高考英語閱讀題型加強練之說明文+議論文專題（A）What'sthedealwithnewwords?Wheredotheycomefromandhowdotheygofromunknowntoofficial?First,newwordshavetocirculateinculturetomakeitintothedictionary.Theyhavetobeusedandunderstood.Wordshaveamuchbetterchanceofgettingaddedtothedictionaryifyouseetheminprintorheartheminconversation.It'sactuallyafull-timejobtosearchpopularcommunicationtofigureoutwhatnewwordsaresurfacinginourvernacular(方言).Lexicographersgettodecidewhichwordsmakeitintothedictionary,andtheydosobyreadingwidelyacrossindustriesanddisciplines.However,theyalsomakedecisionsaboutwhichidiomsmakeitin.Dictionariescansometimesgetover1,000newwordsperyear.In2019theMerriam-Websteraddedover600inAprilandanother500+inSeptember.Afterlexicographersdecidewhichwordswillbeincluded,theywriteanewdefinition.Someexistingwordsalsogainadditionalmeanings,andthereareusuallythousandsofrevisions.Thedictionaryisaconstantlychangingworkinprogress,justlikethelanguageitdescribesanddefines.Forinstance,theword“peak”recentlywentfrombeingjustasharp,pointedendtoalsobeingsomethingattheheightofpopularity.Occasionallyfakewordsactuallyendupinthedictionarybymistake.Ifyouhaveawordthatyouthinkshouldbeinthedictionary,you'rewelcometogetintouchwiththelexicographersandsuggestit.However,thewordneedstobefairlypopular.Ithastohave“widespread,frequent,meaningfulusage”.Forinstance,OMGwasaddedtothedictionaryin2009afterlexicographershadobserveditingeneraluseforabout15years.Newwordsspringfromnewtechnologiesanddisciplines,butthey'reveryofteninventedbyauthorsandwriterswholovelanguageandplaywithittocreatenewmeanings.OneofthegreatestcreatorswasWilliamShakespearewhocreatedover1,700newwordsoftenbyadaptingusageandusingnewcompounds.He'sresponsibleforwordslikeeyeball,excitement,fashionable,andlonely.“Hard-boiled”wasinventedbyMarkTwain.1.Whatkindofnewwordscanbeincludedindictionaries?A.Wordswhichhavebeenwidelyusedforlong.B.Wordswhichwerecreatedbyfamouswriters.C.Wordswhichhavebeenspokenbysomelocals.D.Wordswhichfrequentlyappearinaprivateconversation.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“Lexicographers”inthefirstparagraphprobablymean?A.Newwordcreators.B.Writersofadictionary.C.Specialistsinlanguage.D.Historiansonancientcultures.3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofadictionary?A.Quiteambiguous.B.Error-free.C.Extremelyrigid.D.Graduallydeveloping.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.HowtheDictionaryIsRevisedB.HowNewWordsSpreadinCultureC.HowWordsGetAddedtotheDictionaryD.HowNewWordsAreInventedbyFamousAuthors（B）Here'sthebadnews:Menarehurting.Accordingtomanyresearchers,masculinity(男子漢氣概)ishurtingthemandmakingithardforthemtokeeptheirfriendship.Thissocietytellsthemfromboystomentohidetheirfeelings,somanymengraduallylosetheirfriendshipwhilegrowingup.Andthegoodnewsisthattherearealotofexpertswhocanhelpandsomeusefulskillsarerecommended.First,youshouldlearntoacceptyourmasculinityandmakeitnormalforthepeopleinyourlife.Expertshaverecommendedsharingarticlesaboutmasculinityandfriendshipwithotherssothatyoucanbeunderstoodbyyourfriends.Don'thesitate;justtrytoshare,friends!Then,youmayshowyourvulnerability(脆弱).Saythethingthatscaresyou,like“I'mafraidnobodywillgotomyparty”or“Imissmygrandmaeveryday”.DoingsowillmakeitOKforotherpeopletofollowyourlead.Weareallontheelevatortoasocietywhereemotionalavailabilityisnormalized,andIwantyoutopress“dooropen”.

