2009年12月大六級(jí)考試PartⅠWriting(30Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledShouldParentsSendTheirKidstoArtClasses?Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.我認(rèn)為ShouldParentsSendTheirKidstoArtPartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.BossesSay“Yes”Risingcostsofofficespace,timelosttostressfulcommuting,andaslowrecognitionthatworkershavelivestheoffice—allarestrongargumentsforlettingstaffworkfromhome.Forthesmallbusiness,thereareadditionalbenefitstoo—staffaremoreproductive,andhappier,enablingfirmstokeeptheirheadcounts(員工數(shù))andtheirrecruitmentcoststoaminimum.Itcsoprovidecompetitiveadvantage,especiallywhensmallbusinesseswanttoattractnewstaffbutdon’thavethebudgettoofferhugesalaries.Whilecompanymanagershaveknownaboutthebenefitsforalongtime,manyhavedonelittleaboutit,skepticalofwhethertheycouldtrusttheiremployeestoworktofullcapacitywithoutsupervision,orconcernedabouttheadditionalexpenseseworkingpoliciesmightincurasstaffstartchargingtheirhomephonebillstothebusiness.Yetthisisnowchanging.WhencommunicationsproviderInter-researchedtheuseofremoteworkingsolutionsamongsmallandmediumsizedUKbusinessesinAprilthisyear,itfoundthat28%morecompanieedtohaveintroducedflexibleworkingpracticesthanayearTheUKnetworkofBusinessLinksconfirmsthatittoohasseenagrowinginterestinremoteworkingsolutionsfromsmallbusinessesseekingitsadvice,andclaimsthatasmanyas60-70%ofthebusinessesthatcomethroughitsdoorsnowoffersomeformofremoteworkingsupporttotheirworkforces.Technologyadvances,includingthewidespreadavailabilityofbroadband,aremakingtheintroductionofremoteworkingapieceofcake.“Ifsystemsaresetupproperly,staffcanhaveaccesstoalltheresourcestheyhaveintheofficewherevertheyhaveaninternetconnection,”saysAndyPoulton,e-businessadvisoratBusinessLinkforBerkshireandWiltshire.“Therearesomeveryexcitingdevelopmentswhichhaveenabledthis.”O(jiān)neistheavailabilityofbroadbandeverywhere,whichnowcoversalmostallofthecountry(BTclaimsthat,byJuly,99.8%ofitsexchangeswillbebroadbandenabled,withalternativeplansinplaceforeventhemostremoteexchanges).“Thisistheenabler,”Poultonsays.Yetwhilebroadbandhascomedowninpricetoo,thoseserviceprovidersingthebusinessmarketwarnagainstconsumerservicesmasquerading()asbusiness“Broadbandisavailableforaslittleas￡15amonth,butmanybusinessesfailtoappreciatethehiddencostsofsuchaservice,”saysNeilStephenson,salesandmarketingdirectoratOnyxInternet,aninternetserviceproviderbasedinthenortheastofEngland.“Providersofferingbroadbandforrockbottompricesarenotoriousforpoorservice,withregularbreakdownsandheavilycongested(擁堵的)networks.Itisalwaysadvisableforbusinessestolookthepricetagandlookforabusinessonlyproviderthatcanoffermorereliability,withgoodsupport.”Suchservicesdon’tcosttoomuch—qualityservicescanbefoundforupwardsof￡30amonth.Thebenefitsofbroadbandtotheoccasional erarethattheycanaccess realtime,andtakefulladvantageofservicessuchasinternetbasedbackuporeveninternetbasedphoneservices.Internetbased s,orVoIP(VoiceoverIP)togiveititstechnicaltitle,isaninterestingtooltoanybusinesssupportingremoteworking.Notnecessarilybecauseofthepromiseoffreeorreducedpricephonecalls(whichexpertspointoutismisleadingfortheaveragebusiness),butbecauseofthesophisticatedvoiceservicesthatcanbeexploitedbytheremoteworker—facilitiessuchasvoic andcallforwarding,whichprovideacontinuityofthecompanyimageforcustomersandbusinesspartners.Bylaw,companiesmust“considerseriously”requeststoworkflexiblymadebyaparentwithachildunderofsix,oradisabledchildunder18.Itwastheneedto