第一單元P6經(jīng)濟(jì)選擇——生產(chǎn)可能性曲線1.1重大的經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)theimportanteconomicgoals制定經(jīng)濟(jì)政策formulateeconomicpolicies自然資源的分配theallocationfornaturalresources政府總支出的限制thelimitationofthegovernment'swholeexpenditure農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)量thewholeoutputofagriculture充分利用各種生產(chǎn)要素makefulluseofeveryfactorofproduction

1.2realizethepricestability實(shí)現(xiàn)物價(jià)穩(wěn)定fasteconomicgrowth快速經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)thefallofinflationrate通貨膨脹率下降economicperformanceofthegovernment政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)績(jī)r(jià)eductionintheopportunityofemployment就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)減少theinputofthefactorofproduction生產(chǎn)要素的投入

2.1Ourinterestinmicroeconomicsismotivatedbymorethanourneedtounderstandhowthelargeeconomyworks.我們對(duì)于微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的關(guān)注不僅僅是出于我們需要了解更大的經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域是怎么運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的。Withintheconfinesofourproductionpossibilitieswehavetochooseamongconsumption,governmentspending,andinvestment.在我們所擁有的生產(chǎn)可能性范圍內(nèi)，我們必須在消費(fèi)、政府支出和投資之間進(jìn)行選擇。R&Dactivitymaybeaspecific,identifiableactivity(e.g.,inaresearchlab)oritmaybepartoftheprogressof"learningbydoing".研發(fā)活動(dòng)可能是一項(xiàng)具體的、可識(shí)別的活動(dòng)（例如在一個(gè)研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室中所開(kāi)展的），或者它可能是“干中學(xué)”過(guò)程的一部分。Industrialization,whileperhapscostlyintermsofresourceallocation,hasamajorstabilizinginfluencebyreducingdependenceonsinglecropsorproductsintheworldeconomy.從資源分配方面來(lái)看，工業(yè)化雖然可能代價(jià)高昂，但由于它在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域中減少了對(duì)個(gè)別作物或產(chǎn)品的依賴，因而產(chǎn)生了重要的穩(wěn)定作用。2.2但事實(shí)上，在一種貨物價(jià)格上漲的情況下，人們購(gòu)買的數(shù)量可能更多，特別是如果預(yù)計(jì)價(jià)格將進(jìn)一步上漲。Inreality,however,peoplemaybuymoreofagoodatincreasedprices,especiallyifthepricesareexpectedtoincreasestillfurther.這樣做，我們是出于這樣的信念，即接近正確總比完全錯(cuò)誤好。Indoingso,wearemotivatedbytheconvictionthatitisbettertobeapproximatelyrightthantobedeadwrong.微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)著重于各個(gè)消費(fèi)者具體的支出決定和影響那些決定的各種因素（愛(ài)好、價(jià)格、收入）。Microeconomicsfocusesonthespecificexpendituredecisionsofindividualconsumersandthefactors(tastes,prices,incomes)thatinfluencethosedecisions.準(zhǔn)備金規(guī)定是指一家銀行資產(chǎn)的一定比例必須處于流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)的形式，從而按該比例減少可用作貸款的準(zhǔn)備金。Thereserverequirementisthepercentageofabank'sassetsthatmustbeheldinaliquidform,reducingbythatpercentagethefundsavailabletobeloaned.3Theresourceisgoodsandservicethatcanbeusedtoproducethecommoditiespeopleneed.Andthecriterionofverificationisprice:theeconomicresourceshavegotnon-zeroprices,whiletheunrestrictedresourceshavenoprice.Inaworldwhereresourcescanbeusedfreely,sinceallthegoodscanbesatisfied,thereisnotanyeconomicproblem.資源是可用于生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人們需要的商品的物品和服務(wù)。檢驗(yàn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是價(jià)格：經(jīng)濟(jì)資源具有非零價(jià)格，而自由資源卻無(wú)價(jià)格。在一個(gè)所有資源都可以自由取用的世界里，由于所有需要都可以滿足，因此不存在任何經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題。第二單元P23生產(chǎn)可能性曲線在主要經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題上的應(yīng)用1.1長(zhǎng)期long-run扎根，固定takeroot即使evenif與……有關(guān)havetodowith最重要的，首先aboveall而不是ratherthan1.2aswellas也beopposedto相對(duì)于short-run短期gosofarasto竟然做devoteto把…….獻(xiàn)給；把……專用于reflectiveof反映出2.1Second,thereisevidencethattheshoestillpinchesintheUnitedStates,evenamongeconomicclasseswellabovethepovertylevel.第二，有證據(jù)表明美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)仍然處境困難，甚至在遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高出貧困線的經(jīng)濟(jì)階層中也如此。