Youcanalsoaskmorequestions.Peoplesometimesfeeltheymightbecuriousiftheyasksomeoneaboutthemselves,especiallywhentheirfriendissharingsomethingtough.Butifyougetcuriousinmomentsofvulnerability,youwillopenthedoortoallkindsofgrowthinyourrelationship.Taketheopportunitytoreallyseeyourfriendsandshowthemtheymatterbyfollowingup.Finally,gettingclosetothechildreninyourlifeissoimportant.Researchsaysthatthefirstthingthathelpschildrengrowuptohaveenrichingfriendshipistobeclosetoanadultrelativewhoisnotafraidtoexpressemotions.So,ifyou'reaparent,taketheopportunitytobeclosetothemandhelpthemgrowuptobegoodfriends,too.1.Whathurtsmenaccordingtothetext?A.Men'svulnerability.B.Thesociety.C.Men'sfriendship.D.Masculinity.2.Whyshouldmentrytosharearticles?A.Togetridofmasculinity.B.Tobeunderstood.C.Tomakenewfriends.D.Toinfluenceothers.3.WhatdoestheunderlinedphrasemeaninParagraph3?A.Toopenthedoor.B.Toshowyourstrength.C.Toopenyourheart.D.Tobegintheconversation.4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Thewaysofteachingmentohidetheirsorrow.B.Thereasonsforlettingmengiveuptheirmasculinity.C.Thewaysofhelpingmenmaintaintheirfriendship.D.Thereasonsforaskingmentoshowtheirtruefeelings.（C）DoyoustillrememberthesceneinthefamousmovieTitanic,directedbyCameron,whereJackfrozetodeathintheicycoldwatersothatRosecouldsurviveonthefloatingdooralone?Itbrokemanypeople'sheart.Twodecadeslater,peoplearestillaskingthequestion,“Wasn'tthereenoughroomonthedoorforbothofthem?”Camerononcerespondedbysayingitwasn'taquestionofroom,butbuoyancy—ifbothofthemhadtriedtostayontheraft,heargued,thewholethingwouldhavesunk.Butseveralguysfrom“MythBusters”,anAustralian-Americanscienceentertainmenttelevisionprogram,decidedtotestthetheorythemselves.TheydiscoveredthatifRosehadtakenoffherlifejackettothebottomoftheraft,therewouldhavebeenenoughbuoyancytokeepbothofthemafloat.WhentheypresentedtheirfindingstoCameron,thedirectorinsistedthatJackcouldn'tbesaved.“Theanswerisverysimple,”Cameronsaid,“becauseitsaysonPage147ofthescriptthatJackdies.”ToCameron,itwasanartisticchoicetohavethebelovedcharacterofmillions,Jackdrownintothecoldsea.JackhadtodiebecauseCameronthoughtitwouldbebestifwedid.“Itwasanartisticchoice;thethingwasjustbigenoughtoholdher,andnotbigenoughtoholdhim,”Cameronsaid.“Ithinkit'sallkindofsilly,really,thatwe'rehavingthisdiscussion20yearslater.ButitdoesshowthatthefilmiseffectiveinmakingJacksoendearingtotheaudiencethatithurtsthemtoseehimdie.Thefilmisaboutdeathandseparation;hehastodie.”SinceJackwasdoomedtodie,Cameronsaid,itcouldhavehappenedinavarietyofdifferentways.It'snotaboutthedoornotbeingbigenough;that'sjustapracticalmethodforhisdeath.