ChapteroneIntroductiontoInternationalBusinessLawIwhatisinternationalbusinesslaw?Internationalbusinesslawisthebodyofrulesandnormsthatregulatesbusinessactivitiescarriedoutsidethelegalboundariesofstates.Inparticular,itregulatesthebusinesstransactionsofprivatepersonsinternationally,andtherelationshipofinternationalcommercialorganizations.國際商法是調整跨國商事活動的法律規(guī)范的總稱。它調整的是國際私人商事交易關系和國際商事組織間的關系.ThescopeofinternationalbusinesslawLawforinternationaltradingofgoodsCompanylawNegotiableinstrumentlawMaritimelawInsurancelawLawofinternationaltechnologytransferIndustrialpropertylawInternationalinvestmentlawInternationalfinanciallawInternationaltaxlawLawofinternationaldisputessettlementIIHistoryofInternationalBusinessLaw1.theorigin:HammurabiCodes漢穆拉比法典2.theRomanlaw:JusCivil(civillaw)市民法andJusGentium(publicinternationallaw)萬民法3.theRhodelaw:羅得法4.LawMerchant’s:商人（習慣）法5.thecommonlaw:普通法IIISourcesofinternationalbusinesslawANationallawThemostimportantsource.TakeChinaasanexample:TheContractLawTrademarkLawChinese-ForeignjointVenture(Cooperative)Law,TheCivilProcedureLawArbitrationLawBInternationaltreatiesandconventionsDifferencesbetweentreatiesandconvention:Themostimportantinternationalconventions:TheUnitednationsConventiononContractfortheInternationalSalesofGoods（CISG，聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約）ConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesofLawRelatingtoBillsofLading(theHaguerules，海牙規(guī)則)TheParisConventionfortheProtectionofIndustrialProperty(ParisConvention，巴黎公約)UnderstandingontheRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes(DSU，爭端解決規(guī)則與程序諒解）CInternationalmodellawDefinition:rulesandnormsworkedoutandpassedbysomeinternationalorganizationsforthefreechoicebynations.Examples:1.ModelLawonInternationalCommercialArbitrationbytheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw（聯(lián)合國國際貿易法委員會國際商事仲裁示范法UNCITRALModelLaw）2.PrinciplesofInternationalCommercialContractbytheInternationalInstitutefortheUnificationofPrivateLaw（國際統(tǒng)一私法協(xié)會國際商事合同通則,UNIDROITPICC）NocertainlegalvalidityInfluence:1.modelfornationalandinternationallegislature;2.ameansofinterpretingandsupplementingexistinguniformlaw;3.rulesgoverningthecontract(situations?);4.asubstituteforthedomesticlawDInternationaltradecustomsandusagesDefinition:thegeneralrulesandpracticesininternationaltradeactivitiesthathavebecomegenerallyadoptedthroughunvaryinghabitandcommonuse.(usedtobeoralbutlatercompiledintowrittenrules)Examples:Warsaw-oxfordRulesbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce（華沙-牛津規(guī)則）TheInternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms(INCORMS2010國際貿易術語解釋通則）TheUniformedCustomsandPracticeforCommercialDocumentaryCredits（UCP600跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例）Influence:notlaw,butplaysanimportantrole.1.asbindingrulesbyagreeduponbythepartiestothecontract.2.asinterpretingorfillingthegapsinthecontract.