第三章——表面活性劑李碩琦山東科技大學(xué)材料學(xué)院2015.4...第三章——表面活性劑李碩琦...3.1Molecularstructureofsurfactant

表面活性劑的分子結(jié)構(gòu)Surfactantsbelongtoaclassofcompoundknownasamphiphiles(兩親物質(zhì)).Anabbreviationforsurfaceactiveagents....3.1Molecularstructureofsur23.1Molecularstructureofsurfactant結(jié)構(gòu)上雙親物質(zhì)的定義Anamphiphileisasubstancethatcombinesintheonemoleculeasegmentthattendstowaterinsoluble(不溶于水)andoilsoluble(溶于油),i.e.hydrophobicoroleophilic,andasegmentthattendstobewatersoluble,i.e,hydrophilic.Phospholipidshaveamphipathiccharacter....3.1Molecularstructureofsur3磷脂的分子結(jié)構(gòu)BEAConfidential.|4...磷脂的分子結(jié)構(gòu)BEAConfidential.|443.1MolecularstructureofsurfactantAsurfactantisacompoundthatlowersthesurfacetension(降低表面張力)ofaliquid,increasingthecontactbetweentheliquidandanothersubstance.功能上表面活性劑的定義...3.1Molecularstructureofsur53.1MolecularstructureofsurfactantSurfactantsarewater-solubleamphiphilesandarestronglyadsorbedatsurfaces.Thedrivingforceforthisstrongadsorptioncomesfromtheamphiphilcnatureofthesurfactantmolecule.表面活性劑可在表面吸附強(qiáng)烈，驅(qū)動力來自于其雙親性。...3.1Molecularstructureofsur63.1MolecularstructureofsurfactantThehydrophobicportionofthemoleculecanbelargelylocatedinthevapourphaseoutofwaterwhilethehydrophilicportioncanbeimmersedinthewater.疏水端在氣相，親水端在水相...3.1Molecularstructureofsur73.1MolecularstructureofsurfactantSuchadsorbedfilmsareknownasGibbsmonolayers(Monolayerbecausethereisnormallyonlyonelayer).這樣的吸附層被稱為吉布斯單分子層

...3.1Molecularstructureofsur8BEAConfidential.|9...BEAConfidential.|9...93.2SurfactantClassificationTherearefourclassesofsurfactant,definedbytheionicnatureofthehydrophilicmoiety:anionic(陰離子型),cationic(陽離子型),non-ionic(非離子型)andzwitterionic(兩性離子型).十二酸(月桂酸)鈉-肥皂十二烷基苯磺酸鈉鹽-洗衣粉十二烷基硫酸鈉...3.2SurfactantClassification103.2SurfactantClassification溴化十六烷基三甲銨十二烷基氯化吡啶...3.2SurfactantClassification113.2SurfactantClassification環(huán)氧乙烷類-佰草集...3.2SurfactantClassification123.2SurfactantClassification十二烷基二甲基甜菜堿pH不敏感-完美十二烷基丙氨酸...3.2SurfactantClassification133.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions

表面活性劑溶液的表面張力Thesurfacetensionofasurfactantsolution,whenplottedagainstconcentration,usuallyfallssmoothlytoalowerlimitwhichitremainsconstant.表面活性劑溶液表面張力和濃度的變化曲線——下降后保持水平...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact143.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions

表面活性劑溶液的表面張力ThecurveisnearlylinearatverylowconcentrationsandtheGibbsequation(吉布斯吸附方程)indicatesthattheadsorptionisthenproportionaltotheconcentration.a活度，Γ（gama）吸附量非離子型離子型...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact151.dg/da<0，增加溶質(zhì)的濃度使表面張力下降，Γ為正值，是正吸附。表面層中溶質(zhì)濃度大于本體濃度。表面活性物質(zhì)屬于這種情況。2.dg/da>0，增加溶質(zhì)的濃度使表面張力升高，Γ為負(fù)值，是負(fù)吸附。表面層中溶質(zhì)濃度低于本體濃度。非表面活性物質(zhì)屬于這種情況。...1.dg/da<0，增加溶質(zhì)的濃度使表面張力下降，Γ為正值，163.3SurfacetensionofsurfactantsolutionsWhenthesurfacetensionisplottedagainstlncthereisanearlylinearfalljustbeforeanabruptchangetotheconstantvalueofsurfacetension.若以表面張力和lnc做直線，則會在表面張力突變?yōu)槎ㄖ抵坝幸欢尉€性的下降區(qū)域。...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact173.3SurfacetensionofsurfactantsolutionsTheGibbsequationshowsthatwheretheγ-lnccurveislineartheadsorptionisconstant,suggestingthattheadsorptionhasreachedalimit.Saturationadsorption...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact183.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions吸附量的計算AdsorptionvaluescanbecalculatedfromsuchsurfacetensiondatausingtheGibbsequation....3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact193.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions數(shù)據(jù)較少時候的兩個可以的近似Atlowsurfactantconcentrationstheslopedγ/dcisnearlyconstant,andatconcentrationsjustbelowtheregionofconstantsurfacetensiontheslopedγ-lncisnealyconstant.

...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact203.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions吸附等溫線Adsorptionisotherms...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact213.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions例題——分子截面積的求取...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact223.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions例題——分子截面積的求取...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact233.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions例題——分子截面積的求取...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact243.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions例題——分子截面積的求取...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact253.4Micelles(膠束)...3.4Micelles(膠束)...263.4Micelles(膠束)Asthesurfacebecomescrowdedwithsurfactant,moremoleculeswillarrangeintomicelles.Atsomeconcentrationthesurfacebecomescompletelyloadedwithsurfactantandanyfurtheradditionsmustarrangeasmicelles....3.4Micelles(膠束)Asthesurface273.4Micelles(膠束)ThisconcentrationiscalledtheCriticalMicelleConcentration(CMC，臨界膠束濃度)....3.4Micelles(膠束)Thisconcentra28CMC處的變化A,surfacetensionB,interfacialtensionC,osmoticpressure;D,equivalentconductivity;E,solubilityofcompoundswithloworzerosolubilityinwater...CMC處的變化A,surfacetension...29CMC處的變化I-AcontinuousdecreaseinSurfaceandinterfacialtensionswithsurfactantsconcentrationuntilCMC

theSurfaceandinterfacialtensionslevelbecomeconstantowingtocrowdingofsurfactantmoleculesadsorbedatsurfacesandinterfaces....CMC處的變化I-Acontinuousdecreas30A,surfacetensionB,interfacialtensionC,osmoticpressure（滲透壓）D,equivalentconductivityE,solubilityofcompoundswithloworzerosolubilityinwaterCMC處的變化...A,surfacetensionCMC處的變化...31CMC處的變化II-TheosmoticpressurerisesmuchmoreslowlywithincreasingsurfactantconcentrationabovethanitdoesbelowtheCMCbecauseitdependsonthenumberofdissolvedparticles.

...CMC處的變化II-Theosmoticpressur32A,surfacetensionB,interfacialtensionC,osmoticpressureD,equivalentconductivity（當(dāng)量電導(dǎo)）E,solubilityofcompoundswithloworzerosolubilityinwaterCMC處的變化...A,surfacetensionCMC處的變化...33CMC處的變化III-Forionicsurfactants,theequivalentconductivitydropssharplyabovetheCMC.