“Whetheritwasthat,orachimneyfellonhim,hewasgoingdown,”Cameronsaid.“It'scalledart:thingshappenforartisticreasons,notforphysicsreasons.”1.WhatdoweknowaboutthecharacterJackaccordingtothetext?A.Heintendedtokillhimself.B.HesacrificedhimselftosaveRose.C.Hedidn'thavemoneytobuytickets.D.Helackedabasicknowledgeofphysics.2.AccordingtoCameron,whydidtheaudienceargueaboutJack'sdeathfor20years?A.Theyarefragilepeople.B.Theydon'tlikethemovie.C.TheylovethecharacterJack.D.Theyarecrazyaboutphysics.3.Whywasachimneymentionedinthelastparagraph?A.Tointroducethestructureoftheship.B.Toshowtheoriginalplanofthemovie.C.Topresentthemissingpartofthemovie.D.ToexplaintheunchangeablefateofJack.4.Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?A.JackinTitanicMustDie B.BigEnoughforBothC.CameronIsWrong D.JackCouldSurvive（D）TheUnitedStatesSpaceAgency,NASA,saysitsMarsexplorationvehiclerecentlyrecordedahighlevelofmethane(甲烷)gasontheplanet.ThediscoveryisexcitingbecausethepresenceofmethanegascouldsupportthecaseforlifeonMars.NASA'sCuriosityvehiclerecentlyrecordedthelargestlevelofmethaneevermeasuredduringitsseven-yearMarsmission.Methanehasnocolororsmell.AspecialinstrumentonCuriosity'sMarsScienceLaboratoryrecordedtheincreasedgaslevel.Inadditiontomethane,theinstrumentcanrecordlevelsofwaterandcarbondioxide.NearlyallthemethanegasfoundinEarth'satmosphereisproducedbybiologicalactivity.Itusuallycomesfromanimalandplantlife.Butitcanalsobeformedbygeologicalprocesses,suchasinteractionsbetweenrocksandwater.ItwasnotthefirsttimethatCuriosityhadfoundmethanegasintheMartianatmosphere.Aboutayearago,NASAannouncedthatCuriosityhaddiscoveredsharpseasonalincreasesinthegas.Thistime,NASAsaidthemeasuredmethanegaslevelwasclearlylargerthananyothersobservedinthepast.NASAofficialseventemporarilystoppedCuriosity'sotheractivitiestoinvestigatefurther.However,Curiosity'steamcarriedoutafollow-upmethaneexperimentthatshowedasharpdropinlevelsofthegas.TheriseandfallofthemethanegaslevelsleftNASAscientistswithmorequestionsthananswers.Thescientistsarecontinuingtostudypossiblecausesforthesuddenincrease.Curiositydoesnothaveinstrumentsthatcanexactlyidentifywhetherthesourceofthemethaneisbiologicalorgeological.Oneleadingtheoryisthatmethaneisbeingreleasedfromundergroundareascreatedbypossiblelifeformsthatdisappearedlongago.EventhoughMarshasnoactivevolcanoes,scientistsbelieveitisalsopossiblethatmethaneisbeingproducedbyreactionsinvolvingcarbonmaterialsandwater.1.WhyisthediscoveryofahighlevelofmethanegasonMarsexciting?A.ItisaveryraregasonMars.B.It'sevidenceoflifeexistence.C.Itcanbeusedinfurtherstudies.D.Itprovestheexistenceofwater.2.Whatdoweknowaboutmethanegasontheearth?A.ItisdifferentfromthatonMars.B.Itismainlycreatedbyrocksandwater.C.Itmainlycomesfromlivingthings.D.Itisasimportantaswaterandcarbondioxide.3.WhatbroughtmorepuzzlestoNASAscientists?A.Sharpchangesofmethane'samountonMars.B.ThefirsttimetofindmethanegasonMars.C.MethanegasdiscoveredseveraltimesonMars.D.ThesharpdropinlevelsofthemethanegasonMars.4.