Alistingofthesecosts,bothdirectandindirect,islikeacatalogoftheillsofmodernindustrial—or,perhapsbetter,post-industrial—society.如果將這些直接和間接的代價(jià)羅列出來(lái)，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)它就像是一部現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會(huì)病的目錄——也許稱后工業(yè)社會(huì)病的目錄更恰當(dāng)一些。Amoderneconomydoesnotremainstaticbutgrows,assuggestedbytheseoutwardshiftsoftheproduction-possibility.一個(gè)現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)體不是靜止不動(dòng)而是會(huì)向前發(fā)展的，正如這些邊界不斷向外擴(kuò)展的生產(chǎn)可能性曲線一樣。Thischoicewillreflectnotonlythestageofdevelopmentoftheeconomy,butalsoitseconomicsystem.這個(gè)選擇的結(jié)果不僅將反映這個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體所處的發(fā)展階段，而且可以反映出經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)本身是什么樣的。2.2這不僅僅是一個(gè)社會(huì)必須做出的選擇，由于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)問(wèn)題往往是相互聯(lián)系的，所以這種選擇也反映了許多其他選擇問(wèn)題的解決方法。Thisisnottheonlykindofchoiceasocietymustmake,butsinceeconomicproblemstendtobeinterrelated,thischoiceisreflectiveofthesolutionstomanyotherchoiceproblemsaswell.這些不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)如何影響經(jīng)濟(jì)選擇將是我們要涉及的主要內(nèi)容。Thewayinwhichthesedifferenteconomicsystemsworktoinfluenceeconomicchoiceswillbeamajorconcernforus.但這種增長(zhǎng)的進(jìn)程——表現(xiàn)為生產(chǎn)可能性曲線的不斷擴(kuò)展——并不是隨著時(shí)間流逝就能自動(dòng)發(fā)生的。Nowthisgrowthprocessthisshiftingoutoftheproduction-possibilitycurvedoesnothappenautomaticallywiththepassageoftime.現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速增長(zhǎng)曾經(jīng)一度使20世紀(jì)60年代的一些觀察家們感到，即使我們還沒(méi)有達(dá)到一個(gè)所有基本經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題都被解決的階段，那么至少離這么一天也不遠(yuǎn)了。Therapidityofmoderngrowthledsomeobserversinthe1960stowonderifwehadnotwouldbesolvedinthenearfuture.First,theconvertoffreedomfromscarcityhasneverhadmuchrelevancetothemajorityoftheworld’spopulation,whichlivesiintheunderdevelopedworld.Tospeakofthe“affluentsociety”inEthiopiaorUpperVoltawouldbenotonlyinappropritabutcruel.Therearemorehungrypeopleintheworldtodaythanwereacenturyago,becauseoftheenormousgrowthofpopulationinthepoorcountriesoftheworld.第一，“擺脫短缺”從未跟占世界人口多數(shù)的不發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)有過(guò)太多關(guān)系。在埃塞俄比亞或布基納法索，談?wù)摗案蛔闵鐣?huì)”不僅僅不恰當(dāng)，甚至是殘酷的。由于貧困國(guó)家人口的巨大增長(zhǎng)，今天在這些地方饑民的數(shù)量比一個(gè)世紀(jì)以前還要多。第四單元P48亞當(dāng)斯密和古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家1.1把……看作，把……認(rèn)為regardas指出pointout不管leavealone使顯示，出版，生產(chǎn)，說(shuō)出bringout1.2ofaratherdifferentmind持不同看法sayaword說(shuō)一下exceptfor除……以外atlarge詳盡，普遍的，整個(gè)2.1EarlyBritisheconomistswereinterestedinanalyzingtheimplicationsofamarketeconomyandintryingtodemonstratethatifthegovernmentstayedinthebackground,theprice-and-marketmechanismcouldhandlethingsquitesatisfactorily.早期的英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)于分析市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的內(nèi)在實(shí)質(zhì)饒有興致。他們對(duì)于試圖證明政府在幕后時(shí)，價(jià)格——市場(chǎng)機(jī)制可以相當(dāng)令人滿意的解決問(wèn)題也很有興趣。(2)Itisfilledwithrollingeighteenth-centurysentencesbutalsowithsharpphrasesthatcatchwholepagesofargumentationinawordortwo.盡管書中充滿了18世紀(jì)的晦澀長(zhǎng)句，但其中也包含不少精煉的短語(yǔ)，一兩句話就把握住了長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)頁(yè)的論點(diǎn)。(3)TheWealthofNationsbecametherockonwhichawholeschoolofeconomistsbasedtheirtheories.整個(gè)古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)流派都將《國(guó)富論》作為他們的理論基石。(4)ThereadershouldnotethatSmithdoesnotarguethatprivateindividualsarephilanthropicorinanywaydevotedtopromotingthepublicwelfare.讀都應(yīng)注意到，斯密并不認(rèn)為個(gè)人是慈善家，或愿意為提高公共福利而奉獻(xiàn)自已的利益。2.2(1)在斯密的著作中，他還論述了與市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展相伴隨的道德問(wèn)題。InhisworksSmithalsodealtwiththemoralissuesthatwereattendantuponthedevelopmentofthemarketeconomy.