閱讀第一部分：短文閱讀講義第一部分總體原則一、大綱考查要求1．08年大綱對短文閱讀題型的要求語言技能：考生應(yīng)能讀懂選自各類書籍和報刊的不同類型的文字材料（生詞量不超過所讀材料總詞匯量的3%），還應(yīng)能讀懂與本人學(xué)習(xí)或工作有關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)資料、技術(shù)說明和產(chǎn)品介紹等。對所讀材料，考生應(yīng)能：1）理解主旨要義；2）理解文中的具體信息；3）理解文中的概念性含義；4）進(jìn)行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申；5）根據(jù)上下文推測生詞的詞義；6）理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文之間的關(guān)系；7）理解作者的意圖、觀點或態(tài)度；8）區(qū)分論點和論據(jù)。測試要點：理解主旨要義、具體信息、概念性含義，進(jìn)行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申，根據(jù)上下文推測生詞的詞義等大綱基本沒有大變化，只有07年的“第6）理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及單句之間、段落之間的關(guān)系”，改為08年的“理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文之間的關(guān)系”。短文閱讀仍然是考查考生理解主旨要義、具體信息、概念性含義，進(jìn)行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申，根據(jù)上下文推測生詞的詞義等能力。要求考生根據(jù)所提供的4篇(總長度約為1600詞)文章的內(nèi)容，從每題所給出的4個選項中選出最佳答案從近幾年的大綱對比來看，今年的閱讀會更關(guān)注文章整體性的考查，也就是要從整體角度去理解整篇文章。同時也要可能考查具體的細(xì)節(jié)，句與句之間，段與段之間的各種關(guān)系都要留意。因大綱變化不大，因此今年的題目設(shè)置仍以1）事實細(xì)節(jié)題；2）推理判斷題；3）猜詞題；4）中心思想題；5）情感態(tài)度題；6）議論文的寫作方式題為主。 考研英語閱讀的文章最多涉及到的仍然是英語國家尤其是美國的社會(法律、倫理)、經(jīng)濟、科技(網(wǎng)絡(luò))、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生、生物、教育、文化等方面的歷史或現(xiàn)狀。2．歷年考題主題統(tǒng)計第1篇第2篇第3篇第4篇20072006民族同化戲劇與社會生活環(huán)保與海洋生物快樂藝術(shù)與消極藝術(shù)2005人與動物習(xí)性比較環(huán)保與吸煙夢與腦控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語的衰落2004網(wǎng)絡(luò)與就業(yè)字母排序與歧視經(jīng)濟狀況與前景教育與知識2003網(wǎng)絡(luò)與工作科學(xué)與道德交通運輸與經(jīng)濟醫(yī)學(xué)與健康2002語言與交際人工智能與計算機能源與經(jīng)濟法律與醫(yī)學(xué)2001科學(xué)與知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)與經(jīng)濟傳媒與價值觀經(jīng)濟與產(chǎn)業(yè)2000經(jīng)濟與形勢人口與進(jìn)化論文學(xué)與評論經(jīng)濟與社會道德第二部分真題剖析1．總體評價

2007年考研閱讀與前幾年相比難度加大，以主旨題、事實細(xì)節(jié)題與推理題占多數(shù)，但考生在這一部分的成績?nèi)匀皇侵饕梅猪棥?．文章來源第一篇：NewYorkTimes本文選自2006年5月7號的《紐約時報》，原文標(biāo)題是AStarisMade。第二篇：ScientificAmerican本文選自《科學(xué)美國人》雜志，原文標(biāo)題是IntelligenceConsidered。第三篇：HarvardMagazine本文選自2006年1月的《哈佛雜志》，原文標(biāo)題是TheMiddleClassonthePrecipice。第四篇：Economist本文選自2005年6月23日的《經(jīng)濟學(xué)家》，原文標(biāo)題是InformationSecurity。