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.VolcanoeseruptingonMars.B.InstrumentsequippedonCuriosity.C.PossiblelifeformsonMarslongago.D.PossiblesourcesofmethaneonMars.（E）Thosedrivingforwardthemovementofpayingcollegeathletesareforgettingthereasononegoestocollege:togetaneducation.Inanerastrugglingforcompetitivebalance,howwouldtheNationalCollegiateAthleticAssociation(NCAA)keepfromgivingschoolslikeKentuckyandAlabamaevenmoreofacompetitiveadvantagethanschoolslikeValparaisoandFloridaGulfCoast?Theissuegetscomplicatedwhentakingintoconsiderationhowthesalarydifferencebetweendifferentteamsgetsdecided.Evenworse,imagineathletesjustcomingtocollegeformoney.Wecallcollegeathletesamateurs.Oxford'sdefinitionofaamateuris“apersonwhoengagesinapursuit,especiallyasport,onanunpaidbasis”.Thekeywordisunpaid.Thehistoryoftheword“amateur”datesbacktotheFrenchword“amator”,whichmeanslover.Essentially,collegeathletesshouldbeplayingtheirsportsfortheloveofthegame,notthemoneythatwouldbegiventothem.Rulesshouldnotbemadefortheminority,andinthisinstanceonlytwopercentofathletesplayprofessionalsports.Theexpectedcareerspanofthattwopercentis10years,andthreeandahalfyearsintheNationalFootballLeague(NFL).Anastonishing80percentofretiredNFLplayersgobrokewithinthreeyearsofretirement,60percentintheNBAwithinfiveyears.ThisiswhytheNCAAanditsmemberinstitutionsshouldapplya“stayandlearn”rule.Thisruleshouldstatethatifathleteschoosetocometocollege,theywillgetpaidinscholarshipsthatlastfortheentireeducationalprocessandtheathletesmuststayinschooluntiltheyearnadegreeintheareaofstudytheychoose.Thatmoneyfromgoingprofessionalisgoingtorunoutsometime,butthedegreewillalwaysbethere.Lookatcollegeathleticsforwhatitisandshouldalwaysbe,ahigh-pressurelearningenvironmentandanavenuetoearnaneducation.Amuchmorefunextensionoftheclassroomifyouwill.Afterall,theyarecalledstudent-athletes.1.Howcanthesalarydifferenceinfluencecollegeteams?A.Itislikelytopromotecooperation.B.Itcanincreasetheirindependence.C.Itcanleadtomorecommunication.D.Itwillprobablycausemoreimbalance.2.Whydoestheauthorgiveexplanationstotheword“amateur”?A.Togiveanindividualcomment.B.Toconfirmtheoriginoftheword.C.Tomakethepointmoreauthoritative.D.Toprovideanexamplefortheargument.3.Howwillcollegeathletesbenefitfromthe“stayandlearn”rule?A.Increasetheirearnings.B.Gettrainedforscholarships.C.Ensurethemselvestogetadegree.D.Continuetheirprofessionalcareers.4.Whatdoestheauthormainlyargueaboutinthetext?A.Formoneyorforcareer?B.Acollegeeducationornot?C.Goingprofessionalorbeingamateur?D.Payingcollegeathletesornot?