(2)后來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，由“無(wú)形的手”調(diào)控的市場(chǎng)也會(huì)遇上種種失靈。Economistslaterfoundthatthemarketcontrolledby“aninvisiblehand”cameacrossmanyfailures.(3)這一國(guó)度充滿了祥和的氣氛：物質(zhì)財(cái)富和幸?？鞓?lè)與日俱增。Harmonyprevailsinthiscountrywherematerialwealthandhappinessgrowdaybyday.(4)達(dá)芬奇是一位多面的天才，他在工程領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的作為比得上他對(duì)繪畫的杰出貢獻(xiàn)。DaVinciisamany-sidedgeniuswhoseaccomplishmentsinengineeringmatchhisoutstandingcontributionstopainting.P49ClassicaleconomicscanbetracedtothepioneeringworkofAdamSmith(oftenreferredtoasthefatherofeconomics).Thespecificseventlaunchingthemodernstudyofeconomics,aswellasclassicaleconomics,wasthepublicationbyAdamSmithofAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNationsin1776.Inthisbook,Smithcontendedthatthe“wealthofanation”wasattributedtotheproductionofgoodsandservices(ratherthanstockpilesofgoldintheroyalvault,whichwastheprevailingviewatthetime).Andthisproductionwasbestachievedbyunrestrictedmarketexhangesbetweenbuyersandsellersandsellersmotivatedbythepursuitofself-inte-rest.TheworkbySmithwasrefinedandenhancedbyscoresofothersovertheensuing150years,includingSay,Mill,Ricardo,Malthus,andMarshall.古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)可以追溯到亞當(dāng)·斯密（他通常被認(rèn)為是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)之父）的開(kāi)創(chuàng)性工作。1776年亞當(dāng)·斯密《國(guó)民財(cái)富的性質(zhì)和原因的研究》（即《國(guó)富論》）的出版，宣告了現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，或者古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究開(kāi)始登上歷史舞臺(tái)。在該書中，斯密認(rèn)為一國(guó)的財(cái)富來(lái)自于商品及服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)（而不是金鑾殿下累累黃金，這是當(dāng)時(shí)流行的觀點(diǎn)）。買賣雙方追求私利的動(dòng)機(jī)下，無(wú)限制的市場(chǎng)交易促成了最優(yōu)化的生產(chǎn)。斯密理論在以后的150年里不斷得到完善和加強(qiáng)，為之做出突出貢獻(xiàn)的有薩伊、穆勒、李嘉圖、馬爾薩斯以及馬歇爾?；卮饐?wèn)題(1)Whatisthebasicideaofclassicaleconomy???Freemarketscanregulatethemselves.Stressesingontherebeinganinvisiblehand(anautomaticmechanism)thatmovesmarketstowardsanaturalequilibrium,withouttherequirementofanyinterventionatall.Classicaleconomyreliescloselyontheself-correctingpowerofautomaticmarketadjustmenttoimprovemacroeconomicinstabilityandexorbitantunemployment.???AdamSmith:TheWealthofNations1776.Oneofitsmostimportantthemesistheefficiencyoffreetradeandmarketexchangesunrestrictedbygovernmentthatleadstomacroeconomicfullemploymentandmacroeconomicefficiency.invisiblehand:Economicforcebehindopenmarket:theunseenforcebelievedtodrivemarketeconomies,whereeachparticipantpursuinghisorherownprivateinteresttheoreticallybenefitsallparticipants.(2)Malthus:EssaysonthePrincipleofPopulation1798.Inthebook,theauthorheldtheviewthatifnotcontrolled,eitherbydiseaseandwarsorbyplanning,thepopulationoftheworldwouldgrowfasterthanitsfoodsupply.(3)Darwin:TheOriginofSpecies1859.Inthisbook,hestatedthatallspeciesoforganismsariseanddevelopthroughthenaturalselectionofsmall,inheritedvariationsthatincreasetheindividual'sabilitytocompete,survive,andreproduce.(4)Ricardo:OnthePrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation1817.Hisprinciplesofcomparativestrengthhavebeenthebasicofinternationaltradetheories,andhisdiscussionoflandrentandhisanalysisoftaxationwerealsopath-breakingworksthatplacemoderneconomistsforeverinhisdebt.(comparativeadvantage)(5)Mill:PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomywithSomeTheirApplicationstoSocialPhilosophy第五單元P58遏制進(jìn)口1.1轉(zhuǎn)向……divertto比……有利，有優(yōu)勢(shì)beadvantageousto支持inthesupportof為公眾利益forthepublicgood勸阻某人做某事dissuadefrom多少，稍稍insomemeasure1.2offone'sownaccord出于自愿inproportionto與……成比例forthesakeof為了turnawayfrom轉(zhuǎn)向，厭惡bynomeans決不inview被考慮，看見(jiàn)2.1(1)Regulationofcommercecanonlydivertapartofsocialcapitalintoadirectionintowhichitmightnototherwisehavegone;anditisbynomeanscertainthatthisartificialdirectionislikelytobemoreadvantageoustothesocietythanthatintowhichitwouldhavegoneofitsownaccord.