Onlythecounterionsofnon-associatedsurfactantmoleculescancarrycurrent....CMC處的變化III-Forionicsurfacta34A,surfacetensionB,interfacialtensionC,osmoticpressureD,equivalentconductivityE,solubilityofcompoundswithloworzerosolubilityinwaterCMC處的變化...A,surfacetensionCMC處的變化...35CMC處的變化IV-SolubilityofmanydrugsareincreasedafterCMC....CMC處的變化IV-Solubilityofmanyd36A,surfacetensionB,interfacialtensionC,osmoticpressureD,equivalentconductivityE,solubilityofcompoundswithloworzerosolubilityinwaterCMC處的變化AllthesepropertiescanbeusedtodeterminetheCMC....A,surfacetensionCMC處的變化Allt373.4Micelles(膠束)膠束不影響溶液表面張力...3.4Micelles(膠束)膠束不影響溶液表面張力...383.4Micelles(膠束)膠束不影響溶液表面張力...3.4Micelles(膠束)膠束不影響溶液表面張力...393.4Micelles(膠束)膠束的結(jié)構(gòu)Hydrophilicgroupsoutwardandhydrophilicsegmentsinside...3.4Micelles(膠束)膠束的結(jié)構(gòu)...403.5PropertiesofsurfactantsolutionsKrafftpoint(離子型表面活性劑)TheKrafftpointistheminimumtemperatureatwhichsurfactantsformmicelles....3.5Propertiesofsurfactants413.5PropertiesofsurfactantsolutionsKrafftpoint(離子型表面活性劑)TheKrafftpointistheminimumtemperatureatwhichsurfactantsformmicelles....3.5Propertiesofsurfactants423.5Propertiesofsurfactantsolutions你認(rèn)為，如果我們需要使用膠束的話，Krafftpoint是越高越好還是越低越好？...3.5Propertiesofsurfactants43......44BEAConfidential.|45...BEAConfidential.|45...45BEAConfidential.|46...BEAConfidential.|46...46BEAConfidential.|47...BEAConfidential.|47...47BEAConfidential.|48...BEAConfidential.|48...48BEAConfidential.|49...BEAConfidential.|49...49BEAConfidential.|50...BEAConfidential.|50...50BEAConfidential.|51...BEAConfidential.|51...51......52......53......54......553.5PropertiesofsurfactantsolutionsCloudpoint(非離子型表面活性劑)Withnon-ionicsurfactants,raisingthetemperaturedecreasesthesolubility,duetoweakeningofthehydrogenbondswithwater.Consequentlyatacertaintemperature,knownasthecloudpoint,largeaggregatesofsurfactantseparateoutasadistinctphaseandtheliquidbecomescloudy....3.5Propertiesofsurfactants563.5PropertiesofsurfactantsolutionsCloudpointextraction...3.5Propertiesofsurfactants573.5Propertiesofsurfactantsolutionsmicellestructure...3.5Propertiesofsurfactants583.5Propertiesofsurfactantsolutionsmicellestructure...3.5Propertiesofsurfactants593.6Solubilization（增溶效果）Forsphericalmicellesinparticular,thecentreofthemicelleisessentiallyaliquidhydrocarbon,andassuchitiscapableofdissolvingsomeoil-solublesubstances.Thus,solutionscontainingmicellessometimesincreasethesolubilityofsparinglysolublesubstancesbyincorpratingthesemoleculesintothemicelles,aprocesscalledsolubilization....3.6Solubilization（增溶效果）Forsp603.6Solubilization...3.6Solubilization...613.7Applicationofsurfactantwetting...3.7Applicationofsurfactantw62......63......64......653.7Applicationofsurfactantdetergent...3.7Applicationofsurfactantd66表面活性劑的結(jié)構(gòu)、性質(zhì)特點吉布斯吸附方程膠束的結(jié)構(gòu)臨界膠束濃度克拉夫特點...表面活性劑的結(jié)構(gòu)、性質(zhì)特點吉布斯吸附方程膠束的結(jié)構(gòu)臨界膠束濃67第三章——表面活性劑李碩琦山東科技大學(xué)材料學(xué)院2015.4...第三章——表面活性劑李碩琦...3.1Molecularstructureofsurfactant