3．命題思路1）問題類型

2007年考研閱讀涉及的題型比2006年少，只考查了事實細(xì)節(jié)題、主旨題、推理題、詞義題與作者態(tài)度題等題型，例證題、判斷題、句子理解題、指代題（一般很少考）等題型并未出題，使得事實細(xì)節(jié)題占閱讀試題的絕大多數(shù)。2）考查重點

2007年考研閱讀的問題強調(diào)定位原文。主旨題強調(diào)對文章首段寫作方法的把握，如第一篇文章的第一題與第四篇文章的第四題；詞義題強調(diào)在上下文找同義對應(yīng)，如第一篇文章的第二題。4．詞匯考查

除了第二篇文章的生詞較多外，其他文章的生詞數(shù)量與難度都屬于正常范圍。選項中的單詞仍然具有較大難度，如computational等。5．句子難度

難句與特殊句型仍然是考查的重點。例如，Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.針對2007年考研閱讀的上述特點，可以采取下列對策：1）狂背單詞

考研英語的單詞主要集中于閱讀部分，而閱讀部分的單詞之所以難，是因為：1.熟詞僻義—一個常見詞不太常見的意義，如act表示“法案”。2.詞類派生。對于大綱中的一個名詞，要知道它的動詞，而對于動詞，要知道它的名詞。形容詞也是一樣。就是說對于詞匯的各種變化要十分了解。建議以考研閱讀真題的原文為藍(lán)本，每天背誦一篇文章中的詞匯。經(jīng)過反復(fù)復(fù)習(xí)（開始時要多復(fù)習(xí)），一定能記住考試所要求的詞匯，尤其是那些考試中出現(xiàn)頻率高的重要詞匯。2）精讀真題

精讀真題要求達(dá)到四個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一：真題中所有的單詞（除專有名詞和少數(shù)超綱詞外）都記住；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)二：真題中所有的長難句都能抓住主干或重點；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)三：真題中所有的文章都能把握結(jié)構(gòu)和中心；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)四：真題中所有的問題都能找到對應(yīng)的原文。3．?dāng)U充閱讀