（F）Therewasnoonequitelikemyfatherinourtown.Whenanyothermanhadanextradollar,heboughtadrink;whenFatherhadanextradollar,heboughtabook.Otherpeoplehadpicturesontheirwalls;wehadbooks,3,000ofthem,liningeveryverticalsurfaceofourlittlefour-roomhouse.FatherwasthemostpersistentscholarIeverknew.Heearnedsevendegrees,attended11differentcollegesanduniversities,andin1951,whenhewas82,sentusacheerfullittlenotefromEnglandtosaythathehadjustenrolledforagraduatecourseinElizabethanliteratureatOxford.IwastheimmediatebeneficiaryofFather'sunbelievablehungertolearn.Everyspring,hewouldtakemehikingthroughthemountainstostudymineralformations.Onclearwinternights,hewouldsetupatelescopeandwakemetoviewthestars.AfterIgrewup,whereverItraveledaroundthisearth,thestarsremainedmyfriends.Plain,distinctspeechwasaparticularconcernofmyfatherandhewasconstantlydrillingmeintheartofelocution(演講技巧).BeforeIwasthree,hewasreadingaloudtomefromtheBible,ShakespeareandMarkTwain.Thereafter,readaloudtohimsohecouldworkonmydiction.BythetimeIwasinthefifthgrade,Icouldrecitefromawholerangeofclassicalliteratureandpoetry.Ofcourse,therehadbeentimesasayoungman,whenIgottiredofstudyanddevotedmytimetoplaying.ThenFatherwouldadmonishmesuccinctlybyquotingasayingfromShakespeare,“Ifalltheyearwereplayingholidays,tosportwouldbeastedious(乏味的)astowork.”

Obviously,hiseffortswerenotentirelyinvain,formyvoicehasenabledmetoearnafairlivelihood.Butthatfactdoesn'tbegintodefinetheenormousdebtIowemyfather.1.Whatcontributedtotheauthor'sfather'sbeingasuccessfulscholar?A.Hisgiftforacademicstudies.B.Theacademicenvironmentinourtown.C.Thewealthofhisfamily.D.Hislifelongpassionforknowledge.2.WhichisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordsinParagraph5?A.Criticizemebriefly. B.Comfortmepatiently.C.Praisemegently. D.Challengemebravely.3.Whichofthewordsbelowcanbestdescribetheauthor'sfather?A.Stubbornandlazy. B.Kindandgenerous.C.Consistentandstrict. D.Understandingandmoody.4.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ASuccessfulScholar B.EnormousDebtC.SecretsofMyLivelihood D.FatherandSon（G）Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub—women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief—theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosaythatmembersoftheirgender(性別)are“really,reallysmart.”Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“really,reallysmart.”Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors(因素)likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,perseverance(毅力),andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.”1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors'standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub?A.They'reunfair. B.They'reconservative.C.They'reobjective. D.They'restrict.2.WhatcanweinferaboutgirlsfromthestudyinScience?A.Theythinkthemselvessmart.B.Theylookuptogreatthinkers.C.Theyseegenderdifferencesearlierthanboys.D.Theyarelikelytobeinfluencedbysocialbeliefs3.Whyaremoregeniusesknowntothepublic?A.Improvedglobalcommunication.B.Lessdiscriminationagainstwomen.C.Acceptanceofvictors'concepts.D.Changesinpeople'ssocialpositions.