美國(guó)養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

豬肉是世界上消費(fèi)量最大的肉類美國(guó)消費(fèi)者對(duì)豬肉的愛好穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)，自1994年以來增加了20%USLivestockSlaughter

(millionhead)

美國(guó)家畜宰殺量(百萬頭)

年份

1960 1970 1980 1990 2001Chicken雞 1,644 2,946 4,132 6,022 8,406Cattle牛 26.0 35.4 34.1 33.4 34.7Sheep羊 16.2 10.8 5.7 5.8 3.2Pigs 豬 84.2 87.1 97.2 85.4 101.6 PerCapitaConsumptionofMeat,Poultry,andFish(Retailweight,lb)

肉,禽和魚的人均消費(fèi)量(零售重,磅)年份

1970 1980 1990 1999Beef 牛肉 84.6 76.6 67.4 69.4Veal 小牛肉2.4 1.5 1.1 0.7Pork 豬肉 56.0 57.3 49.8 54.2Lamb 羊肉 2.9 1.4 1.5 1.2Chicken雞肉 36.9 46.6 60.9 78.1Turkey火雞 8.1 10.5 18.4 17.9Fish 魚 11.7 13.4 15.0 14.5Total 總和 202.6 207.3 214.1 236.0Top10USPorkExportMarkets(2002)

美國(guó)最大的10個(gè)豬肉出口市場(chǎng)(2002年)

Volume(millionmetrictons)(百萬噸)

Japan 日本

242Mexico墨西哥

100Canada加拿大 47Russia俄羅斯

27Korea韓國(guó) 11Taiwan臺(tái)灣

8HongKong香港

8China中國(guó)大陸 6 Columbia哥倫比亞

3Honduras洪都拉斯 3FutureDemandforPork

未來對(duì)豬肉的需求Onaworldbasis,porkconsumptionperheadispredictedtoincreaseoverthenexttwodecades全世界在未來20年豬肉的人均消費(fèi)量將增加Mostofthatincreasewilloccurinthedevelopingworld,particularlyinAsia主要在發(fā)展中國(guó)家特別是亞洲豬肉的消費(fèi)量將增加Thiswillrequireamajorincreaseintheamountofporkproduced這就需要增加豬肉的生產(chǎn)量WHOWILLPRODUCETHISPORK? 誰將生產(chǎn)這些豬肉?ChangesintheU.S.SwineIndustry

from1920to2000

美國(guó)養(yǎng)豬業(yè)1920年到2000年的變化Year年份1920 2000No.farms農(nóng)場(chǎng)數(shù)5,218,000 2,007,000No.farmswithpigs養(yǎng)豬的農(nóng)場(chǎng)4,852,000 85,760Farmswithpigs,%oftotal93 4.3養(yǎng)豬的農(nóng)場(chǎng)數(shù)占農(nóng)場(chǎng)總數(shù)的%Avgno.pigs/farm(inventory)10 698平均每個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的存欄量USDAStatistics,1920/2000census.美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部1920/2000統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果美國(guó)肉豬場(chǎng)數(shù)量(X1000)美國(guó)肉豬場(chǎng)不同規(guī)模肉豬場(chǎng)數(shù)和存欄數(shù)的比例豬場(chǎng)數(shù)存欄數(shù)豬場(chǎng)規(guī)模PorkPowerhouses?

sowgrowthtrends母豬變化趨勢(shì)

Grouping組Year年

Sows母豬%Total比例

Top5前5 1994 559,000Top5前5 2002 1,407,841 22.5Top10前101994 827,000Top10前102001 1,832,341 29.2Top25前251994 1,069,600