表面活性劑的分子結(jié)構(gòu)Surfactantsbelongtoaclassofcompoundknownasamphiphiles(兩親物質(zhì)).Anabbreviationforsurfaceactiveagents....3.1Molecularstructureofsur693.1Molecularstructureofsurfactant結(jié)構(gòu)上雙親物質(zhì)的定義Anamphiphileisasubstancethatcombinesintheonemoleculeasegmentthattendstowaterinsoluble(不溶于水)andoilsoluble(溶于油),i.e.hydrophobicoroleophilic,andasegmentthattendstobewatersoluble,i.e,hydrophilic.Phospholipidshaveamphipathiccharacter....3.1Molecularstructureofsur70磷脂的分子結(jié)構(gòu)BEAConfidential.|71...磷脂的分子結(jié)構(gòu)BEAConfidential.|4713.1MolecularstructureofsurfactantAsurfactantisacompoundthatlowersthesurfacetension(降低表面張力)ofaliquid,increasingthecontactbetweentheliquidandanothersubstance.功能上表面活性劑的定義...3.1Molecularstructureofsur723.1MolecularstructureofsurfactantSurfactantsarewater-solubleamphiphilesandarestronglyadsorbedatsurfaces.Thedrivingforceforthisstrongadsorptioncomesfromtheamphiphilcnatureofthesurfactantmolecule.表面活性劑可在表面吸附強(qiáng)烈，驅(qū)動力來自于其雙親性。...3.1Molecularstructureofsur733.1MolecularstructureofsurfactantThehydrophobicportionofthemoleculecanbelargelylocatedinthevapourphaseoutofwaterwhilethehydrophilicportioncanbeimmersedinthewater.疏水端在氣相，親水端在水相...3.1Molecularstructureofsur743.1MolecularstructureofsurfactantSuchadsorbedfilmsareknownasGibbsmonolayers(Monolayerbecausethereisnormallyonlyonelayer).這樣的吸附層被稱為吉布斯單分子層

...3.1Molecularstructureofsur75BEAConfidential.|76...BEAConfidential.|9...763.2SurfactantClassificationTherearefourclassesofsurfactant,definedbytheionicnatureofthehydrophilicmoiety:anionic(陰離子型),cationic(陽離子型),non-ionic(非離子型)andzwitterionic(兩性離子型).十二酸(月桂酸)鈉-肥皂十二烷基苯磺酸鈉鹽-洗衣粉十二烷基硫酸鈉...3.2SurfactantClassification773.2SurfactantClassification溴化十六烷基三甲銨十二烷基氯化吡啶...3.2SurfactantClassification783.2SurfactantClassification環(huán)氧乙烷類-佰草集...3.2SurfactantClassification793.2SurfactantClassification十二烷基二甲基甜菜堿pH不敏感-完美十二烷基丙氨酸...3.2SurfactantClassification803.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions

表面活性劑溶液的表面張力Thesurfacetensionofasurfactantsolution,whenplottedagainstconcentration,usuallyfallssmoothlytoalowerlimitwhichitremainsconstant.表面活性劑溶液表面張力和濃度的變化曲線——下降后保持水平...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact813.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions

表面活性劑溶液的表面張力ThecurveisnearlylinearatverylowconcentrationsandtheGibbsequation(吉布斯吸附方程)indicatesthattheadsorptionisthenproportionaltotheconcentration.a活度，Γ（gama）吸附量非離子型離子型...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact821.dg/da<0，增加溶質(zhì)的濃度使表面張力下降，Γ為正值，是正吸附。表面層中溶質(zhì)濃度大于本體濃度。表面活性物質(zhì)屬于這種情況。2.dg/da>0，增加溶質(zhì)的濃度使表面張力升高，Γ為負(fù)值，是負(fù)吸附。表面層中溶質(zhì)濃度低于本體濃度。非表面活性物質(zhì)屬于這種情況。...1.dg/da<0，增加溶質(zhì)的濃度使表面張力下降，Γ為正值，833.3SurfacetensionofsurfactantsolutionsWhenthesurfacetensionisplottedagainstlncthereisanearlylinearfalljustbeforeanabruptchangetotheconstantvalueofsurfacetension.若以表面張力和lnc做直線，則會在表面張力突變?yōu)槎ㄖ抵坝幸欢尉€性的下降區(qū)域。...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact843.3SurfacetensionofsurfactantsolutionsTheGibbsequationshowsthatwheretheγ-lnccurveislineartheadsorptionisconstant,suggestingthattheadsorptionhasreachedalimit.Saturationadsorption...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact853.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions吸附量的計算AdsorptionvaluescanbecalculatedfromsuchsurfacetensiondatausingtheGibbsequation....3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact863.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions數(shù)據(jù)較少時候的兩個可以的近似Atlowsurfactantconcentrationstheslopedγ/dcisnearlyconstant,andatconcentrationsjustbelowtheregionofconstantsurfacetensiontheslopedγ-lncisnealyconstant.