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.GeniusesThinkAlike B.GeniusTakesManyFormsC.GeniusandIntelligence D.GeniusandLuck參考答案(A)1.A根據(jù)文章第一段中的描述:首先,新詞必須在文化中流傳,才能被收入詞典。它們必須被使用和理解。如果你在出版物中看到或在對話中聽到這些詞,它們被收入詞典的機會要大得多。由此可知,新詞必須得到了廣泛使用才能被收錄到詞典里。故選A項。2.B根據(jù)畫線單詞之后的內(nèi)容decidewhichwordsmakeitintothedictionary,andtheydosobyreadingwidelyacrossindustriesanddisciplines可知,Lexicographers決定了哪些詞被收錄到詞典,因此他們應是詞典編者,故選B項。3.D根據(jù)文章第二段中Thedictionaryisaconstantlychangingworkinprogress,justlikethelanguageitdescribesanddefines.(詞典就像它所描述和定義的語言一樣,是一個不斷變化的半成品)可知,在作者看來,詞典是不斷變化的。故選D項。4.C本文主要講述新詞是如何被收錄到詞典成為官方語言的。選項C概括了文章主題,可作最佳標題,故選C項。(B)1.D根據(jù)第一段第二句Accordingtomanyresearchers,masculinity(男子漢氣概)ishurtingthemandmakingithardforthemtokeeptheirfriendship.可知,讓男人受傷的正是他們的“男子漢氣概”。故選D項。2.B根據(jù)第二段第二句Expertshaverecommendedsharingarticlesaboutmasculinityandfriendshipwithotherssothatyoucanbeunderstoodbyyourfriends.可知,男人和朋友分享文章的目的是被人理解。故選B項。3.C根據(jù)本段中的“Saythethingthatscaresyou(說出那些讓你害怕的事情。)”可推斷出,畫線部分意為“敞開心扉”。故選C項。4.C結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,專家就男人在友誼方面遇到的問題給出了有用的建議。故選C項。(C)1.B根據(jù)第一段中的“DoyoustillrememberthesceneinthefamousmovieTitanic,directedbyCameron,whereJackfrozetodeathintheicycoldwatersothatRosecouldsurviveonthefloatingdooralone?”可知Jack為了救Rose而犧牲了自己。故選B項。2.C根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“ButitdoesshowthatthefilmiseffectiveinmakingJacksoendearingtotheaudiencethatithurtsthemtoseehimdie.”可知這部電影有效地把Jack塑造得如此受觀眾喜愛,以至于看到他死去會讓他們感到心痛。由此可知,根據(jù)卡梅隆的說法,觀眾們?yōu)镴ack的死爭論了20年是因為他們喜歡Jack這個角色。故選C項。3.D根據(jù)最后一段中的“Whetheritwasthat,orachimneyfellonhim,hewasgoingdown”可推知,最后一段提到煙囪是為了解釋Jack無法改變的命運。故選D項。4.A根據(jù)第五段“WhentheypresentedtheirfindingstoCameron,thedirectorinsistedthatJackcouldn'tbesaved.(當他們把調(diào)查結(jié)果提交給卡梅隆時,導演堅持認為Jack必須死。)”并結(jié)合文章主要說明了電影《泰坦尼克號》中Jack因為救Rose而死,但是二十年后人們?nèi)栽诩m結(jié)Jack是否真的非死不可的問題,甚至有人專門進行了實驗并把結(jié)果提交給電影導演卡梅隆。對此,卡梅隆的看法是Jack非死不可,并給出了理由。由此可知,A選項“《泰坦尼克號》中的Jack必須死”最符合文章標題。故選A項。(D)1.B根據(jù)第一段最后一句ThediscoveryisexcitingbecausethepresenceofmethanegascouldsupportthecaseforlifeonMars.可知,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)令人興奮是因為甲烷氣體的存在是生命存在的證據(jù)。故選B項。2.C根據(jù)第四段第一句NearlyallthemethanegasfoundinEarth'satmosphereisproducedbybiologicalactivity.可知,在地球大氣中發(fā)現(xiàn)的幾乎所有甲烷氣體都是由生物活動產(chǎn)生的。故選C項。3.A根據(jù)第六段的第二句TheriseandfallofthemethanegaslevelsleftNASAscientistswithmorequestionsthananswers.可知,甲烷氣體濃度的上升和下降給NASA的科學家們留下了更多的困惑。故選A項。4.D最后一段主要講了火星上甲烷的可能來源。故選D項。(E)1.D根據(jù)第二段的描述:在一個競爭平衡的時代,美國大學體育協(xié)會如何才能避免讓肯塔基州和阿拉巴馬州的學校比像瓦爾帕萊索大學和佛羅里達海灣海岸大學擁有更多的競爭優(yōu)勢呢?當考慮到如何決定不同團隊之間的工資差異時,問題就變得復雜了。由此可知為大學生運動員提供費用是一種打破平衡的行為,大學生運動員費用的差異會造成更多的不平衡。故選D項。2.C根據(jù)第三段的:Thekeywordisunpaid.Thehistoryoftheword“amateur”datesbacktotheFrenchword“amator”,whichmeans...可知,這里面的關(guān)鍵詞是“免費的”。這一單詞起源于一個法語單詞,意思是:喜愛者。從本質(zhì)上來說大學生運動員是出于對運動的熱愛而從事這項活動的,并不是為了得到錢。作者引用牛津大辭典的解釋是為了從語言權(quán)威的角度在此明確“業(yè)余”的意思是出于愛