Top25前252001 2,468,341 39.4

TotalInventorySowsinU.S.–6,270,000

美國(guó)母豬存欄總數(shù)－6,270,000

USSlaughterCapacity

美國(guó)生豬宰殺量Company公司 1997 1998 1999 Feb.2000June2000Smithfield 72,300 80,300 77,100 80,300 80,300IBP 79,900 72,600 65,500 69,500 69,500Swift 39,400 39,400 39,400 39,400 39,400Excel 37,800 37,800 38,700 38,700 38,700Hormel 34,700 34,700 31,600 31,600 31,600Farmland 33,800 33,800 33,800 33,800 22,800Seaboard 8,000 15,000 15,000 16,000 16,000IndianaPack 13,000 13,000 11,000 11,000 11,000SaraLee 8,000 7,300 9,000 9,000 9,000 Lundy's 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000IowaPacking 7,200 7,200 8,000 8,000 8,000TotalCapacity408,520415,520 381,920388,620377,620

總量408,520415,520 381,920 388,620377,620VerticallyintegratedU.S.porkpacker-producers,2000

美國(guó)豬肉聯(lián)合加工企業(yè)2000年 #Sows母豬#SowsRank排名

NameofOperation公司

Headquarters總部所在地

2000

19941 SmithfieldFoods Smithfield,VA 695,000 65,0002 ContiGroupCo. KansasCity,MO 201,000 20,0003 SeaboardCorp. ShawneeMission,KS 175,000 20,0004 Tyson’s Springfield,AR 110,000 5 Cargill Minneapolis,MN 109,000 77,0006 FarmlandIndustriesKansasCity,MO 38,500 16,0007 Hormel Austin,MN 25,000 0 8 CloughertyPack.Co.LosAngeles,CA 23,000 17,6009 PleasantValleyFoodsHatfield,PA 18,000 TOTALS:總和 1,318,500 215,000

市場(chǎng)份額不斷變化豬肉價(jià)格1986～1998零售價(jià)零售商份額加工商份額生產(chǎn)商份額批發(fā)-零售豬場(chǎng)-批發(fā)豬場(chǎng)凈份額TotalHogs&PigsInventory(000head)2000年12月1日AllOtherStates3,92315,4009,4005,8004,2003,4003,1002,9001,5101,3601,5709501,0406203804302,340800SOURCE:NationalAgricultureStatisticsService數(shù)據(jù)來源：國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)服務(wù)局840美國(guó)肉豬和豬總存欄數(shù)(X1000)HistoricalReasonsforSwineProductioninIllinois

伊利諾州養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)的歷史原因Cornandsoybeans玉米和大豆Experiencedproducersandemployees

有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的豬場(chǎng)主和工人Availablefinance有資金Population-basedmarkets基于規(guī)模的市場(chǎng)IssuesRestrictingtheDevelopmentofUSSwineProduction

限制美國(guó)養(yǎng)豬業(yè)發(fā)展的問題

EnvironmentalConcerns環(huán)境問題CostCompetitiveness價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)ChangingRegulations法規(guī)變化AccesstoExportMarkets出口市場(chǎng)的開拓AnimalWelfare動(dòng)物福利HealthStatus健康問題FoodSafety食品安全ProductQuality產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量Traceability可追蹤性CostCompetitiveness價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)StructuralChangesintheUSSwineIndustry

美國(guó)養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)性變化Emergenceoflargeproductioncompanies 出現(xiàn)大型生產(chǎn)公司Verticalintegration縱向聯(lián)合Verticalco-ordination縱向協(xié)調(diào)Widespreaduseofcontracting廣泛采用合同飼養(yǎng)制FeaturesofContractProduction

合同飼養(yǎng)制的特點(diǎn)Contractorsupplies承包人提供：Buildings豬舍Landformanure處理糞便場(chǎng)地Labor勞力Contractorispaidafixedfeeperpigwithbonusesforhighproductivity承包人按豬的頭數(shù)領(lǐng)取固定酬勞，并因提高生產(chǎn)率而獲獎(jiǎng)Companysupplies公司提供：Pigs豬Feed飼料Veterinaryinput,vaccines,anddrugs獸醫(yī)費(fèi)用，疫苗和藥物Productionsystem生產(chǎn)體系A(chǔ)ccesstotechnology技術(shù)Accesstotechnicalsupport技術(shù)支持Accesstomarkets