employeeswithyoungchildrenthatmotivatedaccountancyfirmWrightVigartobeginpromotingeworkingrecently.Thecompany,whichneededtoupgradeitsITinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)toprovideconnectivitywithanew,secondoffice,decidedtointroducesupportforremoteatthesameMarketingdirectorJackOHernexplainsthatthecompanyhasarelativelyyoungworkforce,manyofwhomareparents:“Oneofthetriggerswaswhenoneofourtaxmanagersreturnedfrommaternityleave.Shewasintendingtoworkparttime,butcouldonlymanageonedayaweekintheofficeduetochildcare.Byofferinghertheabilitytoworkfromhome,wehavedoubledhercapacity—nowsheworksadayaweekfromhome,anyintheoffice.Thisisgreatforher,andforusasweretainsomeonehighlyqualified.”ForWrightVigar,whichhasnowequippedallofitsfeeearnerstobeabletoworkatumproductivitywhenawayfromtheoffices(whetherthat’sfromhome,orwhileontheroad),thisstrategyisnotjustaboutsavingoncommutetimeorcuttingthemloosefromtheoffice,butenablingthemtoworkmoreflexiblehoursthatfitaroundtheirhomelife.O’Hernsays:“Althoughmostofourworkisclient-basedandmustfitaroundthis,wecan’tseeanyreasonwhyaparentcan’tbeonhandtodealwithsomethingimportantathome,iftheyhavetheabilitytocompleteaprojectlaterintheday.”Supportingthisnewwayofworkingcamewithaprice,though.Althoughthefirmwasupdatingitssystemsanyway,thecompanyspent10-15%moreperusertoequipthemwithalaptopratherthanaPC,andaboutthesametoupgradetoaserverthatwouldenableremotestafftoconnecttothecompanynetworksandaccessalltheirusualresources.AlthoughWrightVigarhasn’tyetfiedthebusinessbenefits,itclaimsthat,inadditiontobeingabletoretainkeystaffwithyoungfamilies,itisabletosavefee-earnersasubstantialamountof“dead”timeintheirworkingdays.Thatstaffcandothiswithoutneedingafixedephonelineprovidesevenmoresavings.“WithWi-Fi(fast,wirelessinternetconnections)popupallovertheplace,evenontrains,ourfee-earnerscanbeproductiveastheytravel,andbetweenmeetings,insteadofhavingtokilltimeattheshops,”headds.Thecompanywillalsobeabletoavoidtheexpenseofhavingtorelocatestafftotemporaryofficesforseveralweekswhenitbeginsdisruptiveofficerenovationssoon.FinancialrecruitmentspecialistLynneHargreavesknowsexactlyhowmuchherfirmhassavedbyadoptingaeworkingstrategy,whichhasinvolvedhandinghercompany’sdatamanagementovertoaremotehostingcompany,Dataset,soitcanbeaccessiblebyallthecompany’sconsultantsoverbroadbandinternetconnections.Ithasenabledthecompanytodispensewithitsbusinesspremisesaltogether,followingtherealizationthatitjustdidn’tneedthemanymore.“Themainmotivationbehindadoptinghomeworkingwastoincreasemyownproductivity,asasinglemumtoan11yearold,”saysHargreaves.“ButIsoonrealisedthat,asmostofourbusinessisdoneonthephone, andatoffsitemeetings,wedidn’tneedourofficesatall.We’renowsaving￡16,000ayearonrent,plusthecostofutilities,nottomentionwhatwouldhavebeenspentoncommuting.”WhatisthemaintopicofthisHowbusinessmanagersviewhi-RelationsbetweenemployersandHowtocutdownthecostsofsmallBenefitsofthepractice Fromtheresearchconductedbythecommunicationsprovider ,welearnthatmoreemployeesworktofullcapacityatemployeesshowagrowinginterestinsmallmorebusinesseshaveadoptedremoteworkingattitudestowardITtechnologyhaveWhatdevelopmenthasmadeflexibleworkingpracticespossibleaccordingtoAndyReducedcost ImprovedreliabilityofinternetAccesstobroadbandWhatisNeilStephenson’sadvicetofirmscontractinginternetTheylookforreliablebusiness-onlyTheycontactproviderslocatednearesttoTheycarefullyexaminetheTheycontractthecheapest sfacilitatesremoteworkingbyofferingsophisticatedvoicegivingaccesstoinginrealhelclientsdiscussbusinessatprovidingcallscompleyfreeofTheaccountancyfirmWrightVigarpromotedeworkinginitiallyinordertopresentapositiveimagetoprospectivesupportitsemployeeswithchildrentotakecareattractyoungpeoplewithITexpertisetoworkforreduceoperationalexpensesofasecondAccordingtomarketingdirectorJack