(onlyforusagesthepartiesagreedtobeboundorthatderivefromtheirpastdealings,ortheusagesthepartykneworoughttohaveknownandthatareregularlyobservedintheindustryortradeinvolved.VIInternationalOrganizationsA.OrganizationAffiliatedwithUN隸屬聯(lián)合國的組織1.TheUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCouncil聯(lián)合國經(jīng)社理事會2.TheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL)聯(lián)合國國際貿易法委員會Objectives:promoteinternationaltradethroughharmonizationoftradelawamongnations.Mostimportantachievements:theentryintoforceofCISG;ModelLawonInternationalCommercialArbitration.3.InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)(BrettonWoodsConference)國際貨幣基金組織Objectives:topromoteinternationalmonetarycooperation,tofacilitatetheexpansionandbalancedgrowthofinternationaltradeandtopromotestabilityinforeignexchange.Votingrightsofmembers:250basicvotingright,plusvotingrightscalculatedbytheirquotasubscriptions(onevotingrightsforevery10,000.00SDR.)Chinawithavotingrightsof2.54%.—3.72%特別提款權（specialdrawingright,SDR)國際貨幣基金組織創(chuàng)設的一種儲備資產(chǎn)和記帳單位，亦稱“紙黃金(PaperGold)”。它是基金組織分配給會員國的一種使用資金的權利。會員國在發(fā)生國際收支逆差時，可用它向基金組織指定的其他會員國換取外匯，以償付國際收支逆差或償還基金組織的貸款，還可與黃金、自由兌換貨幣一樣充當國際儲備。但由于其只是一種記帳單位，不是真正貨幣，使用時必須先換成其他貨幣，不能直接用于貿易或非貿易的支付。因為它是國際貨幣基金組織原有的普通提款權以外的一種補充，所以稱為特別提款權。VIInternationalOrganizationsA.OrganizationAffiliatedwithUN4.“WorldBank”(twoinstitutions)世界銀行TheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment國際復興開發(fā)銀行（世界銀行）(loansatmarketterms,nothigh-riskloans)InternationalDevelopmentAssociation國際發(fā)展協(xié)會(loanstopoorcountrieswithaveragepercapitalGNPlessthan$410onmorefavorableterms,butonlytogovernment)InternationalFinanceCorporation國際金融公司(loanstoprivateenterprisesindevelopingcountries)B.otherInternationalOrganizations1.GATT/WTO關貿總協(xié)定與世界貿易組織(relation,aims,roundsofnegotiation,principles,memberships?)2.TheOrganizationforEuropeanEconomicCooperation歐洲經(jīng)濟合作組織(foundationbackgrounds,memberships,principles?)3.InternationalChamberofCommerce國際商會(purposesandcontributiontoworldtrade?)VComparisonofMunicipalLegalSystemA)LegalFamilies法系1.theRomano-GermanicCivilLawFamily羅馬日爾曼民法法系(theRomanlawfamily,thecontinentallawfamily,thecivillawfamily):France,Germany,andSwitzerlandetc.2.theAnglo-AmericanLawFamily英美法系(thecommonlawfamily,thecaselawfamily):England,America,Indiaetc.3.IslamicLawFamily伊斯蘭法系:Islamiccountries.hybrids:elementsofboththecivillawandthecommonlaw.China?B)thedifferencesbetweenthetwomainlegalfamily1.sourceoflaw法源:inthecommonlawsystem,caselaw（判例法）astheprimarysourcebutalsohasanumberofstatutes;inthecivillawsystemonlystatutes（制定法）.2.categoriesoflaws法律分類:publiclawandprivatelaw;commonlawandequitylaw.3.codification法典化:codification,generallynocodificationbutseparatelaws.4.litigationmodes訴訟模式:authoritymode（職權主義）;litigantmode（當事人主義）VIInternationalBusinessLawandChinaHowChinacametoacceptinternationalbusinesslaw?A.WhenwasthefirsttimethatChinastartedtointroduceinternationalbusinesslaw?B.WhatledtotheincorporationofinternationalbusinesslawprinciplesandreasonablecontentsintoChinesebusinesslaw?C.WhatcreatedthebestopportunitytoChinafortheapplicationofinternationalbusinesslaw?ChapterTwoFormsofinternationalBusiness

ISomeInternationalTradeTheoriesA.Specialization專業(yè)化Specializationmeansthateachnationshouldspecializetoitsresourceendowmentbyapplyingthelawofcomparativeadvantages.專業(yè)化是指每一個國家都應該按照相對優(yōu)勢理論專門從事其有資源優(yōu)勢的行業(yè)。Itenablesnationstoemphasizetheactivitiesatwhichtheyaremostefficientandatthesametimegaincertainadvantagesthroughtrade.專業(yè)化能夠使國家專門從事其效率最高的行業(yè)并通過貿易獲得利益。A.SpecializationChina:textile,clothing,shoes,toysBrazil:coffeeWhyspecialization:comparativeadvantage—specialization(divisionoflabor)—trade—increasethewealthofallnationsB.AbsoluteAdvantage絕對優(yōu)勢AdamSmith亞當.斯密絕對優(yōu)勢理論（TheoryofAbsoluteAdvantage），又稱絕對成本說（TheoryofAbsoluteCost）、地域分工說（TheoryofTerritorialDivisionofLabor）。