英語翻譯技巧英語翻譯技巧英語翻譯技巧資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月英語翻譯技巧版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準:發(fā)布日期：翻譯技巧由于漢英兩種語言在詞法、句法上的差異，翻譯并不是簡單的一對一復制，而是根據(jù)具體情況，靈活地運用翻譯技巧坐車必要的調整和改變，使譯文最大程度地再現(xiàn)原文的意義，又使它符合譯語的表達習慣。翻譯技巧大體分為八類。它們是：加注（annotation）、釋義（paraphrase）、增詞（amplification）、減詞（omission）、轉換（shiftofperspective）、歸化（adaptation）、切分（division）和合并（combination）。加注由于漢英文化的不同，英語中某些詞義在漢語中根本不存在，形成詞義上的空缺。在這種情況下，常常采用加注法來彌補空缺。加注可分為音譯加注和直譯加注兩種。音譯加注指音譯后附加解釋性注釋。注釋可長可短，可以在文中注釋，也可采用腳注。Cartoon卡通片Hamburger漢堡包Benz奔馳車Hippie嬉皮士（20世紀60年代出現(xiàn)在美國的青年頹廢派一員，喜群居，蓄長發(fā)，穿奇裝異服）ElNino厄爾尼諾（現(xiàn)象）（指嚴重影響全球氣候的太平洋熱帶海域的大風及海水的大規(guī)模移動）SaintValentine’sDay圣瓦倫丁節(jié)情人節(jié)，2月14日）Hygeiaherselfwouldhavefallensickundersucharegiment;andhowmuchmorethispooroldnervousvictim?

YoulooklikeAl-Caponeinthatsuit.Hesawhimself,inasmartsuit,bowedintotheopulentsuitesofRitzes.It’struethattheenemywonthebattle,buttheirsisbutaPyrrhicvictory,”saidthegeneral.NancyReagan,andnotGeorgeGallup,maywellhavethefinalsay.直譯加注指直譯原文，并附加解釋性注釋。BigApple大蘋果（紐約的別稱）SesameStreet芝麻街（美國兒童電視連續(xù)節(jié)目，每天一小時，主要為動畫片、游戲、木偶劇等。）OvalOffice橢圓形辦公室（美國白宮總統(tǒng)辦公室）DesertStorm沙漠風暴（1991年美國領導的多國部隊對伊拉克實施的軍事打擊行動）ItwasFridayandsoonthey’dgooutandgetdrunk.Don’tyouknowthatIonlyloveyouintheworld---you,whoareastonetome.Whileitmayseemtobepaintingthelily,IshouldliketoaddsomewhattoMr.AlistairCook’sexcellentarticle.HeworksintheOldLadyofThread-NeedleStreet.釋義釋義是指舍棄原文中的具體形象，而直接解釋出原文的意思。在翻譯一些具有鮮明民族色彩的詞語，如成語、典故，如果直譯不能使譯語讀者明白，而加注又使譯文太羅嗦時，可采用釋義法，它可使譯文簡潔流暢，又不損壞原文信息的傳達。It’snoteasytobecomeamemberofthatclub---theywantpeoplewhohaveplentyofmoneytospend,notjusteveryTom,DickandHarry.Oursonmustgotoschool.Hemustbreakoutofthepotthatholdsusin.UpBroadwayheturned,andhaltedataglitteringcafé,wherearegatheredtogethernightlythechoicestproductsofthegrapes,thesilkwormandtheprotoplasm.Likemanyothersoutherners,Icametoseekmyfortuneinoneofthosepot-at-the-end-of-the-rainbowfactories.Mr.KingsleyandhisRedBrickboyswillhavetolooktotheirlaurels.增詞(增詞而不增義)（P26）增詞是根據(jù)具體情況在譯文中增加一些必要的詞，使譯文在內容和形式上更加忠實于原文。增詞一般用于以下兩種情況：一是為了語法上的需要，二是為了意義上的需要。Ahorse一匹馬abook一本書1.Butheknewlife,itsfoulnessaswellasitsfairness,itsgreatnessinspiteoftheslimethatinfestedit…2.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.3.Shehadtomakeandreceiveatleastfourteenpresents…3.Theseearlycarswereslow,clumsy,andinefficient.4.Hedoubtlesslyexpectedhugs,tablefulsoffood,tears,laughter,andconversationfollowedbymoreconversation,thenhugsandmorehugsalloveragain,withoutend.Theirhostcarved,poured,served,cutbread,talked,laughed,proposedhealths.7．Ihadexperiencedoxygenand/orenginetrouble.***英語中有一些由動詞或者形容詞派生來的抽象名詞，翻譯時可根據(jù)上下文在其后增加適當?shù)拿~，或在其前面增加適當?shù)男稳菰~，使譯文符合漢語表達習慣，例如:Complacency自滿情緒Unemployment失業(yè)現(xiàn)象Preparation準備工作Backwardness落后狀態(tài)，落后面貌8．Arrangementshavebeenmadetogivetheforeignguestsawarmwelcome.