...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact873.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions吸附等溫線Adsorptionisotherms...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact883.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions例題——分子截面積的求取...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact893.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions例題——分子截面積的求取...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact903.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions例題——分子截面積的求取...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact913.3Surfacetensionofsurfactantsolutions例題——分子截面積的求取...3.3Surfacetensionofsurfact923.4Micelles(膠束)...3.4Micelles(膠束)...933.4Micelles(膠束)Asthesurfacebecomescrowdedwithsurfactant,moremoleculeswillarrangeintomicelles.Atsomeconcentrationthesurfacebecomescompletelyloadedwithsurfactantandanyfurtheradditionsmustarrangeasmicelles....3.4Micelles(膠束)Asthesurface943.4Micelles(膠束)ThisconcentrationiscalledtheCriticalMicelleConcentration(CMC，臨界膠束濃度)....3.4Micelles(膠束)Thisconcentra95CMC處的變化A,surfacetensionB,interfacialtensionC,osmoticpressure;D,equivalentconductivity;E,solubilityofcompoundswithloworzerosolubilityinwater...CMC處的變化A,surfacetension...96CMC處的變化I-AcontinuousdecreaseinSurfaceandinterfacialtensionswithsurfactantsconcentrationuntilCMC

theSurfaceandinterfacialtensionslevelbecomeconstantowingtocrowdingofsurfactantmoleculesadsorbedatsurfacesandinterfaces....CMC處的變化I-Acontinuousdecreas97A,surfacetensionB,interfacialtensionC,osmoticpressure（滲透壓）D,equivalentconductivityE,solubilityofcompoundswithloworzerosolubilityinwaterCMC處的變化...A,surfacetensionCMC處的變化...98CMC處的變化II-TheosmoticpressurerisesmuchmoreslowlywithincreasingsurfactantconcentrationabovethanitdoesbelowtheCMCbecauseitdependsonthenumberofdissolvedparticles.

...CMC處的變化II-Theosmoticpressur99A,surfacetensionB,interfacialtensionC,osmoticpressureD,equivalentconductivity（當(dāng)量電導(dǎo)）E,solubilityofcompoundswithloworzerosolubilityinwaterCMC處的變化...A,surfacetensionCMC處的變化...100CMC處的變化III-Forionicsurfactants,theequivalentconductivitydropssharplyabovetheCMC.

Onlythecounterionsofnon-associatedsurfactantmoleculescancarrycurrent....CMC處的變化III-Forionicsurfacta101A,surfacetensionB,interfacialtensionC,osmoticpressureD,equivalentconductivityE,solubilityofcompoundswithloworzerosolubilityinwaterCMC處的變化...A,surfacetensionCMC處的變化...102CMC處的變化IV-SolubilityofmanydrugsareincreasedafterCMC....CMC處的變化IV-Solubilityofmanyd103A,surfacetensionB,interfacialtensionC,osmoticpressureD,equivalentconductivityE,solubilityofcompoundswithloworzerosolubilityinwaterCMC處的變化AllthesepropertiescanbeusedtodeterminetheCMC....A,surfacetensionCMC處的變化Allt1043.4Micelles(膠束)膠束不影響溶液表面張力...3.4Micelles(膠束)膠束不影響溶液表面張力...1053.4Micelles(膠束)膠束不影響溶液表面張力...3.4Micelles(膠束)膠束不影響溶液表面張力...1063.4Micelles(膠束)膠束的結(jié)構(gòu)Hydrophilicgroupsoutwardandhydrophilicsegmentsinside...3.4Micelles(膠束)膠束的結(jié)構(gòu)...1073.5PropertiesofsurfactantsolutionsKrafftpoint(離子型表面活性劑)TheKrafftpointistheminimumtemperatureatwhichsurfactantsformmicelles....3.5Propertiesofsurfactants1083.5PropertiesofsurfactantsolutionsKrafftpoint(離子型表面活性劑)TheKrafftpointistheminimumtemperatureatwhichsurfactantsformmicelles....3.5Propertiesofsurfactants1093.5Propertiesofsurfactantsolutions你認(rèn)為，如果我們需要使用膠束的話，Krafftpoint是越高越好還是越低越好？...3.5Propertiesofsurfactants110......111BEAConfidential.|