是指某兩個國家之間生產(chǎn)某種產(chǎn)品的成本的絕對差異，即一個國家所耗費的成本絕對低于另一個國家。Examples:C.ComparativeAdvantage相對優(yōu)勢countrieswillspecializeinproducingseveralproductsandservicesinwhichtheyhaveloweropportunitycoststhantheirtradingpartners.DavidRicardo提出的貿易理論，該理論認為，國際貿易的基礎是生產(chǎn)技術的相對差別（而非絕對差別），以及由此產(chǎn)生的相對成本的差別。每個國家都應根據(jù)“兩利相權取其重，兩弊相權取其輕”的原則，集中生產(chǎn)并出口其具有“比較優(yōu)勢”的產(chǎn)品，進口其具有“比較劣勢”的產(chǎn)品。P25case:D.opportunityCost機會成本opportunitycostmeansthevalueofthebenefitthatisgivenuptoproduceoneeconomicgoodasopposedtoanother.Economistsmeasurethe“real”costofdoingbusinessbyitsopportunitycost,notbyitsdirectcost.機會成本：也叫“擇一成本”或“擇機代價”，是指利用某種資源生產(chǎn)某種商品時所放棄的可以利用同一資源生產(chǎn)的其他商品的價值。cases:p25-p26IIExportingA.DirectExportingTerms:domesticbuyer:prospectivecustomer:full-timeexportermanager:exportmarketing:foreignsalesagents:distributorModesofexporting:ForeignsalesagentswhoworkoncommissionSellingdirectlytoforeigndistributorsDifferencesbetweenthetwo?B.IndirectExporting1.throughETCs(exporttradingcompany)2.throughEMCs(exportmanagementcompany)3.SituationinChinaIIIGovernmentControlsoverTradeA.Tariffs關稅1.definition:tariffsaretaxesimposedonimportsorexportswhencrossingthecustomseitherbyvalueorperunitofquantity.a)advaloremduty從價稅b)specificduty從量稅2.Thesignificanceoftariffsa)increasegovernmentrevenueb)protectdomesticindustryc)politicalcontrolTariffisacceptedmeasuresbyWTO,butmustfollowtheprincipleofdeduction.Atpresent,theaveragetariffofindustrialproductsfordevelopedcountriesisabout3%,whiledevelopingcountries10%,andtransitionalcountries6%.B.NontariffBarrierstoTrade非關稅壁壘1.definition:allbarrierstoimportandexportotherthantariffs.Evengreaterandmoreinsidiousbarrierthantariff.2.significance:toprotectnationaleconomy,socialandpoliticalinterest.3.Types:technicalbarriers,environmentbarriers.oftendisguisedintheformofgovernmentrulesorregulations.ChinesemoocakeencountersAmericantechnicalbarriersChinesetoysencounterstechnicalbarriers中國顯然希望利用北京奧運的機會強化中國主導的3G網(wǎng)絡TD-CDMA在中國市場上的地位。不過，這令掌握著3G其他兩個國際標準WCDMA、CDMA2000的歐美國家及其廠商感到緊張。他們擔心中國是在以此建立“技術壁壘”。absolutequotaa)quota配額tariffquotaquotasarenotacceptedmeasuresasalawfulmeansofregulatingtradeexceptinsomespecialcases.Quotasforcarsimported:2004年中國汽車及汽車配件的進口配額增加到104.9億美元.從2005年1月1日起，我國將取消汽車及其關鍵件的進口配額管理。b)embargo禁運:atotalorneartotalbanontradewithaparticularcountry,sometimesenforcedbymilitaryactionandusuallyimposedforpoliticalpurposes.C)boycott貿易抵制:arefusaltotradeordobusinesswithcertainfirms,usuallyfromaparticularcountry,onpoliticalorothergrounds.4.influenceoftariffandnon-tariffbarriers:P29Pa2C.ExportRestrictionsAnexportrestrictionlimitscertaintypeofproductshippedtoanyparticularcountry,whichareusuallyimposedforeconomicorpoliticalpurposes.High-techcomputersmightnotbeallowedtobeshippedfromtheUnitedStatestoanothercountrywithoutalicense.ChinesegovernmentdoesnotallowsomevaluabletraditionalChinesemedicinestobeexported.IV.InternationalLicensingAgreement1.InternationalLicensingAgreements:arecontractsbywhichtheholderofintellectualpropertyrightwillgrantcertainrightsinthatpropertytoaforeignfirmunderspecifiedconditionsandforaspecifiedtime.國際許可協(xié)議是知識產(chǎn)權的持有人把部分權利授予外國公司在一定條件和一定時間內使用的協(xié)議。Amoreimportantmethodthanexportingtogainentryintoforeignmarket.2.Intellectualpropertyrights:areagrantfromagovernmenttoanindividualorfirmoftheexclusivelegalrighttouseacopyright,patenortrademarkforaspecifiedtime.知識產(chǎn)權是一國政府授予個人或公司對版權、專利或商標在一定時間內享有的專有權。