eworkingenabledthecompanytoenhanceitsmarketreducerecruitmentkeephighlyqualifiedminimizeitsofficeWrightVigar’spracticeofallowingformoreflexibleworkinghoursnotonlybenefitsthecompanybuthelpsimproveemployees’ Withfast,wirelessinternetconnections,employeescanstill whileSinglemotherLynneHargreavesdecidedtoworkathomemainlyto PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Atofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinetheA)TheywouldrathertravelaroundthanstayatTheyprefertocarrycashwhentravelingTheyusuallycarrymanythingsaroundwithTheydon’tliketospendmuoneyonA)TheselectionprocesswasalittleHehadlongdreamedofthedean’sRodwaseliminatedintheselectionRodwasinchargeoftheadmissionsA)ApplauseencouragestheSheregretspayingfortheAlmosteveryonelovespopTheconcertisveryA)TheyhaveknowneachothersincetheirTheywereboth softheStudents’TheyhavebeeninclosetouchbyTheyaregoingtoholdareunionA)CooktheirRestforaGettheircarStopfortheA)Newly-launched B)ConsumerC)Survey D)SurveyA)Hewouldratherthewomandidn’tbuytheThewomanneedsblousesinthecolorsofaTheinformationinthecatalogisnotalwaysHethinkstheblueblouseisbetterthantheredA)ThecourseisopentoallnextThenoticemaynotbeThewomanhasnottoldtheHewilldrophiscourseinQuestions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Adirectorofasales B)A omputerC)Asalesclerkatashop D)AnaccountantofacomputerA)Handlingcustomer B)RecruitingandtrainingnewC)Dispatchingorderedgoodson D)DevelocomputerA)Shelikessomethingmore B)ShelikestobenearertoherC)Shewantstohaveabetter-paid D)ShewantstobewithherA)Right B)IntwoC)Earlynext D)InacoupleofQuestions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)ItwillfacechallengesunprecedentedinitsItisaresoluteadvocateoftheanti-globalItisboundtoregainitsfullgloryofahundredyearsItwillbeamajoreconomicpowerbythemid-21stA)ThelackofoverallurbanThehugegapbetweenthehavesandhave-TheinadequatesupplyofwaterandTheshortageofhi- A)TheyattachgreatimportancetoTheyareabletograspgrowthTheyaregoodatlearningfromotherTheyhavemadeuseofadvancedtechnologies.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Atofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)ShetaughtchemistryandmicrobiologycoursesinaShegavelecturesonhow eapublicShehelpedfamiliesmoveawayfromindustrialSheengagedinfieldresearchonenvironmentalA)ThejobrestrictedherfromrevealingherThejobposedapotentialthreattoherShefoundtheworkingconditionsShewasofferedabetterjobinaminorityA)SomegiantindustrialpollutershavegoneoutofMoreenvironmentalorganizationshaveManytoxicsitesinAmericahavebeencleanedMorebranchesofhercompanyhavebeensetA)HerwidespreadinfluenceamongmembersofHerabilitytocommunicatethroughpublicHerrigoroustrainingindeliveringeloquentHerlifelongcommitmenttodomesticandglobalissues.PassageTwoQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Thefiercecompetitioninthemarket. B)ThegrowingnecessityofstaffC)Theacceleratedpaceofglobalization. D)TheurgentneedofadiverseA)GainadeepunderstandingoftheirownTakecoursesofforeignlanguagesandSharetheexperiencesofpeoplefromotherParticipateininternationalexchangeA)Reflectivethinking ing B)LabormarketisgettingC)Knowingaforeignlanguageis D)Globalizationwilleliminate

PassageQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust33.A)Red-hairedwomenwereregardedasmoreBrown-hairedwomenwereratedasmoreGolden-hairedwomenwereconsideredBlack-hairedwomenwerejudgedtobein34.A)TheyaresmartandTheyareambitiousandTheyareshrewdandTheyarewealthyand35.A)TheyforcepeopletofollowtheculturalTheyexaggeratetherolesofcertaingroupsofTheyemphasizediversityattheexpenseofTheyhinderourperceptionofindividualdifferences.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.TheancientGreeksdevelopedbasicmemorysystemscalledmnemonics.Thenameis(36)fromtheirGoddessofmemory“Mnemosyne”.Intheancientworld,atrainedmemorywasan(37)asset,particularlyinpubliclife.Therewereno(38)devicesfortakingnotes,andearlyorators(家)deliveredlongspeecheswithgreat(39)becausetheylearnedthespeechesusingmnemonicsystems.TheGreeksdiscoveredthathumanmemoryis(40)anassociativeprocess—thatitworksbylinkingthingstogether.Forexample,thinkofanapple.The(41)yourbrainregisterstheword“apple”,it(42)theshape,color,taste,smelland(43)ofthatfruit.Allthesethingsareassociatedinyourmemorywiththeword“apple”..Anexamplecouldbewhenyouthinkaboutalectureyouhavehad.Thiscouldtriggeramemoryaboutwhatyou’retalkingaboutthroughthatlecture,whichcanthentriggeranothermemory..AnexamplegivenonawebsiteIwaslookingatfollows:DoyouremembertheshapeofAustria,Canada,Belgium,orGermany?Probablynot.WhataboutItaly,though?(46).Youmadeanassociationwithsomethingalreadyknown,theshapeofaboot,andItaly’sshapecouldnotbeforgottenonceyouhadmadetheassociation.PartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsor pletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingManycountrieshavemadeitillegaltochatintoahand-heldmobilephonewhiledriving.Butthelatestresearchfurtherconfirmsthatthedangerlieslessinwhatamotorist’shandsdowhenhetakesacallthaninwhattheconversationdoestohisbrain.Evenusinga“hands-free”devicecandivertadriver’sattentiontoarmingextent.MelinaKunaroftheUniversityofWarwickandToddHorowitzoftheHarvardMedicalSchoolranaseriesofexperimentsinwhichtwogroupsofvolunteershadtopayattentionandrespondtoaseriesofmovingtasksonacomputerscreenthatwerereckonedequivalentindifficultytodriving.Onegroupwasleftundistractedwhiletheotherhadtoengageinaconversationusingaspeakerphone.AsKumarandHorowitzreport,thosewhoweremakingtheequivalentofahands-freecallhadaagereactiontime212millisecondsslowerthanthosewhowerenot.That,theycalculate,wouldadd5.7metrestothebrakingdistanceofacartravellingat100kph.Theyalsofoundthatthegroupusingthehands-freekitmade83%moreerrorsintheirtasksthanthosewhowerenottalking.Totrytounderstandmoreaboutwhythiswas,theytriedtwofurthertests.Inone,membersofagroupwereaskedsimplytorepeatwordsspokenbythecaller.Intheother,theyhadtothinkofawordthatbeganwiththelastletterofthewordtheyhadjustheard.Thoseonlyrepeatingwordsperformedthesameasthosewithnodistraction,butthosewiththemorecomplicatedtaskshowedevenworsereactiontimes—aageof480millisecondsextradelay.Thisshowsthatwhenpeoplehavetoconsidertheinformationtheyhearcarefully,itcanimpairtheirdrivingabilitysignificantly.Punishingpeopleforusinghandheldgadgetswhiledrivingisdifficultenough,eventhoughtheycanbeseenfromoutsidethecar.Persuadingpeopletoswitchtheirphonesoffaltogetherwhentheygetbehindthewheelmightbetheonlyanswer.Whoknows,theymightevencometoenjoynothavingtotakecalls.Carryingonamobilephoneconversationwhileoneisdrivingisconsidereddangerousbecauseitseriouslydistracts Intheexperiments,thetwogroupsofvolunteerswereaskedtohandleaseriesofmovingtaskswhichwereconsidered Resultsoftheexperimentsshowthatthosewhoweremakingtheequivalentofahands-freecalltook toreactthanthosewhowereFurtherexperimentsrevealthatparticipantstendtorespondwithextradelayiftheyarerequiredtodo Theauthorbelievespersuasion,ratherthan ,mightbetheonlywaytostoppeoplefromusingmobilephoneswhiledriving.SectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingThereisnothinglikethesuggestionofacancerrisktoscareaparent,especiallyoneoftheover-educated,eco-conscioustype.SoyoucanimaginethereactionwhenarecentUSATodayinvestigationofairqualityaroundthenation’sschoolssingledoutthoseinthesmugly（自鳴得意的）greenvillageofBerkeley,Calif.,asbeingamongtheworstinthecountry.Thecity’spublichighschool,aswellasanumberofdaycarecenters,preschools,elementaryandmiddleschools,fellinthelowest10%.Industrialpollutioninourtownhadsupposedlyturnedstudentsintolivingscienceexperimentsbreathinginalaboratory’sworthofheavymetalslikemanganese,chromiumandnickeleachday.Thisinacitythatrequiresschoolcafeteriastoserveorganicmeals.Great,Ithought,organiclunch,toxiccampus.SinceDecemberwhenthereportcameout,themayorneighborhoodactivists（活躍分子andvariousparent-teacherassociationshaveengagedinafiercebattleoveritsvalidity:overtheguiltofthesteel-castingfactoryonthewesternedgeoftown,overunionjobsversuschildren’shealthandoverwhat,ifanything,oughttobedone.Withallsidespresentingtheirownexpertsarmedwithingscientificstudies,whomshouldparentsbelieve?Istheretrulyathreathere,weaskedoneanotheraswedroppedoffourkids,andifso,howgreatisit?Andhowdoesitcomparewiththeother,seeminglyperpetualhealthscaresweconfront,likepanicoverleadinsyntheticathleticfields?Ratherthanjustanotherweirdepisodeinthetownthatbroughtyouingenvironmentalists,thislatestdramaisatrialforhowtoday’sparentsperceiverisk,howwetrytokeepourkidssafe—whetherit’spossibletokeepthemsafe—inwhatfeelslikeanincreasinglythreateningworld.Itraisesthequestionofwhat,inourtime,“safe”couldevenmean.“There’snowayaroundtheuncertainty,”saysKimberlyThompson,ofKidRisk,anonprofitgroupthatstudieschildren’shealth.“Thatmeansyourchoicescanmatter,butitmeansyouaren’tgoingtoknowiftheydo.”A2004reportinthejournalPediatricsexplainedthatnervousparentshavemoretofearfromfire,caraccidentsanddrowningthanfromtoxicchemicalexposure.TowhichIsayWell,obviously.Butsuchconcretehazardsarebesidethepoint.It’sthedangersparentscan’t—andmaynever—fythatoccurallofsudden.That’swhyI’veridmycupboardofmicrowavefoodpackedinbagscoatedwithapotentialcancer-causingsubstance,butalthoughI’velivedblocksfromamajorfaultline(地質(zhì)斷層)formorethan12years,Istillhaven’tboltedourbookcasestothelivingroomwall.WhatdoesarecentinvestigationbyUSATodayHeavymetalsinlabteststhreatenchildren’shealthinBerkeleyresidentsarequitecontentedwiththeirTheairqualityaroundBerkeley’sschoolcampusesisParentsinBerkeleyareover-sensitivetocancerriskstheirkidsWhatresponsedidUSAToday’sreportAheated B)PopularC)Widespread D)StrongHowdidparentsfeelinthefaceoftheexperts’Theyfeltverymuch B)TheywerefrightenedbytheC)Theydidn’tknowwhoto D)Theyweren’tconvincedoftheWhatistheviewofthe2004reportinthejournalItisimportanttofyvariousconcreteDailyaccidentsposeamoreseriousthreattoParentsshouldbeawareofchildren’shealthAttentionshouldbepaidtotoxicchemicalOfthedangersineverydaylife,theauthorthinksthatpeoplehavemosttofearfromthe B)theC)anearthquake D)unhealthyfoodPassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingCripplinghealthcarebills,longemergency-roomwaitsandtheinabilitytofindaprimarycarephysicianjustscratchthesurfaceoftheproblemsthatpatientsfacedaily.Primarycareshouldbethebackboneofanyhealthcaresystem.Countrieswithappropriateprimarycareresourcesscorehighlywhenitcomestohealth esandcost.TheU.S.takestheoppositeapproachbyemphasizingthespecialistratherthantheprimarycarephysician.beneficiariesThestartlingfindingwasthattheaverageMedicarepatientsawatotalofsevendoctors—twoprimarycarephysiciansandfivespecialists—inagivenyear.Contrarytopopularbelief,themorephysicianstakingcareofyoudon’tguaranteebettercare.Actually,increasingfragmentationofcareresultsinacorrespondingriseincostandmedicalerrors.Howdidweletprimarycareslipsofar?Thekeyishowdoctorsarepaid.Mostphysiciansarepaidwhenevertheyperformamedicalservice.Themoreaphysiciandoes,regardlessofqualityor