspaceonAnswerSheet.

Undertheimpactofmodernscience,theveryconceptionofthetaskofphilosophyhasundergonearadicalreorientation.Inverybroadhistoricalperspectiveitmaybesaidthatthephilosophersthroughouttheageshavebeenengagedinthreemajorendeavors:theyhavebeensearchingforabsolutetruthsregardingbasicreality,andforabsolutestandardsofmorality;theyhavetriedtoconstructasynthesis,aviewoftheuniverseandofman'splaceinit,i.e.,aperspectivethatwouldintegratethevariouscontributionsofthesciencesintoanintelligibleandharmoniouswhole;finally,philosophershaveattemptedtoclarifythemeaningandthevalidityofthefundamentalconcepts,assumptions,andmethodsofknowledgeandofevaluation.

Inthelightofmodernscience,i.e.,notonlyofitsresultsandconclusionsbutespeciallyofitsopen-mindedattitudeandcriticalapproach,thesearchforabsolutetruthislargelybeingabandonedasfruitless,ifnotasmeaningless.Thespiritofcontemporaryscienceis"critical"inthesensethatallitsconclusionsareconsideredsoundortenableonly"untilfurthernotice".Inotherwords,neitheroftheextremes-dogmatismorskepticism—isacceptable.Thepoliceoftheopenmindindicatesthatwhileweshouldkeepallourconvictionsinprincipleopenforcriticismandrevision,itisperfectlyreasonabletoreplyonwell-confirmedassumptionsuntilstrongevidenceforcesustomodifyortoreplacethembyotherassumptionsthataremorestronglysupportedbyrelevantevidence.

【答案】在現(xiàn)代科學的沖擊下，哲學任務這個概念已經發(fā)生了徹底的再定位。從更廣泛的歷史角度來看，可以說，哲學家們自古以來都在從事三大事業(yè)：他們一直在尋找關于基本現(xiàn)實的絕對真理和絕對的道德標準。他們試圖構建一種綜合的觀點，一種對宇宙及人類在宇宙中所處位置的看法，是一種將科學的各種貢獻整合成一個明白易懂的和諧整體的觀點。最后，哲學家們試圖澄清知識和評估的基本概念、假設和方法的意義以及有效性。

根據(jù)現(xiàn)代科學，不僅根據(jù)其結果和結論，而且特別是其開放的態(tài)度和批評方法，對絕對真理的探索在很大程度上被放棄，即使不是毫無意義，也是徒勞無益的。當代科學的精神是“批判性的”，因為它的所有結論直到“進一步注意”才被認為是合理的或可成立的。換句話說，這兩個極端——教條主義或懷疑主義——都是不可接受的。持開放態(tài)度的警方表示，雖然，原則上，我們的所有信念都應公開接受批評和修改，但是，在有力證據(jù)迫使我們修改或用因相關證據(jù)而得到更有力支持的其他假設來代替它們之前，回應已充分證實了的假設是完全合理的。

19.單選題

Acontroversyeruptedinthescientificcommunityinearly1998overtheuseofDNA(deoxyribonucleicacid)fingerprintinginCriminalinvestigations.DNAfingerprintingwasintroducedin1987asamethodtoidentifyindividualsbasedonapatternseenintheirDNA,themoleculeofwhichgenesaremade.DNAispresentineverycellofthebodyexceptredbloodcells.DNAfingerprintinghasbeenusedsuccessfullyinvariousways,suchastodeterminepaternity（父親的身份）whereitisnotclearwhothefatherofaparticularchildis.However,itisintheareaofcriminalinvestigationsthatDNAfingerprintinghaspotentiallypowerfulandcontroversialuses.

DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttoproveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence.Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime.AmatchbetweenthetwoDNAsamplescanbeusedasevidencetoconvictasuspect.

Thecontroversyin1998stemmedfromareportpublishedinDecember1991bypopulationgeneticistsRichardC.LewontinofHarvardUniversityinCambridge,Mass,andDanielL.HartlofWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicineinSt.Louis,Mo.LewontinandHartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone.Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup.LewontinandHartlcalledforbettersurveysofDNApatterns.

Inresponsetotheircriticisms,populationgeneticistsRanajitChakrabortyoftheUniversityofTexasinDallasandKennethK.KiddofYaleUniversityinNewHaven,Conn.,arguedthatenoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate.InJanuary1998,however,theFederalBureauofinvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsinanattempttoresolvesomeofthesequestions.And,inApril,theNationalAcademyofSciencescalledforstrictstandardsandsystemofaccreditation（鑒定合格）forDNAtestinglaboratories.