CopyrightsCopyrightsarelegalrightstoanartisticorwrittenwork,(includingbooks,software,films,music),ortoalayoutdesignofacomputerchip.TrademarksTrademarksincludethelegalrighttouseanameorsymbolthatidentifiesafirmoritsproduct.PatentsPatentsaregovernmentalgrantstoinventorsassuringthemoftheexclusivelegalrighttoproduceandselltheirinventionsforaperiodofyears.InventionpatentspatentforutilitymodelsPatentforindustrialDesigns3.paymentforInternationalLicensingContractA)lumpsumprice一次總付B)Royalty提成a)fixedroyaltyb)slidingroyaltyC)initialprice+royalty入門費+提成4.TechnologyTransfer技術轉讓definition:theexchangeoftechnologyandknow-how(專有技術）througharrangementssuchasinternationallicensingcontracts.Problems:governmentcontrol,thegapsbetweenthedesireoftheinvolvedparties.5.InternationalFranchising國際特許Themostcommonformoffranchisingisknownasabusinessoperationfranchise,usuallyusedinretailing.Underatypicalfranchising,thefranchiseeisallowedtouseatradenameortrademarkinofferingroyaltybasedonapercentageofsalesorotherfeestructure.最常見的特許形式是在零售領域的商業(yè)方式的特許。典型的國際特許是被特許方支付銷售額一定百分比的提成費或其他費用方式而獲得某個商號或商標的使用權ChapterthreeLegalSystemofInternationalBusinessI.UnitedNationsConventiononContractsforInternationalSalesofGoods(CISG)1.TheDevelopmentofInternationalBusinessLawA)Formationofcustomsforexchangeofgoods–unwrittencodes,knownasLexmercatoriaorlawmerchant–self-ruledlawB)InEngland,by18thcentury,lawmerchantbecameapartofthecommonlaw.C)SalesofGoodsAct(England1894)UniformSalesAct(USA1906,nolongerineffect)UniformCommercialCode(USA1951)D)DraftingoftheCISGreasonandpurpose?Whichorganizationdraftedit?2.ApplicabilityoftheCISGA)Applicability適用范圍a)forcommercialsalesofgoods:notforconsumersalesb)betweenpartieswhoseplacesofbusinessareindifferentcountries(natioanalitynotconsidered)C)theplacesofbusinessareinacontractingstate,orapplicablebyrulesofprivateinternationallaw國際司法規(guī)則導致適用（允許保留）Howisthesituationwhenapartyhasplacesofbusinessinmorethanonecountry(multinationalcorporation)?–principleofclosestrelationship(tothecontract\placeofperformance)B)Salesandissueexcluded排除適用的銷售a)consumergoodssoldforpersonal,familyorhouseholduse.b)goodsboughtatauctionc)stocks,securities,negotiableinstruments,ormoneyd)ships,vessels,oraircrafte)electricityf)assemblycontractsg)contractsthatareinpreponderantpartforthesupplyoflabororotherservicesh)liabilityofthesellerfordeathorpersonalinjurycausedbythegoodsi)partiesagreetoexcludetheConventionortheychooseotherlaw.C.Issuesnotcovered沒有涉及的問題a)thelegalityofthecontract(合同的效力）b)thecompetencyoftheparties（當事人的行為能力）c)therightsofthirdparties（第三方的權利）Doyouknowthereason?Lawsofdifferentcountriesdiffergreatlyontheseissues,whichmightjeopardizetheadoptionoftheCISG.InterpretingoftheCISGA)TheConvention公約a)situation:thewordsitselfrequireinterpretationb)methods:theinternationalcharacteroftheconventiontheneedtopromoteuniformityintheconvention’sapplication;theobservanceofgoodfaith(theplainmeaningrule字面意思規(guī)則);Travauxpreparatoire(preparatorywork);legislativehistory?Caselaw?Caselaw?Theneedtopromoteuniformityintheconvention’sapplicationcompelscourtstoexamineandfollowthedecisionsofthecourtsinothercontractingstates.Therequirementtousegoodfaithmeansthatcourtsmustacceptforeigndecisionsasprecedentsanddepartfromthemonlywhentheyareclearlydistinguishable,clearlyerroneous,ornolongerapplicabletochangedinternationalcircumstances.B)GeneralPrinciples一般原則CISGcallsforcourtstolooktothegeneralprinciplesonwhichtheConventionisbased,butgivesnolistofgeneralprinciples.Itdoessetoutmechanismfordeterminingthem:theymustbederivedfromparticularsectionswithintheConvention,andthenextended,byanalogy,tothecaseathand.Twoprinciplessuggested:a)thedutytocommunicateinformationneededbytheotherparty;b)theobligationtomitigatedamagesresultingfromabreach.C)RulesofPrivateInternationallaw國際私法規(guī)則UsedonlywhenCISGitselfdoesnotdirectlysettleamatter,orwhenthemattercannotberesolvedbytheapplicationofageneralprinciplederivedfromtheConventionitself.privateinternationallawrulesvaryfromcountrytocountry.PrivateinternationallawcodesVscaselaw.Purpose:toavoidthepossibilitythatcourtswilladoptinterpretiveaidsonanadhocbasis.D)statementsandConductoftheParties當事人的陳述和行為Approachtodetermine“meetingofminds”or“commonintent”意思一致或合意:subjectiveintentapproach主觀意思主義objectiveintentapproach客觀意思主義.OliverWendellHolmes’comment:“thelawhasnothingtodowiththeactualstateoftheparties’minds.Incontract,aselsewhere,itmustgobytheexternals,andjudgepartiesbytheirconduct.”CISGsubjectiveintentfirst:ifitcanbefairlyascertainedandtheotherpartykneworcouldnothavebeenunawareofthespeaker’sintent.objectiveintent:whenaspeaker’sintentisnotclear.Aparty’sstatementandotherconductare“tobeinterpretedaccordingtotheunderstandingthatareasonablepersonofthesamekindastheotherpartywouldhavehadinthesamecircumstances.”E)Negotiations談判Article8(3)oftheCISG:Whendetermineaparty’sintent,thefollowingconsiderationshouldbetakenintoaccount:a)thenegotiationsleadinguptothecontractb)thepracticeswhichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselves.c)theparties’conductaftertheyagreetothecontract.Purpose:todoawaywiththetechnicalrulesthatdomesticcourtsusetointerpretcontract.theparolevidencerule口頭證據(jù)規(guī)則theparolevidenceruleforbidsacourtfromconsideringany“prior”or“contemporaneousoralunderstanding”whenitisinterpretingawritingthatthepartiesintendedasa“finalexpressionoftheiragreement”SICG’sattitude:Ifthepartieschoosetoadopttheparolevidencerule,theycandoso,however,unlesstheyspecificallydoso,thecourtwilllookatalltherelevantcircumstancesofthecase.F)PracticesandUsages慣例Art.8(3)and9(1):anypracticetheyhaveestablishedbetweenthemselves.(bound)Art.9(1):anyusagewhichthepartiesagreedto.(bound)Art.9(2):ausagewhichthepartieskneworoughttohaveknownandwhichiswidelyknowntoandregularlyobserved.(letcourtsconsider)IIUNIDROITPICCUNIDROIT:theInternationalInstitutefortheUnificationofPrivateLaw.國際統(tǒng)一私法協(xié)會PICC:PrinciplesofInternationalCommercialContracts.國際商事合同通則Themostimportantmodellawsofinternationalcommerce.ScopeofApplication適用范圍Thepreamblestates:“setforthgeneralrulesforinternationalcommercialcontract.”International:involvingmorethanonestatesorregions.Commercialcontracts:(beunderstoodinthebroadestpossibleway)includenotonlytradetransactionsforthesupplyorexchangeofgoodsorserves,butalsoothertypesofeconomictransactions,suchasinvestmentand/orconcessionagreements,contractsforprofessionalservices.GeneralPrinciplesA)FreedomofContract合同自由Art.1(1)reads:“thepartiesarefreetoenteracontractandtodetermineitscontents.”a)thepossibilityofconcludingcontractswithanyotherperson,irrespectiveoftheirlegalstatusandtheirnationality.b)thefreedomofthepartiestodeterminethecontentoftheircontract.c)therighttoexcludeUNIDROITPICCinwholeorinpartormodifytheircontent.B)OpennesstoUsages對慣例的開放態(tài)度a)partiesareboundbyanyusagetowhichtheyhaveagreedandanypracticewhichtheyhaveestablishedbetweenthemselves.b)alsobyausagethatiswidelyknowntoandregularlyobservedininternationaltradebypartiesintheparticulartradeconcerned,exceptwheretheapplicationofsuchausagewouldbeunreasonable.C)FavorContractus有利于合同成立theaim:preservingthecontractwheneverpossible,thuslimitingthenumberofcasesinwhichitsexistenceorvaliditymaybequestionedorinwhichitmaybeterminatedbeforetime.Eg:acontractmaybeconcludedeitherbytheacceptanceofanofferorbyconductofthepartiesthatissufficienttoshowagreement.Eg:about“modifiedacceptance”:iftheadditionalordifferenttermsdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferandtheofferordoesnotobjecttothediscrepancywithoutunduedelay,thecontractexists.D)ObservanceofGoodFaithandFairDealing遵守誠實信用及公平交易原則Nodefinition,referredelsewheretoas“reasonablecommercialstandardsoffairdealing,andnotinasubjectivesense,asastateofmindorjustactinghonestly.”a)dutyofconfidentiality保密義務b)negotiationinbadfaith惡意磋商:apartyentersintoorcontinuesnegotiationswhenintendingnottoreachanagreementwiththeotherparty.negotiationinbadfaith,oneofthecausesofprecontractualliability(先合同義務）,awell-knownprincipleincivillawsystems,aimsatreconcilingfreedomofnegotiationwiththeprincipleofgoodfaith;whilethecommonlawsystemsarereluctanttorestrictthefreedomofnegotiationandfavouraviewofnegotiationsaccordingtowhichpartiesareatriskuntilcontractisformed.Butstillprecontractualliabilitymaybebasedonunjustenrichment,misrepresentationorspecificpromiseetc.c)interpretingtheintentoftheparties:“accordingtothemeaningthatreasonablepersonsofthesamekindasthepartieswouldgivetoitinthesamecircumstances.”d)forcemajeure不可抗力:whichexcludesaparty’sliabilityforitsnon-performanceduetoanimpedimentbeyondthatparty’scontrolandthatitcouldnotreasonablybeexpectedtohavetakentheimpedimentintoaccountatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractortohaveavoidedorovercomeitoritsconsequences.ThePurposeoftheUNIDROITPICCPersuasivevalue,theroletoplayinthefollowingcontexts:AModelforNationandInternationalLegislatorsAMeansofInterpretingandsupplementingExistingInternationalInstrumentsAGuideforDraftingContractsAsRulesGoverningtheContractsthepartiesthemselvesagreedto;toacertainextent,somecourtsreferitasrulesoflawgoverningthecontract.ComparisonoftheUNIDROITandCISGA)theImportanceofCISGTheCISGwasunanimouslyadoptedin1980byadiplomaticconferenceheldinViennawithparticipationofrepresentativesfrom62statesand8internationalorganizations,itrepresentsalandmarkintheprocessofinternationalunificationoflaw.Theimportanceisfurtherdemonstratedbythefactthatthenumberofdecisionsrenderedbybothstatecourtsandarbitraltribunalsinitsapplicationsisrapidlyincreasing.B)theShortcomingsofCISGa)CISGislesscomprehensiveincontents.Eg:thescopeofapplications;issuesexcluded;stressontheprincipleofgoodfaith.(p58)b)someprovisionsinUNIDROITaremorereasonableandsuitable.Eg:attitudetowardusage;c)thetrade-encouragingprincipleisbetterembodiedinUNIDROIT.