***有時候某些單個英語名詞,為了表達的需要可以依照漢語的習慣譯成四字對偶詞組，例如：greatcontributions豐功偉績gratitude感恩戴德careless粗心大意rumors流言蜚語減詞（減詞而不減義）減詞是指將原文中需要而譯文中不需要的詞省去。如果原文中某些詞語使譯文累贅羅嗦，且不合漢語語言表達習慣時，就可以省去。減詞一般用于一下兩種情況：一是從語法角度進行減?。欢菑男揎椊嵌冗M行減省。從語法角度進行減?。阂驗橛h語法差異較大，英譯漢時常常使用減詞法。英語中的冠詞、連詞、介詞等等通?？梢允÷?。Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldiers…Theproductshouldbesampledtochecktheirqualitybeforetheyleavethefactory.Iceisasolid.Ifweheatit,itmeltsandbecomeswater.Iwonderifhewasintimeforthe7:30trainforShanghai.Ifithadn’tbeenforyou,Idon’tknowwhatIwouldhavedone.從修飾角度進行減?。悍g中語言必須精練簡潔，因此對于那些在譯文中可有可無、或者有了反而使譯文顯得累贅羅嗦的詞語必須省去，使譯文更加符合漢語表達習慣，體現(xiàn)譯文的語言美.IfeltatrifleshyatthethoughtofpresentingmyselftoatotalstrangerwiththeannouncementthatIwasgoingtosleepunderhisroof,eathisfoodanddrinkhiswhisky,tillanotherboatcomeintotakemetotheportforwhichIwasbound.Herfather,findinghimselfnotlikelytorecover,afterhisthirdattackofdeliriumtorments,wroteamanlyandpatheticlettertoMissPinkerton,recommendingtheorphanchildtoherprotection…Towardpeoplewithwhomhedidn’tgetonwell,though,hewasimperious,andwhentheydispleasedorannoyedhim,itmadehimsnortlikeabull.Herdarkeyesmadelittlereflectedstars.Shewaslookingathimasshewasalwayslookingathimwhenheawakened.轉換由于英漢語語言、語法、思維方式及表達習慣的不同，英譯漢時常常使用轉換法，使譯文更加通順流暢，地道可讀。轉換的形式多種多樣：一、詞類轉換；二、句子成分轉換；三、表達方式轉換；四、自然語序與倒裝語序轉換；五、肯定與否定轉換；六、主動與被動轉換。詞類轉換：英漢語言在表達方式上差異較大，英譯漢時并非逐字逐句對譯，有時某些詞類必須做一些轉換，使譯文流暢自然。通常有：轉換為動詞；轉換為名詞；轉換為形容詞；轉換為副詞。Thecultivationofahobbyandnewformsofinterestisthereforeapolicyoffirstimportancetoapublicman.Thesightandsoundofourjetplanefilledmewithspeciallonging.For20yearswewerepassivewitnessestothedeteriorationofpricesofourrawmaterialsandanexcessiveincreaseofthepricesofmanufacturedgoods.Asheisaperfectstrangerinthecity,Ihopeyouwillgivehimthenecessaryhelp.5.Headded:“Iunderstandandrespectthoseviews,butIdeeplybelieveinthecorrectnessofmydecision.”6.ItisourgreatpleasuretonotethatChinahasmadegreatprogressineconomy.7.Ihadthehonortotellyouthatyou’vewontheprize.8.Thelegendaryheroesrobbedtherichtohelpthepoor.9.Hethenactedasareluctantinterpreter.10.Theinflammationischaracterizedbyred,swelling,feverandpain.11.Thefilmimpressedmedeeply.12．Heisphysicallyweakbutmentallysound.13.Ourproposalwaswarmlywelcomedbyalltherepresentatives.14.“Coming!”Awaysheskimmedoverthelawn,upthepath,upthesteps,acrosstheveranda,andintotheporch.15.OutofalltheglorioustaleswrittenabouttheU.S.revolutionforindependencefromBritainthefactishardlyknownthatablackmanwasthefirsttodieforAmericanindependence.句子成分轉換句子的成分常有主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。漢譯時并不一定是一個蘿卜一個坑，某一句子成分必須用其對等成分來表示，而是視具體情況而定。有時對某些句子成分做些適當、靈活的轉換，可以使譯文更加地道通暢。Youcanalwaystellthesomebodiesfromthenobodiesatacocktailparty.Thesomebodiescomelate.Cheerful,efficientandwarm-hearted,theywilldoeverythingtomakeyourjourneysmoothandcomfortable.HighwayandairtrafficcametoastandstillinmostofEasternWashingtonTheriverwaswide,andwaswalledwithsolidtimberonbothsides;youcouldn’tseeabreakinithardlyever,oralight.