1.BeforeDNAfingerprintingisused,suspects（）.

2.DNAfingerprintingcanbeunreliablewhen（）.

3.TogeneticistslikeLewontinandHartl,thecurrentmethod（）.

4.TheattitudeoftheFederalBureauofInvestigationshowsthat（）.

5.NationalAcademyofSciencesholdsthestandthat（）.

問題1選項

A.wouldhavetoleavetheirfingerprintsforfurtherinvestigations

B.wouldhavetosubmitevidencefortheirinnocence

C.couldeasilyescapeconvictionofguilt

D.couldbeconvictedofguiltaswell

問題2選項

A.themethodsusedforblood-cellcalculationarenotaccurate

B.twodifferentindividualsofthesameethnicgroupmayhavethesameDNAfingerprintingpattern

C.amatchisbychanceleftwithfingerprintsthathappentobelongtotwodifferentindividuals

D.twodifferentindividualsleavetwoDNAsamples.

問題3選項

A.isnotsoconvincingastoexcludethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsamplescannevercomefromtwoindividuals

B.isarguablebecausetwoindividualsofthesameethnicgrouparelikelytohavethesameDNApattern

C.isnotbasedonadequatescientifictheoryofgenetics

D.istheoreticallycontradictorytowhattheyhavebeenstudying

問題4選項

A.enoughdataareyettobecollectedfromvariousethnicgroupstoconfirmtheunlikelihoodoftwoDNAsamplescomingfromtwoindividualmembers

B.enoughdataofDNAsamplesshouldhecollectedtoconfirmthatonlyDNAsamplesfromthesamepersoncanmatch

C.enoughdataareyettobecollectedfromvariousethnicgroupstodeterminethelikelihoodoftwodifferentDNAsamplescomingfromthesameperson

D.additionalsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsshouldbecollectedIodeterminethattwoDNAsampleareunlikelytocomefromthesameperson

問題5選項

A.DNAtestingshouldbesystematized

B.OnlyauthorizedlaboratoriescanconductDNAtesting

C.Theacademyonlyisauthorizedtoworkourstandardsfortesting

D.TheacademyhastherighttoaccreditlaboratoriesforDNAtesting

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.判斷推理題。題干意為:在DNA指紋識別使用之前，嫌疑犯…。第二段指出:DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttoproveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence(指紋和其他DNA分析技術已經徹底改變了刑事調查，給調查人員提供了強大的新工具，以證明有罪，而不僅僅是確立無罪)。后面還指出:Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime(在刑事調查時，嫌疑犯的DNA指紋圖案與從犯罪現(xiàn)場發(fā)現(xiàn)的毛發(fā)或血液等材料中獲得的DNA指紋圖案進行比較)。由此可以推測，如果沒有DNA指紋識別技術,嫌疑犯不會那么容易定罪。因此選C項“可能輕易逃脫罪責”。

2.細節(jié)事實題。題干意為:在什么時候，DNA指紋識別可能不可靠？第三段指出:Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup(他們特別指出，目前的方法尚不能完全確定，兩個可能吻合的DNA樣本是出自一個人，而不是出自同族成員中的兩個人)。因此可知,當“偶然匹配的蒽碰巧屬于兩個不同的人”的時候,DNA指紋可能不可靠。

3.判斷推理題。題干意為:對于Levvontin和Hard這樣的遺傳學者而言，目前的方法如何？第三段指出:LevvontinandHartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone(Lewontin和Hartl對偶然發(fā)生的兩個DNA抬紋吻合的可能性的計算方法提出質疑)。Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup(他們特別指出,目前的方法尚不能完全確定兩個可能吻合的DNA樣本是出自一個人，而不是出自同族成員中的兩個人。即他們認為目前的方法不能確定吻合的DNA不是來自同族的兩個人)。因此，A項“排除兩個DNA樣本決不會來自兩個人的可能性，目前的方法還不能那么令人信服”符合兩人觀點的表述。

4.判斷推理題。題干意為:聯(lián)邦調查局的態(tài)度表明…最后一段指出:enoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate(足夠的數(shù)據(jù)可以利用，以表明目前正在使用的方法是合適的)。InJanuary1998,however,theFederalBureauofinvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesfromvariou