AboutthecourseHardware * Software

IEEE ACMPurpose

knowtheinternalstructureandhowcomputerworksComputercurriculaforCS,CE,SEInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineersAssociationforComputingMachinery1AboutthecourseHardware * CoTextbook,BibliographyTextbook:Computerorganizationandarchitecture,7-8thedition,WilliamStallings,Pearson,PrenticeHall,2006,2009.計算機組成原理,第四版,白中英主編,科學(xué)出版社,2008.Bibliography:Computerorganization&design:thehardware/softwareinterface,

3-4edition,DavidA.Patterson,JohnL.Hennessy,MorganKaufmann,2006,2010 (MIPS,ARM)2Textbook,BibliographyTextbookConfiguration&Quotation(1992)CPU:Intel

80486DX-33(33MHz)

RAM:4MBonBoard

HDD:170MB

IDEI/OW/2SFDD:1.2MB&1.44MBGraphiccard:8900CSVGAW/1MMonitor:14”SVGAPrice:HK$10,9083Configuration&Quotation(199聯(lián)想ideapadY470N-IFI(2012)CPU:Intel酷睿i5-2410M,2.3GHzCache:

3MB三級高速共享緩存(L3)芯片組:IntelHM65高速芯片組RAM:4GBDDR3

硬盤:750GBSATA光驅(qū): 超級DVD刻錄機 網(wǎng)卡: 100M/1000M以太自適應(yīng)網(wǎng)卡 802.11bgn無線局域網(wǎng)卡顯卡:nVidiaGeForceGT550獨立顯卡顯存: 2GBDDR3獨立顯存顯示器:

14”LED其他: 視頻輸出HDMI高清影音端口,200萬像素攝像頭價格: 5500元4聯(lián)想ideapadY470N-IFI(2012)CPUSonyVPCZ235FC(2012)CPU:Intel

酷睿i5-2450M,2.5GHz

(可達3.1GHz)RAM:4GBDDR3(1333MT/s)(2GBx2)SSD:128GB,SATA6Gb/s(64GBx2(RAID0))無線LAN:IEEE802.11a/b/g/n

無線WAN:CDMA2000Bluetooth:Bluetooth3.0圖形處理器:Intel高清顯卡3000Monitor:13.1”攝像頭:1280x1024Price:14,000元5SonyVPCZ235FC(2012)CPU:InSolidStateDiskDisk6SolidStateDiskDisk6CPUCPU的主頻 2GHz=20億次振動/秒=2x109

cycles/sMulticore7CPUCPU的主頻7平板電腦(酷比魔方)CPU:1.2GHz內(nèi)存:1GBSSD:16GB顯示器:9.7寸無線網(wǎng)卡:…接口:HDMI價格: 1700元HighDefinitionMultimediaInterface8平板電腦(酷比魔方)CPU:1.2GHzHighDefCPU相關(guān)參數(shù)主頻:也叫時鐘頻率,單位是MHz,GHz,用來表示 CPU的運算速度前端總線(FSB,FrontSideBus)頻率前端總線(FSB)頻率(即總線頻率)直接影響CPU與內(nèi)存數(shù)據(jù)交換速度(通過北橋)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸最大帶寬取決于所有同時傳輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)的寬度和傳輸頻率，即數(shù)據(jù)帶寬＝(總線頻率×數(shù)據(jù)寬度)/8MIPS=MillionInstructionsPerSecond(每秒百萬次)MFLOPS=MillionFloatingPointOperationsPer Second(每秒百萬次浮點操作)9CPU相關(guān)參數(shù)主頻:也叫時鐘頻率,單位是MHz,GHzChallengingtaskCPU--386--486-/-Pentium--MMX--PII--P4–Core2 33MHz ~3GHzRAM----------Cache-----------flashmemory MGKMMGHarddisk MBTBI/O:serial--parallel--serial(includingUSB) -Disk:IDE--SATA(IntegratedDeviceElectronics,ATA)