銷售AdvantagesofContractProduction

合同飼養(yǎng)制的優(yōu)點(diǎn)Contractor承包人Limited/Nofinancialrisk財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)有限或無Guaranteedincome收入有保證AccesstocapitalCompany公司Limitscapitalrequirements減少資本需要量Productionspreadovermultiplesites生產(chǎn)地點(diǎn)分散FacilityType設(shè)施類型Type GestationFarrowingNurseryGrow/finish類型懷孕產(chǎn)仔 保育 生長(zhǎng)肥育

Totalconfinement全密閉64.2 83.4 81.8 69.9 (mechanicalventln.機(jī)械通風(fēng)) Openbuilding開放式 16.4 12.4 15.9 19.7 (nooutsideaccess無外部通道)Openbuilding開放式 14.7 2.9 1.7 9.2 (outsideaccess外部通道)DirtLot 泥土場(chǎng)地 2.8 0.6 0.3 0.8Pasture

牧地 1.9 0.7 0.3 0.4FacilityManagement設(shè)施管理System系統(tǒng)

Percentofherds群體比例Farrowtofinish分娩到肥育 34.4Farrowtonursery分娩到保育 4.5Farrowtoweaning分娩到斷奶5.1Nurseryonly保育 4.1Nurserytogrow-finish保育到生長(zhǎng)肥育6.8Grow-finishonly 生長(zhǎng)肥育 35.5Other 其它 9.6Source:USDA,2001美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部資料One-siteProduction

FarrowtoFinish

一點(diǎn)式生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)－產(chǎn)仔到肥育BreedingandGestation配種與懷孕Farrowing產(chǎn)仔Grow-Finish生長(zhǎng)和肥育Nursery保育Two-siteProduction

兩點(diǎn)式生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)BreedingandGestation配種與懷孕Farrowing產(chǎn)仔Grow-Finish生長(zhǎng)肥育Nursery保育Three-siteProduction

三點(diǎn)式生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)Breeding-Gestation配種－懷孕Farrowing產(chǎn)仔Nursery保育Grow-Finish生長(zhǎng)肥育PigFlow(percentpigs)

生產(chǎn)流程(豬只比例)

Gestatn.Farrow.NurseryGrow/Finish

懷孕 產(chǎn)仔 保育 生長(zhǎng)/肥育Continuousflow 81.0 17.6 11.1 14.9 不間斷的流程All-in/all-out:全進(jìn)全出ByRoom按室進(jìn)出 10.4 67.0 35.3 14.8 ByBuilding按舍進(jìn)出6.0 11.7 43.6 44.4 BySite按場(chǎng)進(jìn)出 0.5 0.7 8.5 23.4DistancefromNearestSwineOperation與最近豬場(chǎng)的距離英里Two-siteProduction

兩點(diǎn)式生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)BreedingandGestation配種與懷孕Farrowing產(chǎn)仔Wean-to-Finish斷奶-肥育Wean-to-FinishProduction–Components

斷奶到育肥生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)-組成部分Standardfinishingbuilding標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的肥育舍Concreteslatts水泥漏縫地板Curtainsided,tunnelventilated側(cè)簾和隧道式通風(fēng)Finisherfeedersandwaterers肥育飼槽和飲水器Modificationsfornewly-weanedpiglet為新斷奶仔豬提供：Zoneheating取暖區(qū)Comfortmats舒服的墊子Gatingforsmallerpigs小豬的通道Wean-to-FinishProduction

ProposedAdvantages

斷奶到育肥生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)——優(yōu)點(diǎn)Reducednumberofmoves減少轉(zhuǎn)群數(shù)量Lowerlaborrequirementformovingandcleaning