(aboutthemodifiedacceptance:p59)C)UNIDROITasaMeansofInterpretingandSupplementingSICGSomeimportantconceptinCISGisdefinedinarathercrypticmanner,eg:article25PICCmayprovidefurtherfactorstodeterminethecriterialaiddownbytheCISG,eg:article7.3.1III.InternationalRulesfortheinterpretationofTradeTerms(Incoterms2000)1.conceptandRoleofTradeTermsInordertosavetimeandreducetradecosts,merchantsusetradetermsasashorthandtofixtheirrightsandobligations.Tradetermsareusuallyexpressedintheformofabbreviatedsymbols,suchasFOBorCIF,fromwhichwecanseetheformationofcostofthegoods,placeofdeliveryandallocatingofrisksetc.Incoterms2000A)Whatisincoterms?IncotermsisasetoftradetermdefinitionpublishedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce(ICC),whichprovidesrulestodeterminetheobligationsofbothsellerandbuyer.Firstpublishedin1936,thenewestrevisionisin2000.B)whatisthenatureofincoterms?ICC---Non-governmentalentity,incotermsnotnationallegislationorinternationaltreaty,nobindingforce.Itisawrittenformofcustomandusage,whichmayapplytoacontractofinternationalsalesofgoodsonlyifthepartieshaveincorporatedthemintothecontract.C)Contentsofincoterms200013tradetermsclassifiedinto4groups.a)EGroup(thesellerassumestheleastobligations)EXW:ExWorks工廠交貨Seller:makecontractedgoodsavailableatitsfactory(farm,warehouseetc.)Buyer:bearallrisksandexpensesofthejourneyfromthatpoint,includingclearingthegoodsforexport.b)FGroup(maincarriageunpaid)FCA:freecarrier貨交承運人FAS:freealongsideship裝運港船邊交貨FOB:freeonboard裝運港船上交貨Similarity:thesellerplacesthegoodsinthehandsofacarriernamedbythebuyeratatimeandplacestipulatedbythecontract,andtheriskoflossalsopassestothebuyeratthetimeandplace.Differences?c)cgroup(maincarriagepaid)CFR:costandfreight成本加運費CIF:cost,insuranceandfreight成本、運費加保險費CPT:carriagepaidto運費付至CIP:carriageandinsurancepaidto運費、保險費付至1)shipmentcontact2)passingofrisks:ship’srailorreceiptofgoodsbycarrier.3)dividinglineoffeesandrisksisinconsistent.4)modesoftransportation:CFR/CIF----oceanCPT/CIP---allmodesd)Dgroup(arrivalcontract)DAF:deliveredatfrontier邊境交貨DES:deliveredexship目的港船上交貨DEQ:deliveredexquay目的港碼頭交貨DDU:delivereddutyunpaid未完稅交貨DDP:delivereddutypaid完稅后交貨1)destination(arrival)contract2)underDDP,sellershouldcleargoodsforimport.3)DESandDEQforoceantransportation,therestforallmodes.Theauthorsaysdestinationcontractarebecomingincreasinglypopular,why?D.FOBa)thetermisfollowedbytheportofshipment.Eg:FOBShanghaib)placeofdelivery:onboardtheshipnamedbybuyeratthecontractedportofshipment.c)passingofrisks:ship’sraild)specificobligationsforeachparty(p64)e)loadingexpense:FOBlinerterms,FOBstowed,FOBtrimmed,FOBstowedandtrimmedf)otherissues:classofcarryingship,arrivaltimeofcarryingship(demurrage?),additionalserviceE.CIFa)thetermisfollowedbytheportofdestination.Eg:CIFNewYork.b)Stillshipmentcontract.c)placeofdelivery:onboardtheshipnamedbyselleratthecontractedportofshipment.Symbolicdeliveryd)passingofrisks:ship’srailatshipmentport.e)expenses:carriageandinsurancetodestination.f)specificobligationforeachparty(p67)g)unloadingexpense:CIFlinerterms,CIFlanded,CIFextackle,CIFexshipsholdh)otherissues:insurancepremiem---110%invoicevalueatFPAterms;type,classandnationalityofvessel.F.Modificationoftradetermsa)modificationisallowedb)oftenuseforCIFtermstopreventtradefrauds.c)askforlegaladviceCaseAnalysisKumar700TVNavaonCIFtermsAddition:NavawouldnotpayuntilsoldthegoodsDuringtransportationgoodsstolenKumarsuecarrierCarrieragruenostandingtosueTrialcourtdecision:supportthedefendantKumarappealsDecisionoftheappalletecourt:supporttheplaintiffChapterFourContractlawfortheInternationalSaleofGoodsIDefinitionandFormofContract1.DefinitionofContractA)EnglishLaw:“Apromiseorasetofpromises,forbreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy,ortheperformanceofwhichthelawinsomewayrecognizesasaduty.”B)AmericanLaw:“Apromiseorasetofpromisesthatthelawwillenforceoratleastrecogni