(SerialAdvancedTechnologyAttachment) -floppy Udisk-CD-ROM--CD-R--CD-RW--DVD-ROM--Combo-- DVDrecorder10ChallengingtaskCPU--386--Rapidpacebasiccomponent(vacuumtube,transistor,IC)underlyingintegratedcircuittechnologyManyapplicationsbecomefeasibleSmartcardsMobiledevicesGene11Rapidpace11Moore’sLawNumberoftransistorsonachipwilldoubleeveryyearSince1970’s,Numberoftransistorsdoublesevery18months

如果交通運輸業(yè)也象計算機那樣發(fā)展,則今天我們能夠花50美分在5秒內(nèi)穿越大洋. 83年,85,87,89,91,93 ….03年

12h 6h 3h 22m 12h/210 12x3600/210=43200/103=43秒P2912Moore’sLawNumberoftransistoChapter1IntroductionChapter1IntroductionAvarietyofcomputers

single-chipprocessor embeddedcomputer(morethan10/family) personalcomputer(desktopmicrocomputer) mobilecomputerandmobiledevices

gameconsole server(minicomputer,workstation) mainframe supercomputer14Avarietyofcomputers single-計算機的微型化

1個電子管 1個晶體管 1塊芯片

包含1億個晶體管芯片內(nèi)的電子線路15計算機的微型化 1個電子管包含1億個晶體管芯片內(nèi)的15微型化：Microcomputer

圖1.7第一臺計算機ENIAC1stcomputerDesk-topNotebookPCTabletPC微機的微型化16微型化：Microcomputer圖1.7第一臺計算機EEmbeddedcomputerMobiledevice17EmbeddedcomputerMobiledevice Embeddedcomputerswovenintoclothingcanmonitorheartandbreathingrates.Wearinghiddenembeddedcomputerscanhelptheelderlyandpeoplerecoveringfromsurgeriesmonitor

theirstrideandpace.Whentheirstepsareuneven,theembeddedcomputercansoundawarningandpreventafall.Stride步態(tài),步幅18 EmbeddedcomputerswovenintoApplications19Applications19ServerMainframeSupercompueter2010年世界上運行速度最快的,我國的天河一號超級計算機。2570萬億次/秒20ServerMainframeSupercompueterStructure-TopLevelComputerPeripheralsInternetMainMemoryInputOutputSystemsInterconnectionCentralProcessingUnitComputerCommunicationdevice21Structure-TopLevelComputerP

MemoryCPUI/OBusI/OInternetcommunicationcache22MemoryCPUI/OBusI/OInternetcomStructure-TheCPUComputerCPUI/OMemorySystemBusArithmeticandLoginUnitControlUnitInternalCPUInterconnectionRegistersCPUP11CacheComm.23Structure-TheCPUComputerCPU

memoryCPUBusALUControlunitRegistersProgramDataMemoryCPUBothindigitalCacheI/OI/OInternetcommunication24memoryCPUBusALUControlRegisteCPU---processdata,controlmemory---storedataI/O---movedata,storedataNIC---communicatebus---interconnection,movedatainternalmemory---temporarystorage,medium DRAM:50---100ns, cost:1externalmemory---permanentstorage,large Disk:5---20ms, cost:1/50

速度相差將近幾十萬倍

25CPU---processdata,control2ms----------μs----------ns--- 10-3 10-6 10-9

milli,毫micro,微 nano,納mm---------μm---------nm---Kbytes---MB----GB----TB----PB----EB210(103)

220(106)

230(109)

(1012)

(1015)

(1018) Kilo MegaGigaTeraPetaExa

千 百萬 十億萬億 兆 千兆(吉)兆兆(太)千兆兆(拍)26ms----------μs----------nsOpenmachinecaseMotherboard(printedcircuitboard)Chips(IC)DIMM(DualIn-lineMemoryModule,…直接插入…)PCI(PeripheralComponentInterconnect,外設(shè)部件互連)以前27OpenmachinecaseMotherboardMotherboard

CPUDIMMslotsIDEconn.FDDIPS/2USBSerialParallelportsAudioMIDIportPCIslotsAGPUSBISAslotsCh-12Ch-5Ch-7Ch-7Ch-328MotherboardCPUFDDIPS/2USBSerMotherboard

CPUDIMMslotsIDE(ATA)PS/2USBSerialParallelportsAudioMIDIportPCIexpressChipsetUSBPCISATA1394Ch-3Ch-7現(xiàn)在29MotherboardCPUDIMMIDEPS/2USB30306SATAports2IDEports316SATAports2IDEports31Architecture&OrganizationArchitecture (overall)

Storedprogramcomputer:CPU,Memory,I/O vonNeumann

馮諾依曼,Turing圖靈Organizationhowimplement single-chipprocessor

AllcomponentsononechipCPUissimple(instructionsetissmall) supercomputerMayhavethousandsofprocessors,largememory,manyperipherals32Architecture&OrganizationArArchitecture&Organization1Architectureisthoseattributesvisibletotheprogrammer---abstractinterfacesInstructionset,numberofbitsusedfordatarepresentation,addressingtechniques,...e.g.AllIntelx86familysharethesamebasicarchitecture

codecompatibility,backwardsOrganizationishowfeaturesareimplementedControlsignals,memorytechnology,... Isthereahardwaremultiplyunitorisitdonebyrepeatedaddition? Cache?e.g.286,386,…Pentium,..aredifferentimplementations33Architecture&Organization1A計算機系統(tǒng)的層次結(jié)構(gòu)機器OS匯編語言高級語言邏輯電路/微程序34計算機系統(tǒng)的層次結(jié)構(gòu)機器OS匯編語言高級語言邏輯電路/微程序Summary1.StructureCPUALU,controlunit,registers,interconnection,cacheMemoryCache,Internalmemory,ExternalmemoryI/OCommunicationBus2.UnitsKB---MB---GB---TB---PB---EBms---μs---ns35Summary1.Structure353.計算機性能指標(biāo)CPUSpeed:主頻,MIPS,MFLOPSTFLOPS(萬億次浮點 運算)MemoryCapacity:GBSpeed:33Mhz~400MHz,533MHz~800MHz, 1066MHz~1600MHzI/OSpeedcapacity363.計算機性能指標(biāo)36Text:ASCIICharactersASCII:Maps128charactersto7-bitcode.bothprintableandnon-printable(ESC,DEL,…)charactersdel7fo6f_5fO4f?3f/2fus1fsi0f~7en6e^5eN4e>3e.2ers1eso0e}7dm6d]5dM4d=3d-2dgs1dcr0d|7cl6c\5cL4c<3c,2cfs1cnp0c{7bk6b[5bK4b;3b+2besc1bvt0bz7aj6aZ5aJ4a:3a*2asub1anl0ay79i69Y59I49939)29em19ht09x78h68X58H48838(28can18bs08w77g67W57G47737'27etb17bel07v76f66V56F46636&26syn16ack06u75e65U55E45535%25nak15enq05t74d64T54D44434$24dc414eot04s73c63S53C43333#23dc313etx03r72b62R52B42232"22dc212stx02q71a61Q51A41131!21dc111soh01p70`60P50@40030sp20dle10nul0037Text:ASCIICharactersASCII:MConfiguration&Quotation(2008)戴爾Inspiron518/家用CPU：Intel奔騰雙核E21802.0GHz 60倍

(800MHzFSB,2MBL2cache)內(nèi)存：2048MB

512倍硬盤：250GB,SATA

1470倍顯卡：IntelGMA3100光驅(qū)：DVD刻錄機顯示屏：22.0寸寬屏液晶參考價格：5498元

38Configuration&Quotation(200AboutthecourseHardware * Software

IEEE ACMPurpose

knowtheinternalstructureandhowcomputerworksComputercurriculaforCS,CE,SEInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineersAssociationforComputingMachinery39AboutthecourseHardware * CoTextbook,BibliographyTextbook:Computerorganizationandarchitecture,7-8thedition,WilliamStallings,Pearson,PrenticeHall,2006,2009.計算機組成原理,第四版,白中英主編,科學(xué)出版社,2008.Bibliography:Computerorganization&design:thehardware/softwareinterface,

3-4edition,DavidA.Patterson,JohnL.Hennessy,MorganKaufmann,2006,2010 (MIPS,ARM)40Textbook,BibliographyTextbookConfiguration&Quotation(1992)CPU:Intel

80486DX-33(33MHz)

RAM:4MBonBoard

HDD:170MB

IDEI/OW/2SFDD:1.2MB&1.44MBGraphiccard:8900CSVGAW/1MMonitor:14”SVGAPrice:HK$10,90841Configuration&Quotation(199聯(lián)想ideapadY470N-IFI(2012)CPU:Intel酷睿i5-2410M,2.3GHzCache:

3MB三級高速共享緩存(L3)芯片組:IntelHM65高速芯片組RAM:4GBDDR3

硬盤:750GBSATA光驅(qū): 超級DVD刻錄機 網(wǎng)卡: 100M/1000M以太自適應(yīng)網(wǎng)卡 802.11bgn無線局域網(wǎng)卡顯卡:nVidiaGeForceGT550獨立顯卡顯存: 2GBDDR3獨立顯存顯示器:

14”LED其他: 視頻輸出HDMI高清影音端口,200萬像素攝像頭價格: 5500元42聯(lián)想ideapadY470N-IFI(2012)CPUSonyVPCZ235FC(2012)CPU:Intel

酷睿i5-2450M,2.5GHz

(可達3.1GHz)RAM:4GBDDR3(1333MT/s)(2GBx2)SSD:128GB,SATA6Gb/s(64GBx2(RAID0))無線LAN:IEEE802.11a/b/g/n

無線WAN:CDMA2000Bluetooth:Bluetooth3.0圖形處理器:Intel高清顯卡3000Monitor:13.1”攝像頭:1280x1024Price:14,000元43SonyVPCZ235FC(2012)CPU:InSolidStateDiskDisk44SolidStateDiskDisk6CPUCPU的主頻 2GHz=20億次振動/秒=2x109

cycles/sMulticore45CPUCPU的主頻7平板電腦(酷比魔方)CPU:1.2GHz內(nèi)存:1GBSSD:16GB顯示器:9.7寸無線網(wǎng)卡:…接口:HDMI價格: 1700元HighDefinitionMultimediaInterface46平板電腦(酷比魔方)CPU:1.2GHzHighDefCPU相關(guān)參數(shù)主頻:也叫時鐘頻率,單位是MHz,GHz,用來表示 CPU的運算速度前端總線(FSB,FrontSideBus)頻率前端總線(FSB)頻率(即總線頻率)直接影響CPU與內(nèi)存數(shù)據(jù)交換速度(通過北橋)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸最大帶寬取決于所有同時傳輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)的寬度和傳輸頻率，即數(shù)據(jù)帶寬＝(總線頻率×數(shù)據(jù)寬度)/8MIPS=MillionInstructionsPerSecond(每秒百萬次)MFLOPS=MillionFloatingPointOperationsPer Second(每秒百萬次浮點操作)47CPU相關(guān)參數(shù)主頻:也叫時鐘頻率,單位是MHz,GHzChallengingtaskCPU--386--486-/-Pentium--MMX--PII--P4–Core2 33MHz ~3GHzRAM----------Cache-----------flashmemory MGKMMGHarddisk MBTBI/O:serial--parallel--serial(includingUSB) -Disk:IDE--SATA(IntegratedDeviceElectronics,ATA)

(SerialAdvancedTechnologyAttachment) -floppy Udisk-CD-ROM--CD-R--CD-RW--DVD-ROM--Combo-- DVDrecorder48ChallengingtaskCPU--386--Rapidpacebasiccomponent(vacuumtube,transistor,IC)underlyingintegratedcircuittechnologyManyapplicationsbecomefeasibleSmartcardsMobiledevicesGene49Rapidpace11Moore’sLawNumberoftransistorsonachipwilldoubleeveryyearSince1970’s,Numberoftransistorsdoublesevery18months

如果交通運輸業(yè)也象計算機那樣發(fā)展,則今天我們能夠花50美分在5秒內(nèi)穿越大洋. 83年,85,87,89,91,93 ….03年

12h 6h 3h 22m 12h/210 12x3600/210=43200/103=43秒P2950Moore’sLawNumberoftransistoChapter1IntroductionChapter1IntroductionAvarietyofcomputers

single-chipprocessor embeddedcomputer(morethan10/family) personalcomputer(desktopmicrocomputer) mobilecomputerandmobiledevices

gameconsole server(minicomputer,workstation) mainframe supercomputer52Avarietyofcomputers single-計算機的微型化

1個電子管 1個晶體管 1塊芯片

包含1億個晶體管芯片內(nèi)的電子線路53計算機的微型化 1個電子管包含1億個晶體管芯片內(nèi)的15微型化：Microcomputer

圖1.7第一臺計算機ENIAC1stcomputerDesk-topNotebookPCTabletPC微機的微型化54微型化：Microcomputer圖1.7第一臺計算機EEmbeddedcomputerMobiledevice55EmbeddedcomputerMobiledevice Embeddedcomputerswovenintoclothingcanmonitorheartandbreathingrates.Wearinghiddenembeddedcomputerscanhelptheelderlyandpeoplerecoveringfromsurgeriesmonitor

theirstrideandpace.Whentheirstepsareuneven,theembeddedcomputercansoundawarningandpreventafall.Stride步態(tài),步幅56 EmbeddedcomputerswovenintoApplications57Applications19ServerMainframeSupercompueter2010年世界上運行速度最快的,我國的天河一號超級計算機。2570萬億次/秒58ServerMainframeSupercompueterStructure-TopLevelComputerPeripheralsInternetMainMemoryInputOutputSystemsInterconnectionCentralProcessingUnitComputerCommunicationdevice59Structure-TopLevelComputerP

MemoryCPUI/OBusI/OInternetcommunicationcache60MemoryCPUI/OBusI/OInternetcomStructure-TheCPUComputerCPUI/OMemorySystemBusArithmeticandLoginUnitControlUnitInternalCPUInterconnectionRegistersCPUP11CacheComm.61Structure-TheCPUComputerCPU

memoryCPUBusALUControlunitRegistersProgramDataMemoryCPUBothindigitalCacheI/OI/OInternetcommunication62memoryCPUBusALUControlRegisteCPU---processdata,controlmemory---storedataI/O---movedata,storedataNIC---communicatebus---interconnection,movedatainternalmemory---temporarystorage,medium DRAM:50---100ns, cost:1externalmemory---permanentstorage,large Disk:5---20ms, cost:1/50

速度相差將近幾十萬倍

63CPU---processdata,control2ms----------μs----------ns--- 10-3 10-6 10-9

milli,毫micro,微 nano,納mm---------μm---------nm---Kbytes---MB----GB----TB----PB----EB210(103)

220(106)

230(109)

(1012)

(1015)

(1018) Kilo MegaGigaTeraPetaExa

千 百萬 十億萬億 兆 千兆(吉)兆兆(太)千兆兆(拍)64ms----------μs----------nsOpenmachinecaseMotherboard(printedcircuitboard)Chips(IC)DIMM(DualIn-lineMemoryModule,…直接插入…)PCI(PeripheralComponentInterconnect,外設(shè)部件互連)以前65OpenmachinecaseMotherboardMotherboard

CPUDIMMslotsIDEconn.FDDIPS/2USBSerialParallelportsAudioMIDIportPCIslotsAGPUSBISAslotsCh-12Ch-5Ch-7Ch-7Ch-366MotherboardCPUFDDIPS/2USBSerMotherboard

CPUDIMMslotsIDE(ATA)PS/2USBSerialParallelportsAudioMIDIportPCIexpressChipsetUSBPCISATA1394Ch-3Ch-7現(xiàn)在67MotherboardCPUDIMMIDEPS/2USB68306SATAports2IDEports696SATAports2IDEports31Architecture&OrganizationArchitecture (overall)

Storedprogramcomputer:CPU,Memory,I/O vonNeumann

馮諾依曼,Turing圖靈Organizationhowimplement single-chipprocessor

AllcomponentsononechipCPUissimple(instructionsetissmall) supercomputerMayhavethousandsofprocessors,largememory,manyperipherals70Architecture&OrganizationArArchitecture&Organization1Architectureisthoseattributesvisibletotheprogrammer---abstractinterfacesInstructionset,numberofbitsusedfordatarepresentation,addressingtechniques,...e.g.AllIntelx86familysharethesamebasicarchitecture

codecompatibility,backwardsOrganizationishowfeaturesareimplementedControlsignals,memorytechnology,... Isthereahardwarem