商業(yè)限制只能將一部分社會(huì)資本導(dǎo)入它原本不會(huì)進(jìn)入的方向；絕無(wú)事實(shí)表明這一人工的導(dǎo)向比社會(huì)資本自發(fā)進(jìn)入對(duì)于社會(huì)更有利。Butitisonlyforthesakeofprofitthatanymanemploysacapitalinthesupportofindustry;andhewillalways,therefore,endeavortoemployitinthesupportofthatindustryofwhichtheproduceislikelytobeofthegreatestvalue,ortoexchangeforthegreatestquantityeitherofmoneyorofothergoods.但是任何人使用自有資本支持某一工業(yè)僅僅是為了獲得利潤(rùn)；因此他將總是努力將資本用于產(chǎn)出價(jià)值有可能最大或者能用于交換最多錢或最多其他商品的工業(yè)。(3)Norisitalwaystheworseforthesociety.這對(duì)于社會(huì)來(lái)說(shuō)也并不總是更壞。(4)Allofthemfinditfortheirinteresttoemploytheirwholeindustryinawayinwhichtheyhavesomeadvantageovertheirneighbors,andtopurchasewithapartofitsproduce,orwhatisthesamething,withthepriceofapartofit,whateverelsetheyhaveoccasionfor.所有的這些人從自已的利益出發(fā)發(fā)現(xiàn)要從事他們比鄰居有優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)業(yè)，同時(shí)用產(chǎn)出一部分或者用相同的產(chǎn)出但只是其售價(jià)的一部分購(gòu)買他們可能會(huì)需要的任何其他東西。2.2(1)首先，每個(gè)個(gè)體都嘗試在盡可能在離家近的地方運(yùn)用資本，結(jié)果他盡可能多的運(yùn)用資本支持國(guó)內(nèi)工業(yè)；前提是他總是因此得到普通或者至少不比普通情況差很多的利潤(rùn)。First,everyindividualendeavorstoemployhiscapitalasnearhomeashecan,andconsequentlyasmuchashecaninthesupportofdomesticindustry;providedalwaysthathecantherebyobaintheordinary,ornotagreatdeallessthantheordinaryprofits.(2)在追逐個(gè)人私利的時(shí)候，他常常比主動(dòng)這么做更有效的推動(dòng)了社會(huì)利益。Bypursuinghisowninterethefrequentlypromotesthatofthesocietymoreeffectuallythanwhenhereallyintendstopromoteit.(3)這種傾向在商人間確實(shí)并不十分普遍，不需多費(fèi)口舌就可以勸阻他們這么做。It’sanaffection,indeed,notverycommonamongmerchants,andveryfewwordsneedbeemployedindissuadingthemfromit.(4)因此，他可以用自產(chǎn)商品的一部分，或者同樣地，以自產(chǎn)商品售價(jià)的一部分購(gòu)買，而自產(chǎn)商品工業(yè)在使用相同資本且沒(méi)有限制任何自由發(fā)展的情況下將在本國(guó)生產(chǎn)。Itcould,therefore,havebeenpurchasedwithapartonlyofthecommodities,or,whatisthesamething,withapartonlyofthepriceofhecommodities,whichtheindustryemployedbyanequalcapitalwouldhaveproducedathome,haditbeenlefttofollowitsnaturalcourse.3Whatisthespeciesofdomesticindustrywhichhiscapitalcanemploy,andofwhichtheproduceislikelytobeofthegreatestvalue,everyindividual,itisevident,can,inhislocalsituation,judgemuchbetterthananystatesmanorlawgivercandoforhim.Thestatesman,whoshouldattempttodirectprivatepeopleinwhatmannertheyoutghttoemploytheircapitals,wouldnotonlyloadhimselfwithamostunnecessaryattention,butassumeandauthoritywhichcouldsafelybetrusted,notonlytonosingleperson,buttonocouncilorsenatewhatever,andwhichwouldnowherebesodangerousasinthehandsofamanwhohadfollyandpresumptionenoughtofancyhimselyfittoexerciseit.很明顯，對(duì)于他的資本用于哪一種國(guó)內(nèi)工業(yè)、哪一種工業(yè)的產(chǎn)出價(jià)值可能最大，每個(gè)個(gè)體在各地不同的形勢(shì)下，比任何政治家或立法者能為他做的都判斷得更為準(zhǔn)確。政治家要是企圖指導(dǎo)私人如何使用他們的資本，不僅是庸人自擾，而且是承擔(dān)了一個(gè)不能放心托付給任何一個(gè)人、一個(gè)委員會(huì)或參議院的職權(quán)，沒(méi)有比讓這一職權(quán)落入一個(gè)愚蠢和放肆到認(rèn)為自己能勝任這一職權(quán)的人手里更危險(xiǎn)的了?；卮饐?wèn)題Whatdoyouthinkabout"invisiblehand"?Doyoubelievethatitpromotessocialinterestsmorethan"visiblehand"asAdamSmithclaimed???No,Idon'tthinkso.The"invisiblehand"isselfish.Peoplejustconsiderhowmuchintereststheywillobtain.Theywon'tcarewhethertheyhaveaffectedtheothers'interestsornot.Whilethe"visiblehand"willconsidernotonlyeveryone'sinterestsbutalsothewholeinterestsoftheworld.SoIthink"visiblehand"promotessocialinterestsmorethan"invisiblehand".Doyouagreethatrestraintsuponimportsareeitheruselessorhurtfultodomesticindustry?Whyorwhynot???Yes,Iagree.Accordingtothetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,divisionoflaborcanimproveefficiency.Weshouldworktoproducecommoditieswhichwehavecomparativeadvantage,andimportgoodslackingofcomparativeadvantage.Then,wecanimprovetheinterestsaroundtheworld,atthesametime,wealsogetbenefits.Therefore,inmyopinion,importsisgoodtodomesticindustry.