如果時間充裕，可以讀一些與考研閱讀文章題材和難度相當(dāng)?shù)奈恼?，如下列雜志上的文章：Economist,Time,Newsweek,USNews&WorldReport等，主要涉獵經(jīng)濟、其他社科和人文方面的，對于政治方面和國際關(guān)系方面的文章無須涉及，因為這類題材一般不考。SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）Text1Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006'sWorldCuptournamentyouwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirkelitesoccerlatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks，youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon？Hereareafewguesses：a）certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills.b）winter-bornbathestendtohavehigheroxygencapacitywhichincreasessoccerstamina.c）soccermadparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtimeattheannualpeakofsoccermania.d）noneoftheabove.AndersEricsson，a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity，sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden，andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperimentnearlyyearsago，involvedmemory：trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject.afterabout20hoursoftraininghisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20，”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving，andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”Thissuccesscoupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfasnotgeneticallydetermined，ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords，whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorizethosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully，Ericssondetermined，wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather，itinvolvessettingspecificgoals，obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits，includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan，notjustpredominancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlavatoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion：thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or，putanotherway，expertperformerswhetherinmemoryorsurgery，balletorcomputerprogrammingarenearlyalwaysmade，notborn.[410words]21.Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto[A]stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.[B]spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup.[C]introducethetopicofwhatmalesexpertperformance.[D]explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers.22.Theword“mania”（Line4，Paragraph2）mostprobablymeans[A]fun. [B]craze. [C]hysteria. [D]excitement.23.AccordingtoEricssongoodmemory[A]dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.[B]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.[C]isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.[D]requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.24.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat[A]talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.[B]biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance.[C]theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.[D]highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.25.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey？[A]“Faithwillmovemountains.” [B]“Onereapswhatonesows.”[C]“Practicemakesperfect.” [D]“Likefather，likeson”Text2Forthepastseveralyears，theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant，whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold；thatgaveheranIQof228-thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies，toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut，andtodeducenumericalsequences，amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe（whoseIQis100）as，What'sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness？Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence？It'snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly，intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeanstobesmart？Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified，andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology，genetics，computerscienceandotherfields？ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore，eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms：theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales（bothcomeinadultandchildren'sversion）。Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars，theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists，althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossible，becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepecks，rathertansimplydividingthementalarebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests，suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest（SAT）andtheGraduateRecordExam（GRE），capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife，arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting？”。Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge，componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover，IQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipsillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions，butunderhigh-stressconditions.IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership-thatisitpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhobastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters，whetherit‘sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionsofskip.[451words]26.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest？[A]Answeringphilosophicalquestions.[B]Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.[C]Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.[D]Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.27.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3？[A]PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.[B]MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.[C]Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.[D]Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.28.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant'sbecause[A]thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.[B]creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.[C]vosSavant'scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.[D]thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.29.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat[A]testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone'sability[B]IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.[C]testinginvolvesalotofguesswork.[D]traditionaltestsareoutofdate.30.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsIQtests？[A]Supportive. [B]Skeptical. [C]Impartial. [D]Biased.Text3Duringthepastgeneration，theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip，abaddiagnosis.oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegeneration，millionsofmothershavegonetowork，transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars，policymakers，andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges，butfewhavelookedatthesideeffectfamilyriskhasrisenaswell.Today'sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresulttheyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback-aback-upearner（usuallyMom）whocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This“added-workereffect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday，adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannotlongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiod，familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers，airlineemployees，andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates，stockmarketfluctuation，andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear.PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodel，withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamilies，thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen-andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers，withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoesofinvestmentriskforfamilies‘futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily，astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent-andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistancehavejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective，muchofthis，understandably，looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility，andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun，andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.[421words]31.Today'sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat[A]thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.[B]theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased.[C]theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics.[D]theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance.32.AsaresultofPresidentBush'sreform，retiredpeoplemayhave[A]ahighersenseofsecurity. [B]lesssecuredpayments.[C]lesschancetoinvest. [D]aguaranteedfuture.33.Accordinggotheauthor，health-savingsplanswill[A]helpreducethecostofhealthcare.[B]popularizeamongthemiddleclass.[C]compensateforthereducedpensions.[D]increasethefamiliesinvestmentrisk.34.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks.[B]themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenges.[C]financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems.[D]financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus.35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext？[A]TheMiddleClassontheAlert [B]TheMiddleClassontheCliff[C]TheMiddleClassinConflict [D]TheMiddleClassinRuinsText4Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroubles，andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernance，anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem-especiallyinAmerica-thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite：datainsecurity.Left，untilnow，toodd，low-levelITstafftoputright，andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking，telecomsandairtravel，informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss'sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear-fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner，theAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia.Berkeley-haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricate11systemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.“Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedsnobeguardedasmuchasanyotherasset.”saysIamMendelsonofStanfordUniversity'sbusinessschool“Theabilityguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvalue，whichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders”Indeed，justasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples（GAAP）。perhapsitistimeforGASP.GenerallyAcceptedSecurityPractices，suggestedEliNoamofNewYork'sColumbiaBusinessSchool.“Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurity，redundancy，andrecoveryisamanagementissue，notatechnicalone.”hesays.Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexccutivethattrust，thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets，iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore-andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged-thoughnotjustified-bythelackoflegalpenalty（inAmerica，butnotEurope）fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw.Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone，eventhevictim，whendatawentastray，Ihatmaychangefastlotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationnowdoingtheroundsinWashington.D.C.Meanwhile.thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica，disclosedonJune17th.overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica'sFederalTradeCommission（FTC）thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.[416words]36.Thestatement：“Itneverrainsbutitpours”isusedtointroduce[A]thefiercebusinesscompetition. [B]thefeebleboss-boardrelations[C]thethreatfromnewsreports. [D]theseverityofdataleakage.37.AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindout[A]whetherthereisanyweakpoint. [B]whatsortofdatahasbeenstolen.[C]whoisresponsiblefortheleakage. [D]howthepotentialspiescanbelocated.38.InbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismakingthepointthat[A]shareholdersinterestsshouldbeproperlyattendedto.[B]informationprotectionshouldbegivendueattention.[C]businessesshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccountingsecurity.[D]themarketvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeemphasized.39.AccordingtoParagraph4，whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsomebossesfailto[A]seethelinkbetweentrustanddataprotection.[B]perceivethesensitivityofpersonaldata.[C]realizethehighcostofdatarestoration.[D]appreciatetheeconomicvalueoftrust.40.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that[A]dataleakageismoresevereinEurope.[B]FTC'sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurity.[C]Californiatakestheleadinsecuritylegislation.[D]legalpenaltyisamajorSolomontodataleakage.21-25：CBDDC；26-27：DCAAB；31-35：CBDCB；36-40：DABAD第三部分應(yīng)試技巧與方法考研閱讀是對考生綜合語言運用能力的一種檢驗。它既可以檢查考生的語言水平，又可以檢查考生的閱讀速度和理解能力，在整個試卷中起著舉足輕重的作用。僅閱讀理解A節(jié)就占40％的比重，可見閱讀是考試中的成敗關(guān)鍵所在。一、基本要求1.語言基礎(chǔ)根據(jù)《2008年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語大綱》規(guī)定，考生應(yīng)能掌握5，500左右的詞匯以及相關(guān)詞組。雖說考試閱讀文章中的生詞不會超過3％，但有一部分考生由于沒有掌握好規(guī)定詞匯，覺得文章既難看懂，速度也快不起來。也有部分考生即便沒感到有多少生詞，卻還是難以看懂文章內(nèi)容，或無法選題；其二，由于閱讀試卷所涉及的語法結(jié)構(gòu)、慣用法、句子長度等方面的要求都較以前高，且一些考點又與這些方面有直接關(guān)系，如果考生沒有掌握好基本的語法結(jié)構(gòu)知識，也會感到非常為難?！纠?2007Text1)

Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.22.Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans[A]fun.[C]hysteria. [B]craze.[D]excitement.【例】(2003Text3)Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongitreduceseveryone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?”asksMartinBereovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers.54.Theword“arbiters”(Line6,Paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose[A]whoworkascoordinators [B]whofunctionasjudges.[C]whosupervisetransactions. [D]whodeterminetheprice.【例】（2003Text2）Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.【例】（2003Text1）ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyremadesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.因此，考生必須牢記大綱詞匯，掌握猜詞技巧，如：根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法、上下文等判斷詞義，學(xué)會對長句、難句(包括各種從句、省略句、倒裝句、虛擬語氣等)的進(jìn)行分析。如果將歷年的研究生入學(xué)考試真題仔細(xì)地做一遍，對語言基礎(chǔ)的提高會起到很好的幫助作用。2.閱讀方法由于閱讀理解考試時間比較緊張，不可能從頭到尾逐個琢磨每一個詞，要想既有速度又有準(zhǔn)確率，閱讀方法就尤為重要了。當(dāng)然，閱讀方法可以因人而異，通?？梢愿鶕?jù)意群閱讀，即按照語法知識，將句子按其語法規(guī)則分成幾個等分來讀，這樣既快又有連貫性，同時又能抓住關(guān)鍵意思；其二，略讀法，即速讀全文，關(guān)注主題句，留意細(xì)節(jié)位置，不要糾纏于不重要信息；其三，尋讀法，即帶著問題看文章，這樣可以節(jié)省時間，把重點放在與問題相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)上。3.知識面閱讀理解部分是對考生的一個綜合性考查，除考查考生的基本功外，還考查考生對英語國家（尤其是英美國家）的政治經(jīng)濟、社會文化、歷史宗教、教育體制、科技動態(tài)、思維方式、生活方式、體育休閑等方面知識的了解情況。這些背景知識是不可能通過突擊的方式而獲取的，而要通過慢慢積累，是需要考生平時多關(guān)心社會時事，經(jīng)常閱讀一些各種各樣的英文報刊雜志的。二、解題步驟1.速讀短文。注意首段、各段第一句、最后一段的末句，因為這些地方大都是主題句所在，是最能體現(xiàn)全文中心思想的關(guān)鍵部位。首段尤其要引起注意，因為首段往往起著文章的靈魂和核心作用；其次，注意全文中出現(xiàn)頻率最高的幾個詞也會對抓住中心內(nèi)容起著重要作用。對于其他部分則可快速閱讀，看不懂的地方可跳過或稍加記號，對復(fù)雜的難句以看清主、謂、賓為主，以確保對全文有一個清晰的思路?！纠浚?004Text4）Americanstodaydon’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’tdifficulttofind.“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavish.“Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.”Ravish’slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.”“Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanlife,aPulitzerPrizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:“Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.”MarkTwain’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized——goingtoschoolandlearningtoread——sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho“joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.”57.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof[A]undervaluingintellect. [B]favoringintellectualism.[C]supportingschoolreform. [D]suppressingnativeintelligence.58.TheviewsofRavishandEmersononschoolingare[A]identical. [B]similar. [C]complementary. [D]opposite.59.Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably[A]apioneerofeducationreform. [B]anopponentofintellectualism.[C]ascholarinfavorofintellect. [D]anadvocateofregularschooling.60.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect?[A]Itissecondtointelligence. [B]Itevolvesfromcommonsense.[C]Itistobepursued. [D]Itunderliespower.2.瀏覽題目。注意推測歸納題目的目的及要求。由于已經(jīng)掌握了全文大意及各信息的大體位置，此時很快就可以到原文中找到與題目要求相關(guān)的句子，確保相關(guān)的多看、細(xì)看，無關(guān)的不看。【例】（2004Text4）56.WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool?[A]Thehabitofthinkingindependently.[B]Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.[C]Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.[D]Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits.3.正確選題。選擇正確答案時一定要注意答案選項的特點，經(jīng)常見到的方式有：1）語言簡化，即，語言難度低于原文；2）正話反說，即，將原文中的肯定形式改為否定形式；3）反話正說，即，將原文中的否定形式改為肯定形式；4）替換關(guān)鍵部位，即，用另外一個不同的詞、短語、結(jié)構(gòu)來來替換原文中的相應(yīng)部位。考生需掌握的總的原則是：不管選項怎么變，問題的正確選項一定要與原文內(nèi)容一致?！纠?2003Text1)Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm’soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.45.Straitfordismostproudofits[A]officialstatus. [B]nonconformistimage.[C]efficientstaff. [D]militarybackground.值得留意的是正確答案有時是可以直接從文中找到，有時則需根據(jù)原文進(jìn)行推測或利用排除法得到的，但決不是根據(jù)自己的想象或根據(jù)常識而得到的。所謂排除法，即排除那些與問題和原文不一致、產(chǎn)生干擾的選項的方法。干擾項往往從語言和內(nèi)容上都具有很大的迷惑性，常以以下方式出現(xiàn)（1）看似合理，但與問題或原文完全無關(guān)。這種選項通常是利用常識編寫出來的；（2）看似與原文在結(jié)構(gòu)上相似或內(nèi)容上相關(guān)，但與問題或原文只有部分關(guān)系或只涉及次要關(guān)系，偏差很大；（3）看似與原文有關(guān)，但與問題卻無關(guān)；（4）看似與原文中某些詞或結(jié)構(gòu)相同或表面意思相同，但卻與上下文的深層含義不同。所有這些干擾項也可以通過詞、詞組、句子結(jié)構(gòu)等產(chǎn)生?！纠浚?004Text2）Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.49.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2,Paragraph5)?[A]Theyaregettingimpatient. [B]Theyarenoisilydozingoff.[C]Theyarefeelinghumiliated. [D]Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.【例】（2004Text1）Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept—whatyouthinkyouwanttodo—thenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,”saysanotherexpert.“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.”Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;