轉(zhuǎn)群和清潔的勞動(dòng)量減少Reducedmovingandmixingstress減少轉(zhuǎn)群和混群的應(yīng)激Lowertransportcosts減少運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用Increasedflexibilityofuse增加使用的靈活性Reducedovercrowdinginnursery減少保育期的過度擁擠Improvedhealthandperformancecomparedtoconventionalmulti-stagesystem與傳統(tǒng)的多階段系統(tǒng)比較可提高健康和性能水平Wean-to-FinishProduction

ProposedDisadvantages

斷奶到育肥生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)－預(yù)期的缺點(diǎn)Increasedfacilitycostcomparedtoatwo-stagesystem與兩階段系統(tǒng)比較,增加設(shè)施成本Under-utilizationofbuildingspace(ifsinglestocked)圈舍面積沒有充分利用(假如單頭飼養(yǎng))Lowerweightofoutputperunitfloorspace

單位面積出欄重量減少Establishingthenewly-weanedpiglet建立新斷奶仔豬群Pigsaremoredifficulttohandleatloadout?

豬不易裝車Wean-to-FinishProduction–Issues

斷奶到育肥生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)——有關(guān)事項(xiàng)Establishingthenewly-weanedpiglet建立新斷奶仔豬群Optimizingthroughputformaximumprofit生產(chǎn)量最佳化以獲取最大利潤(rùn)Overstocking存欄過多Degreeofoverstocking-range150to300%

過量存欄在150到300％Optimumtimetospiltpens-6to12weeks

分圈的最佳時(shí)間是6到12周Groupsize群體大小Floorspaceallowance圈欄容量Minimizingvariation最小的變異Biologicalversuseconomicperformance

生物性能與經(jīng)濟(jì)性能的比較ProductionSystems生產(chǎn)體系

AnimalFlow豬的流程BreedingandGestation配種，妊娠Farrowing分娩Grow-Finish生長(zhǎng)肥育Nursery保育Numberofsows 2500母豬數(shù)Pigletsweaned/week 1000每周斷奶仔數(shù)Nurserybuildingsize 1100保育舍規(guī)模Grow-finishbuildingsize 1100生長(zhǎng)肥育舍規(guī)模

MULTIPLESITES–AGESEGREGATION多點(diǎn)生產(chǎn)，按年齡隔離GroupsofSINGLE-SEXpigsofSAMEAGE單一性別、單一年齡組群ALL-IN/ALL-OUTmanagementsystem全進(jìn)全出管理CREATESPOSSIBILITIESTOEMPLOY“IMPROVED”NUTRITIONALMANAGEMENT創(chuàng)造高營(yíng)養(yǎng)管理的機(jī)會(huì)SPLIT-SEXFEEDING分性別飼養(yǎng)PHASEFEEDING階段飼喂FEEDBUDGETING飼料預(yù)算Wean-to-Finish斷奶-肥育

FeedBudget飼料預(yù)算Phase階段

Budget(kg/head)預(yù)算(千克/頭)I 0.25II 1III 2IV 7V 14VI 30VII 50VIII 90IX 130SwineHousing豬舍Lowestcost最低成本Fullyinsulated充分隔熱Environmentallycontrolled環(huán)境控制Heaters取暖Ventilationsystem通風(fēng)Designedformaximumventilationinsummer夏季最大通風(fēng)Designedforminimumventilationinwinter冬季最低通風(fēng)Fullyautomated全自動(dòng)

WasteManagementSystems

(percentofsites)

糞污處理系統(tǒng)(豬場(chǎng)比例)

Gestatn.Farrow.Nurs.Gr/Fn.