第六單元P72資本的積累1.1非生產(chǎn)者unproductivehands經(jīng)濟(jì)體系economicsystem分權(quán)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)decentralizedmarketeconomy收入分配distributionofincome產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)productmarkets年利得annualgains1.2shareofprofits分享利潤(rùn)annualrevenue年收入supply-anddemandmechanism供求機(jī)制classicaleconomists古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家factormarkets生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)unskilledlabor非熟練工2.1Whenmultiple,therefore,toanunnecessarynumber,theymayinaparticularyearconsumesogreatashareofthisproduce,asnottoleaveasufficiencyformaintainingtheproductivelaborers,whoshouldreproduceitnextyear.當(dāng)這些人的人數(shù)成倍增加至冗余時(shí)，在一定的年度他們將會(huì)消耗掉產(chǎn)出中相當(dāng)大的部分，以至于剩下的部分不足以供養(yǎng)那些來(lái)年繼續(xù)進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的生產(chǎn)者。(2)Thisfrugalityandgoodconduct,however,isuponmostoccasions,anditappearsfromexperience,sufficienttocompensate,notonlytheprivateprodigalityandmisconductofindividuals,butthepublicextravaganceofgovernment.然而，就經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)看，節(jié)儉和善行在大多數(shù)情況下不僅足以補(bǔ)償個(gè)人的奢侈和不當(dāng)行為，而且可以補(bǔ)償政府的鋪張行為。(3)Theuniform,constant,anduninterruptedeffortofeverymantobetterhiscondition,theprinciplefromwhichthepublicandnational,aswellasprivateopulenceisoriginallyderived,isfrequentlypowerfulenoughtomaintainthenaturalprogressofthingstowardimprovement,inspitebothoftheextravaganceofgovernment,andofthegreatesterrorsofadministration.公眾和國(guó)家以及私人的富裕源于每個(gè)人為改善生活所付出的一致持續(xù)不斷的努力，這種努力常常強(qiáng)大到足以戰(zhàn)勝政府的鋪張并挽救行政上的重大錯(cuò)誤，以推進(jìn)自然的演進(jìn)過(guò)程。(4)Thus,AdamSmithcombinedabeliefinthefrugalityandindustryofprivateindividualswithaconvictionthatthemarketwouldworkinsuchafashionthattheprofit-seekingself-interestofthosesameindividualswouldtendtowardsthepublicgood.因此，亞當(dāng)斯密將以下兩方面結(jié)合起來(lái)，一方面是相信個(gè)人的節(jié)儉與勤奮，另一方面是對(duì)市場(chǎng)常常會(huì)在這此種方式下起作用深信不疑，即那些追逐利潤(rùn)并懷著利已主義的個(gè)往往會(huì)趨向于公共利益。2.2一個(gè)家庭內(nèi)資本的增加和減少在一定程度上歸因于成員的節(jié)儉和奢靡。Theincereseanddecreaseofthecapitalofafamilyaretosomeextentattributedtotheparsimonyandprodigalityofitsmembers,(2)不管社會(huì)是如何分配產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的，這篇論文提供了新證據(jù)，表明家庭是怎樣應(yīng)對(duì)意外沖擊的后果的。Nomatterhowthesocietydistributesgoodsandservices,thispaperprovidesnewevidenceonhowhouseholdshandletheeffectsofunanticipatedshocks.(3)論文的下一個(gè)部分提供了一種可行的方法，使我們能了解印尼人的經(jīng)濟(jì)背景。ThenextsectionofthispaperprovidesafeasibleapproachthatenablesustoknowtheeconomicbackgroundofIndonesian.(4)經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的沖擊所帶來(lái)的巨大差異，使很多家庭變得相當(dāng)糟糕的時(shí)候，也有一些家庭變得更好了。Thereisatremendousdifferenceintheimpactoftheeconomiccrisiswithsomehouseholdsbecomingbetterwhileothersworse.第九單元P114供給和需求規(guī)律1.1就……而言asfarassomething/somebodybeconcerned強(qiáng)烈要求toclamorfor觸及totouchon與……一致beinaccordwith以……為條件besubjectto源于stemfrom1.2beinapositiontodosomething能夠做某事cutbackon減低inessence本質(zhì)上bynomeans決不firstapproximation第一近似值，初步近似beinclinedtodosomething傾向于2.1(1)Thisargumentisinthefulltraditionofclassicaleconomicthought.這種觀點(diǎn)與古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家思想的傳統(tǒng)是完全一致的。(2)Historyispartlyoneachside.歷史對(duì)這兩種觀點(diǎn)都予以了證實(shí)。(3)MostoftheleadingBritisheconomistsoftheday,especiallyAdamSmith,stressedthevirtuesoflimitinggovernmentinterventionineconomiclifesothatthemarket,workingthroughprivateself-interest,couldbringbenefitstosocietyatlarge.當(dāng)時(shí)大多數(shù)杰出的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，尤其是亞當(dāng)斯密，強(qiáng)調(diào)在經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中限制政府干涉的作用，只有這樣，市場(chǎng)才能通過(guò)自身利益激勵(lì)作用給社會(huì)大眾帶來(lái)利益。