e,thebetterhe’sreimbursed(返還費(fèi)用).Moreover,theamountaphysicianreceivesleansheavilytowardmedicalorsurgicalprocedures.Aspecialistwhoperformsaprocedureina30minutevisitcanbepaidthreetimesmorethanaprimarycarephysicianusingthatsame30minutestodiscussapatient’sdisease.Combinethisfactwithannualernmentthreatstoindiscriminaycutreimbursements;physiciansarefacedwithnochoicebuttoincreasetytoboost Primarycarephysicianswhorefusetocompromisequalityareeitherdrivenoutofbusinessortocash-onlypractices,furthercontributingtothedeclineofprimarycare.Medicalstudentsarenotblindtothisscenario.Theyseehowheavilythereimbursementdeckisstackedagainstprimarycare.Therecentnumbersshowthatsince1997,newlyU.S.medicalstudentswhochooseprimarycareasacareerhavedeclinedby50%.Thistrendresultsinemergencyroomsbeinerwhelmedwithpatientswithoutregulardoctors.HowdowefixthisItstartswithreformingthephysicianreimbursementsystem.Removethepressureforprimarycarephysicianstosqueezeinmorepatientsperhour,andrewardthemforoptimally(最佳地)managingtheirdiseasesandpracticingevidence-basedmedicine.MakeprimarycaremoreattractivetomedicalstudentsbyforgivingstudentloansforthosewhochooseprimarycareasacareerandreconcilingthemarkeddifferencebetweenspecialistandprimarycarephysicianWe’reatapointwhereprimarycareisneededmorethanever.Withinafewyears,thefirstwaveofthe76millionBabyBoomerswill eeligibleforMedicare.Patientsolderthan85,whoneedchroniccaremost,willriseby50%thisdecade.WhowillbetheretotreatTheauthor’schiefconcernaboutthecurrentU.S.healthcaresystemistheinadequatetrainingof B)thedecliningnumberofC)theshrinkingprimarycare D)theever-risinghealthcareWelearnfromthepassagethatpeopletendtobelievethatthemorecostlythemedicine,themoreeffectivetheseeingmoredoctorsmayresultinmorediagnosticvisitingdoctorsonaregularbasisensuresgoodthemoredoctorstakingcareofapatient,theFacedwiththe ernmentthreatstocutreimbursementsindiscriminay,primarycarephysicianshaveto.increase eby B)improvetheirexpertiseandC)makevariousdealswithspecialists D)seemorepatientsattheexpenseofWhydomanynewmedicalgraduatesrefusetochooseprimarycareastheirTheyfindtheneedforprimarycareThecurrentsystemworksagainstprimaryPrimarycarephysicianscommandlessTheythinkworkinginemergencyroomsWhatsuggestiondoestheauthorgiveinordertoprovidebetterhealthBridgethesalarygapbetweenspecialistsandprimarycareExtendprimarycaretopatientswithchronicRecruitmoremedicalstudentsbyofferingthemReducethetuitionofstudentswhochooseprimarycareastheirmajor.PartVCloze(5minutes)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearechoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.McDonald’s,Greggs,KFCandSubwayaretodaynamedasthemostlitteredbrandsinEnglandasKeepBritainTidycalledonfast-foodcompaniestodomoretotacklecustomerswhodroptheirwrappersanddrinkscartons(盒子)inthestreets.PhilBarton,chiefexecutiveofKeepBritainTidy,62itsnewDirtyPign,saiditwasthefirsttimeithadinvestigatedwhich63madeup“l(fā)itteredEngland”andthesamenamesappearedagainandagain.“We64litterersfordropthisfastfoodlitter65thefirstplacebutalsobelievetheresultshavepertinent(相關(guān)的)messagesforthefastfood66.McDonald’s,Greggs,KFCandSubwayneedtodomoreto67litteringbytheircustomers.”HerecognizedeffortsmadebyMcDonald’s,68placinglitterbinsandincreasinglitterpatrols,butitslitterremained“alltooprevalent”.Allfastfoodchainsshouldreduce69packaging,headded.Companiescouldalsoreduceprices70thosewhostayedtoeatfoodontheirpremises,offermoney-offvouchers(代金券)orother71forthosewhoreturnedpackagingandputmorebinsat72pointsinlocalstreets,notjustoutsidetheirpremises.73forMcDonald’ssaid:“Wedoourbest.Obviouslyweaskallourcustomerstodisposeoflitterresponsibly.”Trialsofmoreextensive,all-daylitterpatrolswere74inManchesterandKFCsaidittookits75onlittermanagement“veryseriously”,andwouldintroduceaprogrammetoreducepackaging76manyproducts.Subwaysaidthatitworkedhardto77theimpactoflitteroncommunities，78it