懷孕 產(chǎn)仔保育生長(zhǎng)肥育Pit-holding糞池 19.4 34.7 51.6 47.1 Mechanicalscraper/tractor 32.5 13.0 10.4 28.4機(jī)械刮糞/拖拉機(jī)Handcleaned手工清潔 19.1 23.6 12.9 9.6Flush(underslatts) 5.9 15.3 15.5 5.1沖水(漏縫地板下)Flush(opengutter) 1.8 4.4 2.3 2.5沖水(開放系統(tǒng))Other 其它 7.2 3.6 2.0 3.1None 沒有 14.1 5.4 5.3 4.2Records記錄

Percentofsites豬場(chǎng)比例Feedintake采食量 54.4Druguse藥品使用 68.1Breeding 配種 76.2Wastedisposal糞污處理 38.0Benchmarking基本要點(diǎn)Comparingyourproductionwiththoseofotheroperations將你的生產(chǎn)與其它豬場(chǎng)作比較Physicalperformance生產(chǎn)性能Financialperformance財(cái)務(wù)狀況Production“efficiency”isafunctionof:生產(chǎn)效率的影響因素Individualanimalperformance單頭性能Pigletsweanedpersowperyear每頭母豬年斷奶仔數(shù)Growthrate&Feedefficiency生長(zhǎng)率，飼料利用率Throughput產(chǎn)量Pigsweanedperfarrowingcrateperyear每個(gè)產(chǎn)仔籠年產(chǎn)仔數(shù)Weightoffinishedpigsproducedpersquaremeteroffloorspace單位面積生產(chǎn)肥育豬重量PigCHAMPBreedingHerdSummary–USFarms

PigCHAMP軟件統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果

Average TopTop Top

平均

前25% 前10% 前1%Weaning-to-farrowinginterval,days 7.6 6.2 5.6 5.1斷奶至配種天數(shù)Av.parityoffarrowedsows 3.3 3.9 4.2 4.1分娩母豬平均胎次Farrowingrate,%分娩率 74.8 81.4 84.8 88.8Av.pigsbornalive/litter 10.1 10.5 10.8 11.3平均窩產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)Litters/permatedfemale/yr 2.10 2.30 2.40 2.51每頭配種母豬年產(chǎn)窩數(shù)Pigsweaned/litter窩斷奶仔數(shù) 9.0 9.4 9.7 10.3Pigsweaned/mated/female/yr 20.4 22.1 23.3 25.1每頭配種母豬斷奶仔數(shù)Pigsweaned/crate/year 91.4 136.0 154.5 171.9每產(chǎn)仔籠年斷奶仔數(shù)Cullingrate,%淘汰率 43.1 30.9 18.5 12.1Deathrate,%死亡率 7.8 4.9 3.0 3.1平均每頭配種母豬年產(chǎn)仔數(shù)，巴西平均每頭配種母豬年產(chǎn)仔數(shù)，美國(guó)美國(guó)平均前10%SlaughterStatistics屠宰數(shù)據(jù)Daystoslaughter 178上市所需天數(shù)Slaughterweight,kg 115屠宰體重(千克)Backfatthickness,mm背膘厚(毫米) 17Source:USDA,2001GrowthPerformanceonCommercialUnits

美國(guó)商品豬場(chǎng)生長(zhǎng)性能inUS

Median平均PhaseApprox.weightrange(kg)ADG(kg)ADFI(kg)G:FratioNursery5to204300.620.70Grow-Finish30to11581026000.33Wean-to-Finish5to11566017600.37階段體重大致范圍(千克)日增重日采食增重/耗料保育期生長(zhǎng)肥育期斷奶-肥育生產(chǎn)性能實(shí)際水平和潛力(40~120千克)研究商品場(chǎng)水平潛力日采食(千克)日增重(千克)耗料/增重瘦肉生長(zhǎng)率(克/天)MatingTechniques配種技術(shù)First/SecondService PercentofSows首次/第二次配種 母豬比例AI/AI 人工授精/人工授精64.8Handmating/AI自然交配/人工授精 7.2Handmating/Handmating自然交配/自然交配5.3Penmating 群交 18.5Othercombination其它組合 4.2Source:USDA,2001 資料來源:美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部,2001年SemenSourcing

精液來源

Percentofsites豬場(chǎng)比例Purchasedsemen購(gòu)買精液 72.9Collectedonsite本場(chǎng)采