(4)Inonewayoranother,citizensofthisandeverycountryintheworldhaveaskedthatgovernmentstepintochangethisorthataspectofthefunctioningsofaprice-and-marketmechanism.世界各國(guó)的人民都曾經(jīng)通過(guò)這樣或那樣的方式要求政府干預(yù)和市場(chǎng)機(jī)制的運(yùn)行。2.2(1)出于公眾的利益，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格在這一年大部分時(shí)間內(nèi)都受到了政府干預(yù)的影響，從2005年3月至今，它們已經(jīng)下降了5個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。Asfarasthepublicinterestisconcerned,agriculturalpriceshavebeenaffected,mostofthisyear,bythegovernmentintervention,downfivepercentagepointssinceMarch2005.(2)歷史確實(shí)表明，油價(jià)上漲對(duì)貧窮的石油進(jìn)口國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)是值得擔(dān)憂的。Historydoesstronglysuggest,theimpactofthehike(increase)inoilpricesonpooroilimportersisofconcern.(3)在這種環(huán)境下，價(jià)格很可能繼續(xù)處于不穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)，消費(fèi)者偏好的微小改變都有可能會(huì)引發(fā)價(jià)格的劇烈波動(dòng)。Inthisenvironment,pricesarelikelytoremainvolatile,asminorchangesinconsumerpreferencesmaystimulatesignificantpricefluctuations.(4)在某種意義上，颶風(fēng)凱特琳娜（Katrina）正是市場(chǎng)所擔(dān)心的那種巨大震動(dòng)：它視乎橫掃一切。Inasense,hurricaneKatrinaisthekindofseriousshockthemarketfears:itseemstotriumphovereverything.3Thousandsuponthousandsofpricesadjusttobalancesuppliesanddemands.Somepricesadjustminutebyminute,andsomeadjustinfrequently,Ifagoodisinshortsupply,thepricetendstorise,whichencouragessupplierstoproducemoreandbuyerstouselessuntilthemarketisinbalanceagain.Ifagoodisinsurplussupply,thepricetendstofall,whichencouragessupplierstoproducelessandbuyerstousemoreuntilthemarketisinbalanceagain.Achangeinonepricemayhaverippleeffectsonmanyotherprices.Ariseinthepriceofgasoline,forexample,notonlyencouragespeopletouselessandfirmstoproducemore,butalsoencouragesbuscompniestoaddmorebusestocarrythepeoplewhoareusingtheircarsless,andencouragesautomanufacturestodesignandbuildcarsthatuselessgas,andsoforth.Peoplerespondtopricesand,indoingso,coordinateproductionandconsumptionactivitiesactossstheentireeconomy.成千上萬(wàn)種價(jià)格會(huì)進(jìn)行調(diào)整使供給和需求平衡。有些價(jià)格幾分鐘進(jìn)行一次調(diào)整，有些價(jià)格則偶然進(jìn)行調(diào)整。如果某種商品供給不足，價(jià)格就會(huì)上升，從而生產(chǎn)者就會(huì)生產(chǎn)更多，而消費(fèi)者也會(huì)減少使用，直到市場(chǎng)重新實(shí)現(xiàn)均衡為止。如果某種商品供給過(guò)多，價(jià)格就會(huì)下降，從而生產(chǎn)者就會(huì)減少生產(chǎn)，而消費(fèi)者也會(huì)增加使用，直到市場(chǎng)重新實(shí)現(xiàn)均衡為止。一種價(jià)格的變化可能會(huì)對(duì)其他很多種價(jià)格產(chǎn)生連鎖反應(yīng)（rippleeffects）。例如，汽油價(jià)格的變化可能會(huì)使消費(fèi)者減少使用量，使公司增加生產(chǎn)力，同時(shí)也會(huì)鼓勵(lì)公交公司增加公共汽車的數(shù)量，鼓勵(lì)那些減少使用自己轎車的人乘坐；同時(shí)也會(huì)鼓勵(lì)汽車生產(chǎn)商設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)比較省油的汽車，等等。人們對(duì)價(jià)格作出回應(yīng)，這樣做的同時(shí)也對(duì)整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行了協(xié)調(diào)?；卮饐?wèn)題(1)WhydoesthepriceofrosesusuallyincreasedramaticallyonValentine'sDay??Ithinktherearetworeasons:first,onValentine'sDay,thedemandofroseraisessharply.Second,Rose'ssupplyneedaperiodoftime.Wecannotincreasesupplyasquicklyasthedemandraises.Then,demandismuchgreaterthanthesupply.Sothepriceincreases.第十單元P129美國(guó)政府投資增長(zhǎng)1.1總體上asawhole揭露，露出，露面showup關(guān)于，至于withrespectto根據(jù)，按照，用……的話，在……方面intermsof使……成形giveshapeto以……形式intheformof1.2inthefirstplace首先aswellas也，又emergefrom自…….出現(xiàn)inadditionto除…….之外inthecaseof在…….情況下inrelationto關(guān)于，涉及，與…….相比2.1(1)Inthefirstplace,theyarein"currentdollars",meaningthattheyreflecttheupwarddriftofpricesoverthisperiodaswellastheincreaseinrealorphysicalpurchasesbygovernment.首先，它們是用當(dāng)前的物價(jià)水平表示的，意味著它們反映的是當(dāng)期價(jià)格水平的上升趨勢(shì)以及政府不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和物品購(gòu)買的增加。(2)Peopleoftenhaveatendencytothinkofgovernmentinterventionintheeconomyonlyintermof"biggovernment"--thefederalgovernment.通常，人們?cè)诳紤]政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的干預(yù)程度時(shí)，習(xí)慣于只考慮“大政府”——聯(lián)邦政府的作用。