表達方式轉換英漢語言在表達方式上有著較大的差異，翻譯時常得轉換一些表達方式，使譯文符合漢語表達習慣。英語中有些計量詞，如score，dozen，decade，quarter等，在漢語中沒有相應的表達方式，所以在漢譯時必須加以轉換。Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadoFourscoreandsevenyearsagoourfathersbroughtforthonthiscontinentanewnation.ShewillbebackinthelatetendaysofJune.Fivedecades,aquarterofcenturyago,thefirstquarteroftheyear50年25年第一季度在年齡的表達上，英語并沒有什么特殊的表達方式，而漢語卻有自己獨特的書面表達法。如30――而立之年，40――不惑之年，50――知命之年，60――花甲，70――古稀等，翻譯時可加以轉換。Noonebelievesthatheisalreadyoverseventyyearsold.由于英漢表達方式和習慣的不同，有時翻譯時還得進行視點上的轉換，從其對立面進行表達，才能使意思清楚明白。Shehasbeenawidowonlyforsixmonths.Icouldn’tagreemore.－Ishereaspecialratebythemonth?

－Yes,thereisa10%discount.Suchachancehasdeniedme.自然語序與倒裝語序轉換句子的自然語序是主語在前，謂語在后，倒裝語序主要是指主謂倒裝。英語中倒裝語序使用較多，主要是為了加強語氣、突出重點、平衡句子結構等，而漢語中倒裝語序使用相對較少，所以英譯漢時，常常得將倒裝語序轉換為自然語序。Slowlyclimbsthesummermoon.Thesedifferencesshouldnothinderusfromestablishingnormalstaterelations,stilllessshouldtheyleadtowar.InfrontofmewalkedthelittlemanwhooncewalkedsofastIhadtoruntofollowhim.Uptheroadcameasoundofcreakingaxles,andthenaslowcloudofdust,andthenabull-cartbearingRansicBilbroandhiswife.肯定與否定轉換由于英漢語言習慣的不同，英語中有些肯定句在漢語中習慣用否定句來表達；而有些否定句，在漢語中則習慣用肯定句來表達，即通常所說的“正說反譯，反說正譯”。英語否定句中常含有否定詞no，not，never，否定前綴non-,in-,im-,ir-,dis-,否定后綴–less等的句子，漢語否定句則指含有否定詞語“不”、“沒”、“非”、“未”、“否”、“無”、“勿”、“別”等詞語的句子?？隙ㄞD換為否定frost-freerefrigerator無霜冰箱Freeze!別動！Wetpaint!油漆未干！Apollutionfreecar無污染的車Keepoffthelawn!請勿踐踏草地！Keepyourhandsoff!請勿動手！Asheslippedhiscoffee,heopenedastilldampmorningpaper,andbeganreading.Father’sattitudetowardanybodywhowasn’thiskindusedtopuzzleme.HewenttoanoutdoorphoneboothanddialedChicago,thenNewYork,thenSilence.Silence.Silence.Thenaughtyboyisfarfromhonestandhisexcuseisprettythin.否定轉換為肯定Youcan’tbetoocareful!Butthereisanotherstory,afamilysaga,thatmayturnouttobeimportanttounlockingthemysteryofwhatactuallyhappenedbetweenLewinskyandthePresident.TheUnitedNationsOrganizationhasnot,sofar,justifiedthehopeswhichthepeopleoftheworldsetonit.Then,aftertheeasyrollingMid-lands,thedramaticPeakDistrict,withitsgenuinesteepfells,neverfailstoastonishme,forIfeelthatithasnobusinesstobethere.主動與被動轉換英語中的被動語態(tài)較多，而漢語中則相對較少，因此，在英譯漢中，被動語態(tài)常?？赊D換成主動語態(tài)，當然有時也可以保留其被動語態(tài)。而英語中的主動語態(tài)，有時在漢譯時，也可以根據(jù)漢語的表達習慣用被動語態(tài)加以表達。Heatisconstantlyproducedbythebodyasaresultofmuscularandcellularactivity.IwasconvincedthenandIamconvincednowthatwhiletherisksweregreat,so,too,wasthepotentialreward.Infutureconflicts,similarlogisticalproblemarelikelytoberepeated---raisingtheprospectofmassconfusioninafull-scalemobilization.Hisdismissalturnedouttobeablessingindisguise.AndagainthePravdapassedfromhandtohand.Thepaperbecamewornandtornfromsomuchhandling.***常用被動句型的翻譯：Itishopedthat…希望。。。Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報道。。。Itissaidthat…據(jù)說。。。Itissupposedthat…據(jù)推測。。。Itisassertedthat…有人主張。。。Itisbelievedthat…有人相信。。。Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…大家認為。。。Itwastoldthat…有人曾經說。。。6．歸化英漢文化沖突較多，翻譯中有時直譯原文會使譯語讀者感到費解、甚至誤解，而漢語中又有意義相同或相近、且具有自己鮮明文化色彩的表達法時，就可以加以歸化。翻譯成語、典故、形象詞語時常用歸化。恰到好處的歸化可以使譯文地道、生動、簡潔，便于譯語讀者理解。AstimidasahareWetlikeadrownratAsstubbornasamuleSeekahareinahen’snestAsdumbasanoysterCryupwineandsellvinegarTalkhorseKillthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggsDrinklikeafishLoveme,lovemydog.Oncethewifeofaparson,alwaysthewifeofaparson.Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy.Finefeathersmakefinebirds.Hemayalwayspossessmeritswhichmakeupforeverything,ifhelosesontheswings,hemaywinontheroundabouts.I’madiplomat,alinguist,altogetheraspectacledcreampuff.EverybodysaidhowwellthenewSecretarywasdoing,butoldMr.Carrsaidshortly,“Yes,Newbroomssweepclean.”7．切分英語中長句較多，長句中修飾語多且長，使句子結構復雜，而漢語中長句相對較少，修飾語也少而短。所以英譯漢時，不能照樣復制，而是得根據(jù)漢語的特點，靈活處理，切分就是一種常用的方法，是指把英語中的長句分解成兩個或者兩個以上的句子。它常包括單詞分譯、短語分譯和句子分譯三種情況。單詞分譯單詞分譯是指把原文中的一個單詞拆譯成一個句子。采用單詞分譯主要有兩個目的：一是為了句法上的需要。由于一些單詞在搭配、詞義方面的特點，直譯照搬會使句子生硬、晦澀、翻譯腔十足，而把某個單詞分譯卻能使句子通順，且不損傷原意。二是為了修飾上的需要，如加強語氣，突出重點等。英語中的名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞都可以分譯。Atpresentpeoplehaveatendencytochoosethesafetyofthemiddle-groundreply.WerecognizethatChina’slong-termmodernizationprogramunderstandablyandnecessarilyemphasizeseconomicgrowth.TobaccoaddictsremainhopelesslyblindtosignsthatsayNoSmoking.短語分譯短語分譯是指把原文中的一個短語分譯成一個句子。名詞短語、分詞短語、介詞短語等有時都可以分譯成句。InvitinggreenAngelIsland,onceamilitaryinstallation,containsmeanderingtrailsandpicnicspotsidealforadayOnceconsideredandartcolony,SausalitoSeveralblocksfromthepark,runningparalleltoit,ClementStreetbustleslikeasecondChinatownwithdozensofethnicrestaurants.句子分譯句子分譯可以分為簡單句的分譯、并列復合句的分譯、主從復合句的分譯以及其它情況的分譯。---簡單句的分譯簡單句的分譯要根據(jù)實際情況，靈活處理。Itscrispclimateandheartstoppingviewsmakeitagreatwalkingtownforthefit.Thisturn-of-the-centurystructureistheplacetocatchtheferrytoSausalito.In1921hismother’sdeathwascloselyfollowedbythatofhisthree-year-olddaughterMarigold.---并列復合句的分譯含有并列分句的英語復合句，常常在分句連接處加以切分，譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子。HelenMarchpickedupthetelephonesecondsafterthefirstringandsoundedpuzzledwhenAlanaskedforJune.TherecruitmentofChineselaborwasnotuniversallyacceptedinraciallyconscious19thcenturyAmericaandsomewhiteworkerswereunsettledbytheirappearanceinlargenumber.Latinmusthavebeenverylaborious,evenifyouwerebroughtuptoit;butnodoubtitgavetheRomans,andtheGreekstoo,afineandeasywayofestablishingtheirposthumousfame.---主從復合句的分譯含有從屬成分的英語復合句，常常在分句連接處加以切分，譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子。WhiteHouseofficialshaveacknowledgedduringthepastweekthatdisclosureofthesecretdealingwasthelatestandmostseriousinanumberofrecentissuesthathaveraisedbroadquestionsabouttheadministrationcredibility.InthecourseofmytravelsinAmericaIhavebeenimpressedbyakindoffundamentalmalaisewhichseemstomeextremelycommonandwhichposesdifficultproblemsforthesocialreformer.