Unit2ChildhoodMemories12CulturalChildhoodSuperman

TextSocialservicesareaseriesofservicesprovidedbyanationalorlocalgovernmentforpeoplewithsocialproblems.Oneoftheseservicesmayinterveneandbecomeinvolvedinasituationwhensocialworkersorotherprofessionalsdetectaproblem.Insomecaseswherethelawhasclearlybeenbroken,thismayincludeprosecutionandacasewillbetakentoacivilorcriminalcourt.LanguagePointssumup:givethemaininformationinareport,speechetc.inashortstatementattheend

總結(jié)，概括e.g.

1.Tosumup,onlywhenstrictpunishmentcanbeimposedonthelawless,cansocialstabilitybemaintained.

總之，唯有嚴懲違法之徒才能維持社會安定。2.

Afterweaccomplishedthistask,wesitdowntosumupexperience.

我們完成這項任務(wù)后，坐下來總結(jié)經(jīng)驗。LanguagePoints

Thesechangingideasaboutchildrenhaveledmanysocialscientiststoclaimthatchildhoodisa“socialconstruction”.

Asocialconstructionreferstotheprocessorresultofcreatinganideaorsystemofbehaviourinsocialcontexts,i.e.itiscreatedanddevelopedbetweenpeopleandisnotsomethingnaturalorgenetic.

對兒童的看法不斷變化著，這使得許多社會科學(xué)家宣稱童年是一種“社會建構(gòu)”。

LanguagePoints翻譯：

…withinthesecommunities,growingupislargely

seenasaprocessofacquiringthought,reasonandunderstanding.Inthesesocieties,children’sgrowingupdoesn’tjustmeanphysicalgrowth,butaprocessofmentalgrowthsuchasformingtheirownjudgmentandlivinguptomoralstandards.

……在這些社會群落中成長是怎樣大體上被看成是一個獲得思想、理性和理解力的過程。LanguagePoints翻譯：

…parentstreatthemwithagreatdealoftoleranceandleniency.Toleranceistheattitudeofsomeonewhoiswillingtoacceptotherpeople’sbeliefsorwayoflifewithoutcriticizingthemeveniftheydisagreewith them.Theword

leniencymeansgivingapunishmentoractinginawaythatisnotassevereorharshasitcouldbe.Thesentencemeansthatparentsputupwiththeirchildren’simmatureactionsandsometimespunishthemslightly,whichhavelittleeffect.……父母對他們很寬容、很溫和。

LanguagePoints翻譯：

Theyareseenasbeingclosertomadpeoplethanadultsbecausetheylackthehighlyprizedqualityofsocialcompetence…Somethingisprizedifitisconsideredtobeveryimportantorvaluable.Theexamplesinthepassageemphasize howdifferentculturalcommunitiesmaygiveimportancetoquitedifferentqualitieswhichtheyexpectfromchildren,sothechildrenarebroughtupverydifferently..人們認為兒童和成年人相比更像瘋子，因為他們?nèi)狈Ρ淮蠹铱粗氐纳鐣芰ΑanguagePoints翻譯：TheFamishedRoad《饑餓之路》

TheFamishedRoadistheBookerPrize-winningnovelwrittenbyNigerianauthorBenOkri.Thenovel,publishedin1991,followsAzaro,anabikuorspiritchild,livinginanunnamedmostlikelyNigeriancity.Thenovelemploysauniquenarrativestyleincorporatingthespiritworldwiththe"real"worldinwhatsomehaveclassifiedasmagicalrealism.LanguagePoints

Othershavelabeleditanimistrealism.Stillotherschoosetosimplycallthenovelfantasyliterature.ThebookexploitsthebeliefinthecoexistenceofthespiritualandmaterialworldsthatisadefiningaspectoftraditionalAfricanlife.

“Therearemanyreasonswhybabiescrywhentheyareborn,”Azaroexplains,“andoneofthemisthesuddenseparationfromtheworldofpuredreams.”

Seealso:

BenOkri.LanguagePoints

…maydecidetoreturnthereiftheyarenotproperlylookedafter.

Whenparentsdon’ttakegoodcareoftheirchildren,theyareactuallyforcingthechildrentoescapetherealworldandconfinethemselvestoanimaginaryorfictionalworldwheretheyhaveaffectionateparentsandnicefriends.

……如果沒有得到良好的照顧，他們就可能要返回靈界。

LanguagePoints翻譯：

Lookingatitfromacross-culturalperspectiveshowsthewidevarietyofchildhoodsthatexistacrosstheworld…Across-culturalperspectiveisaviewwhichconsidersdifferentculturesseparatelyorindependentlyandthenmakescomparisons.Thesentencemeansthatsomanyseparateandindependentculturesexist