(3)Oneofthereasons(thoughnottheonlyreason)forthisexpansionisthelargerolestateandlocalgovernmentsplayineducation:nearly40percentofallstateandlocalexpendituregotoschoolsanduniversities.如果考慮到多種因素的影響，造成這些增長(zhǎng)的一個(gè)原因是州政府和地方政府在教育中的巨大作用，幾乎40%的州政府和地方政府支出投向了學(xué)校和大學(xué)。(4)Anexpansionofgovernmentofthissortisworthnoticing,foritdosenotrepresentanewkindofgovernment"interference"intheeconomybutissimplyanexpansionofanarealongconsideredproperlytobewithinthepublicsector.這種類型的政府無(wú)能為力出尤其值得注意，因?yàn)檫@并不代表政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)一種新的干預(yù)方式，而只是長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看，公共部門的某一領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一種適當(dāng)?shù)臄U(kuò)張。2.2(1)盡管轉(zhuǎn)移支付造成了政府對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)一定程度的干預(yù)，但是這種干預(yù)程度小于一般性政府支出帶來(lái)的干預(yù)，后者代表了政府對(duì)于國(guó)家的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)產(chǎn)出總量的一種干預(yù)。Althoughtransferpatmentsnecessarilyinvolveadegreeofgovernmentinterventionintheeconomy,thedegreeissomewhatlessthanthatofordinarygovervmentexpenditure,whichrepresentsaclaimofthegovernmentonthenation’soutputofgoodsandservices.(2)政府支出增長(zhǎng)的數(shù)據(jù)可能高估了這一時(shí)期內(nèi)政府對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增加的影響。Ourfiguresontheexpansionofgovernmentmaysomewhatoverstatetheincreasingimpactofgovernmentontheeconomyduringthisperiod.(3)社會(huì)保障體系中的老年人并不需要向政府提供任何服務(wù)，他們可以隨意地花費(fèi)他們的保障金，只要他們自己認(rèn)為這些方式是合理的。Elderlycouplesonsocialsecuritydonothavetoprovideanyservicetothegovernment,andtheyarefreetospendtheirmoneyinsuchwaysastheyseefit.(4)反托拉斯政策涉及一個(gè)非常重要的領(lǐng)域，政府在這方面致力于構(gòu)造市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。Antitrustpolicyisaveryimportantsphereinwhichthegovernmentisengagedingivingshapetothemarketeconomy.Thereisnowaytoquantifythesemanifoldactivities,althougharoughgeneralizationwouldbethattheyshowverymuchthesamepicturethathasemergedfromourexpenditurediagrams.Thatis,therehasbeenagradualexpansionofregulatoryandotheractivitiesfromthe1930stothe1970s.Aswithexpenditures,theseotheractivitiesreachedagreatheightintheWorldWarⅡwhentherewerepriceandrentcontrols,rationingofgoods,andageneralmobilizationoftheeconomyforwar.Afterthewartherearelaxationofcontrols,andthen,aswithtotalgovernmentalexpenditures,therewasagradual,butstillsignificant,increasefromthepre-warperiod.沒(méi)有辦法去量化這些形式多樣的活動(dòng)，盡管一般認(rèn)為他們幾乎表現(xiàn)出相同的形態(tài)，從我們的支出圖表中也可以看出這點(diǎn)。也就是說(shuō)，從19世紀(jì)30年代到70年代，調(diào)整性活動(dòng)和其他活動(dòng)出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)緩慢的增長(zhǎng)。伴隨著支出增加，在存在價(jià)格和租金控制、食品配給和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)致的經(jīng)濟(jì)總體波動(dòng)的情況下，這些其他活動(dòng)在二戰(zhàn)中達(dá)到了一個(gè)很高的水平。戰(zhàn)后，這些控制開(kāi)始松動(dòng)，接著，隨著政府支出上升，相對(duì)戰(zhàn)前出現(xiàn)了緩慢但是持續(xù)的增長(zhǎng)。第十二單元P159經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定：貨幣政策1.1占（……份額）accountfor不再nolonger商業(yè)銀行commercialbank使服從，使遭受subjectto對(duì)……意見(jiàn)一致agreeupon接收，接管takeover1.2asawhole總體上inthehandsof在……掌握中serveasafoilto做……的陪襯barteragreement易貨協(xié)定inpointoffact實(shí)際上amatterof大約，大概2.1(1)IntheP.O.W.camp,cigarettesservedallthesefunction-prices,forexample,weregenerallyquotedintermsofcigarettesratherthanintermsofparticularcommoditiesthatmightbebarteredagainsteachother.在戰(zhàn)俘營(yíng)中，香煙執(zhí)行了以上所有的職能，例如價(jià)格就是用香煙來(lái)衡量的，而不是用其它可以進(jìn)行相互交換的商品。Foronething,likegoldcoinsinthehandsofadeceitfulsovereign,theycouldbe"clipped"or,morelikely,"sweatedbyrollingthembetweenthefingerssothattobaccofellout."首先，就像在一個(gè)存在欺詐的社會(huì)中的金幣一樣，它們可能會(huì)被“削減”，更形象地說(shuō)就是“用手指反復(fù)地捻它們使得里面的煙草掉出來(lái)，這樣它們就被榨取一部分。(3)Doubtsaboutacceptingacheckdisappear,onceitiscertainthat"themoneyisinthebanktobackitup";i.e.,thatthepersonpresentingthecheckhadthenecessarydemanddepositsinhisname.一旦我們明確發(fā)“銀行里有錢支持它”的話，也就是說(shuō)開(kāi)支票的人在銀行中有活期存款時(shí)，接受支票的疑慮就會(huì)馬上消失。