中學(xué)初中英語語法——句子成分以及簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句中學(xué)初中英語語法——句子成分以及簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句中學(xué)初中英語語法——句子成分以及簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句資料僅供參考文件編號(hào)：2022年4月中學(xué)初中英語語法——句子成分以及簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句版本號(hào)：A修改號(hào)：1頁(yè)次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：句子成分；簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、句子成分(一)句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。(二)主語：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句(當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí))和倒裝句中,主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名詞)WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代詞)One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(數(shù)詞)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(動(dòng)名詞)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名詞化的形容詞)WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主語從句)Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主語,真正的主語為后面的不定式)(三)謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、復(fù)合謂語：(1)由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：Wearestudents.(四)表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài),它一般位于系動(dòng)詞(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名詞)Isityours(代詞)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容詞)Thespeechisexciting.(分詞)Threetimessevenistwentyone(數(shù)詞)HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)Hishobby(愛好)isplayingfootball.(動(dòng)名詞)Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介詞短語)Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副詞)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表語從句)(五)賓語：賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者,一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展覽)yesterday.(名詞)Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.(代詞)HowmanydictionariesdoyouhaveIhavefive.(數(shù)詞)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名詞化形容詞)Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短語)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(動(dòng)名詞短語)Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(賓語從句)賓語種類：(1)雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語),例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ)),例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.(六)賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞,除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外,還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語,才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞(如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ))。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名詞)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容詞)Letthefreshairin.(副詞)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短語)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(現(xiàn)在分詞)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介詞短語)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(從句)(七)定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容詞)Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分詞)Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名詞)HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代詞)Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短語)Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(動(dòng)名詞)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介詞短語)(八)狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子,說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語。可由以下形式表示：Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副詞及副詞性詞組)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介詞短語)Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短語)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分詞短語)Waitaminute.(名詞)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(狀語從句)狀語種類如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix(時(shí)間狀語)Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因狀語)Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.(條件狀語)MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地點(diǎn)狀語)Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式狀語)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴隨狀語)Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的狀語)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(結(jié)果狀語)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(讓步狀語)Iamtallerthanheis.(比較狀語)練習(xí)一一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.二、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的主語(—)、謂語(＝)、賓語(～)：Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.三、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的定語(—)、狀語(＝)、補(bǔ)語(～)：MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It'sgreat!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChinaWell,Imuststopandgetsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents.四、選擇填空：()1.____willleaveforBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather____.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted____.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactor______attheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.deaded()6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis()9.Thedog____mad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句(一)句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1)陳述句(肯定、否定)：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2)疑問句(一般、特殊、選擇、反意)：DotheylikeskatingHowoldisheIshesixorsevenyearsoldMarycanswim,can’tshe3)祈使句：Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4)感嘆句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1)簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(或并列主語)和一個(gè)謂語(或并列謂語)。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列連詞(and,but,or等)或分號(hào)(；)把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。3)復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)、定語從句和狀語從句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.(二)簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型1、主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語：e.g.Heisastudent.2、主語+不及物動(dòng)詞：e.g.Wework.3、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語)：e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ))：e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。(三)并列句的分類1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念,常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等連接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.2、表示選擇,常用的連詞有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折,常用的連詞有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果關(guān)系,常用的連詞有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.(四)高考考點(diǎn)探討1、簡(jiǎn)單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多,但是在閱讀中有時(shí)需借助于劃分句子成分去理解,在書面表達(dá)中,沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達(dá)清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。有時(shí)把祈使句與反意疑問句結(jié)合于一體來考查。一個(gè)題目,幾個(gè)考點(diǎn),是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。3、高考對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對(duì)連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and,but,or,while,以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起,以賓語從句與狀語從句最為明顯,時(shí)間從句與條件從句中,如果主句是將來時(shí),從句則用一般式表將來,這一點(diǎn)在高考中經(jīng)常考查。如：Wewillgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow。練習(xí)二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、判斷下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.二、判斷下列短文中各句是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：Ihopeyouareverywell().I'mfine,buttired().RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm().Augustisthehottestmonthhere().Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.()Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors().WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat().Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm().Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim().Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest().Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden().Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere().Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden().Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell().Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden().MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime().Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy().Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside().It'sgreat()!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion().Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer().Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty().InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates().TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates().InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime().HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina()Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep().Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents().三、選擇填空：1.Givemeonemoreminute____I’llbeabletofinishit.A.andB.orC.ifD.so2.It’sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,____A.hasn’theB.isn’theC.isn’titD.hasn’tit3.____joyfulhewastomeethisbrotheragain!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Whatan4.Letuspass,____A.shan’tweB.shallweC.won’tweD.willyou5.Isupposehe’sserious,____A.doIB.don’tIC.isheD.isn’the6.Youhadbetternotsmokehere,____A.willyouB.hadyouC.shallyouD.haveyou7.Trainashardasyoucan____you’llwintheswimmingcompetition.A.thenB.butC.andD.or8.I’msorrytohavetosaythis,____youforgottoturnoffthelightswhenyoulefttheroomlastnight.A.andB.butC.soD.because9.Johnhasnotyetpassedthedrivingtest,and____.A.Henryhasn’ttooB.HenryalsohasnoteitherC.neitherHenryhasD.neitherhasHenry10.Therearemanysportsloversinhisoffice.Someloveclimbing,____othersenjoyswimming.A.orB.forC.whileD.so11.----Doyoufeellikegoingout____wouldyouratherhavedinnerathome?----I’dliketogoout.A.orB.andC.butD.so12.----“____isthetemperaturetoday”----“It’s38degrees.”A.WhichB.HowC.HowhotD.Howhigh13.----Youruncleisn’tanengineer,ishe----____.A.Yes,heisn’tB.No,heisn’tC.No,heisD.Heis14.____friendly____toeveryone!A.How,issheB.What,issheC.How,sheisD.What,sheis15.Marywenttobedearly,____shefeltverytired.A.orB.soC.forD.yet16.Mother____adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.wasmakingB.makesC.ismakingD.made17.Helayinbed____readsomethingborrowedfromlibrary.A.butB.andC.orD.yet18.----I’dreallylikesomelunchbutIhavesomuchworktodo.----____whatyouwantandIcangetitforyou.A.TellmeB.IfyouwouldsaytomeC.YouwilltellmeD.Ifyoutellme19.Asheisstrong,____canliftonehundredpounds.A.yetheB.butheC.andD.he20.----Ithoughtyouhadanumbrella.----Ihad,____I’velostit.A.sinceB.butC.becauseD.so21.____downtheradio----thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn22.----Idon’tlikechicken____fish.----Idon’tlikechicken____Ilikefishverymuch.A.and,andB.and,butC.or,andD.or,but23.----