(4)Butthecentralfactaboutmodernbanking--andthefactthatmakesmodernmonetarypolicypossible--isthatthebankdoesnotneedtobackupitsdemanddepositswithanequivalentamountofcashandcurrency(orgoldorsilverorwhatever)butonlywithafractionofthatamount.但是在實(shí)際中，現(xiàn)代的銀行業(yè)并不需要為活期存款準(zhǔn)備等額的現(xiàn)金和通貨（或者是黃金、白銀或其他東西），他們僅要儲(chǔ)備一部分——這也是貨幣政策能奏效的原因。2.2(1)在不同的文化和不同的歷史時(shí)期中很多不同種類的商品都曾經(jīng)充當(dāng)過(guò)貨幣，這其中包括紙張、黃金以及其他金屬、牛、貝殼和珍珠。Manydifferentcommoditieshaveservedinthiscapacityindifferentculturesandtimes,includingpaper,gold,othermetals,cattle,shell,andbeads.(2)價(jià)格就會(huì)上升，接著又會(huì)下降，剛開(kāi)始變化很慢，但是一旦儲(chǔ)備用盡，會(huì)變得非?？?，一直到下一次大的香煙的分發(fā)。Pricessoared,andthenbegantofall,slowlyatfirstbutwithincreasingrapidityasstocksranout,untilthenextbigdelivery.(3)學(xué)生們有時(shí)會(huì)覺(jué)得他們的支票存款賬戶并不完全等同于現(xiàn)金，例如有時(shí)個(gè)人支票（比如在一個(gè)偏遠(yuǎn)的城鎮(zhèn)）并不會(huì)像現(xiàn)金一樣被接受。Studentssometimesfeelthattheircheckingaccountsarenotreallytheequivalentofmoney,becauseoccasionallypersonalchecks(say,inastrangetown)arenotacceptedasmoney,whereascashwouldbe.(4)政府借助美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)之手來(lái)影響商業(yè)銀行的準(zhǔn)備金從而實(shí)現(xiàn)它的貨幣政策。Foritisinfluencecommercialbankreservesthatthegovernment——throuththeFederalReserveSystem——operatesitsmonetarypolicy.回答問(wèn)題(1)Themonetarypolicyisviewedasaveryimportantexampleofgovernmentintervention,andtherearethreeMonetaryPolicytools.Pleasemakeacomparisonamongthosepolicytoolsanddiscusswhichonemayhavethebesteffect.①openmarketoperationpurchasesandsalesofUSTreasuryandfederalagencysecurities.②Thediscountrate:ThediscountrateistheinteresttocommercialbanksandotherdepositoryinstitutionsonloanstheyreceivefromtheirregionalFederalReserveBank’slendingfacility.③Reserverequirements:Reserverequirementsaretheamountoffundsthatadepositoryinstitutionmustholdinreserveagainstspecifieddepositliabities.Withininlimitsspecifiedbylaw,theBoardofGovernorshassoleauthorityoverchangesinreserverequirements.第十三單元P172美國(guó)聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備體系的職能1.1有利于infavorof總體上asawhole盡管inspiteof由某人做主atone’sdisposal還有aswellas根據(jù)inaccordancewith找到出路findone’swayout1.2basedon基于supplywith提供infact事實(shí)上dependenton依賴于inproportionto與……成比例inreturn反過(guò)來(lái)2.1(1)Whencreditisexcessivelyabundantandcheap,thereverseofthesedevelopments--aninflationaryboom--maydevelop.當(dāng)貸款相當(dāng)充分且成本較低時(shí)，市場(chǎng)情況卻恰恰相反，可能出現(xiàn)通貨膨脹繁榮。(2)Fromtheoutset,therewasrecognitionthattheseoriginalpurposeswereinfactpartsofbroaderobjectives.從建立之初，人們就意識(shí)到，聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備體系的初始目的實(shí)際上是更為廣泛的目標(biāo)的一部分。(3)OnDecember23,1913,PresidentWoodromWilsonsignedtheFederalReserveActestablishingtheFederalReserveSystem.1913年12月23日，威爾遜總統(tǒng)簽署了美國(guó)聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備法案，建立了聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備體系。(4)Therefore,theflowofmoneyinthecountrydependsgreatlyontheabilityofcommercialbankstomakeloansandinvestment.因此，一個(gè)國(guó)家的貨幣流動(dòng)主要依賴于商業(yè)銀行和投資的能力。2.2(1)在過(guò)去幾年里，我們沒(méi)有惡化通貨膨脹率，這對(duì)維持一個(gè)有彈性的貨幣來(lái)說(shuō)是至關(guān)重要的。Ofcrucialimportancetothemaintenanceofanelasiccurrencyovertheyears,ithasbeenachievedwithoutaworseninginflationrate.(2)一些綜合性指標(biāo)，比如失業(yè)率和生產(chǎn)能力利用，與通貨膨脹是否上升和資產(chǎn)價(jià)格是否穩(wěn)定有一定的關(guān)系。Aggregativeindicators,suchastheunemploymentrateandcapacityutilization,arepartiallyrelatedtoemerginginflationandassetpriceinstabilities.(3)在變化了的環(huán)境里，如果缺乏政策指導(dǎo)，加上對(duì)資本和勞動(dòng)力資源的壓力，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致不良的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況：不平衡會(huì)出現(xiàn)，成本和價(jià)格會(huì)上升。Inthesechangedcircumstances,lackofpolicyaction,pressuresoncapitalandlaborresourcescouldleadtounfavorableeconomic