Chapter1

BasicWordStructureandCommonMorphemesofMedicalEnglish醫(yī)學英語詞匯的基本結構和常見詞素1Chapter1

BasicWordStructureSectionsinThisChaptersectionsinthischapterSection1BasicWordStructure（醫(yī)學）詞匯的基本結構Section2CommonCombiningForms常見的結合詞根Section3CommonSuffixes常見的后綴Section4CommonPrefixes常見的前綴Section5RulesofLatinandGreekPlurals源于拉丁和希臘的英語名詞的復數(shù)變化規(guī)律2SectionsinThisChaptersectioSection1

第一節(jié)BasicWordStructure基本結構3Section1

第一節(jié)BasicWordStruc3typesofmedicaltermsTermsfromcommonEnglish從普通英語中借用的：attack襲擊/發(fā)作，delivery運送/分娩，failure失敗/衰竭Simpleterms單一的、非復合性的術語：hart,spleen,muscle,mumps腮腺炎Termsformedbymorphemes由詞素構成的詞peridarditis,leucocytopenia,hepatoma43typesofmedicaltermsTermsSectionStructure本節(jié)結構

Morphemes[?m?:fi:mz]詞素TextActivities活動5SectionStructure本節(jié)結構MorphemeMorphemes[?m?:fi:mz]

詞素6Morphemes[?m?:fi:mz]

詞素6Psych/omind[ma?nd]心理、精神psychology[sai?k?l?d?i]心理學-logymeansstudyof/詞尾-logy是…學的意思；如physiology[?f?zi??l?d?i]/生理學；

pathology[p??θɑl?d?i]/病理學psychoanalysis[?sa?k???‘n?l?s?s]精神分析；心理分析詞尾-analysis為“分析”之意7Psych/omind[ma?nd]心理、精神7Gastr/ostomach['st?m?k]胃epigastric[?epi?ɡ?strik]上腹部的Theprefixepi-meansabove,andthesuffix–icmeanspertainingto/前綴epi表示以上的意思，后綴ic的意思是與…有關的gastrectomy[g?s‘trekt?mi]胃切除術Thesuffix–ectomymeansexcisionorremoval/詞尾-ectomy意思是摘除術8Gastr/ostomach['st?m?k]胃8sub-

below在…下面subgastric[?s?b?g?str?k]胃下的-gastricmeanspertainingtothestomach/-gastric意思是“胃的”或“和胃有關的”sublingual[s?b‘l??gw?l]舌下的lingualmeanspertainingtothetongue/lingual意思是“舌的”或“和舌…有關的”

9sub-below在…下面9Encephal/o

brain腦electroencephalogram[i.lektr?uen‘sef?l?gr?m]腦電圖（記錄腦電的）AlsocalledanEEG/也叫EEG（縮略來的）；electr/o=electricity/電；-gram=athingthatrecordingsomethingelse/記錄...的東西encephalopathy[en.sef?‘l?p?θi]腦病-pathy=disease/疾病10Encephal/obrain腦10Cardi/o

heart心臟electrocardiogram[??lektr???kɑ:di:??gr?m]心電圖cardiology[.kɑ:di‘?l?d?i]心臟學-logy=study/…學11Cardi/o

heart心臟11Enter/ointestine[?n?test?n]腸（道）（多指小腸）enteritis[.ent?‘raitis]腸炎-itismeansinflammation/-itis=炎（癥）.enteroscopy[en't?r?sk?p?]腸鏡檢查Thesuffix–scopymeanstoviewwithanendoscope.后綴scopy的意思是用內視鏡scope看的過程；詞尾-scope是鏡的意思，microscope/顯微鏡，telescope/望遠鏡

endoscope[?end?sk??p]內視鏡;前綴endo-是在…里面12Enter/ointestine[?n?test?n]pancreat/opancreas[?p??kri:?s]胰腺

pancreatitis[?p??kri??taitis]胰腺炎-itis=inflammation/炎癥pancreatectomy[p??kr??‘tekt?m?]胰腺切除術Thesuffix–ectomymeanssurgicalremoval/詞尾-ectomy意思是“外科摘除術”.13pancreat/opancreas[?p??kri:?sTest

課文14Test

課文14PossiblePartsofaMedicalTermprefix[‘pri:f?ks]前綴suffix['s?f?ks]后綴root[ru:t]詞根combiningvowel

[k?m‘ba?n???va??l]結合元音（連接兩個詞根或連接詞根與詞尾的元音），只起到連接作用。electrocardiogram=electr(詞根)/電+o（結合元音）+cardi（詞根）/心臟+o(結合元音)+gram（詞尾）/記錄…的東西。整個詞的意思是“心電圖”，記錄心臟電活動的圖（這里是紙張，心電圖是記錄在紙張上的）combiningform組合形式

（=詞根+結合元音）15PossiblePartsofaMedicalTePossiblePartsofaMedicalTerm

醫(yī)學術語的5個部分

PSYCH/O/LOGY心理學（學習心理）psycho(root)/心理o

（combiningvowel）(連接詞根與詞尾或詞根與詞根)。起連接作用，無實際意義-logy(suffix)/研究…學;…學

psych/o(combiningform)/心理

16PossiblePartsofaMedicalTPossiblePartsofaMedicalTerm

MoreExample:EPI/GASTR/IC胃上的epi-(prefix/前綴)/在…之上gastr(root/詞根)/胃

-ic(suffix/形容詞詞尾)/…的17PossiblePartsofaMedicalTPossiblePartsofaMedicalTerm

MoreExampleELECTR/O/ENCEPHAL/O/GRAM/腦電圖electr/o(combiningform)/在…之上encephal/o(combiningform)/腦-gram（suffix）/記錄…的東西18PossiblePartsofaMedicalTelectroencephalogram

19electroencephalogram19結合元音的留舍規(guī)則

ELECTR/O/ENCEPHAL/O/GRAM2.Thereisalwaysacombiningvowelinbetweenroots詞根之間永遠有結合元音3.Thereisnocombiningvowelbetweenprefixandroot前綴和詞根之間無結合元音4.Combiningvowelremainsbetweentherootandthesuffixifthesuffixbeginswithconsonantletter如果詞尾以輔音字母開始，詞根和詞尾之間必須有結合元音5.Dropthecombiningvowelifthesuffixbeginswithavowel如果詞尾以元音開始則去掉結合元音1.Mostly,combiningvowelisan‘O’,sometimesitisan‘I’結合元音絕大多數(shù)為“o”，有時為“i”EPI/GASTR/IC20結合元音的留舍規(guī)則ELECTR/O/ENCEPHAL/O/Moreexamplesenter/itis腸炎（為什么此詞詞根詞尾間無結合元音？）enter/o=entestine/腸道（優(yōu)指小腸）-itis=inflammation/炎癥

pancreat/itis胰腺炎pancreat/o=pancreas/胰腺gastr/o/enter/itis胃腸炎（enter開始于元音，為什么前面還有個結合元音？）21Moreexamplesenter/itis腸炎（為什ACTIVITIES課后活動2222Figureoutthemeaningofthefollowingterms1.Explanation:Whatarethefivepossiblepartsofamedicalterm？醫(yī)學詞匯的五個組成部分是什么？答案：prefix前綴、root詞根、suffix后綴、combinningvowel結合元音、combiningform組合形式2.Discussion:Whatisthebestwaytolearnmedicaltermsandwhy？學習醫(yī)學詞匯的最好方法是什么？并且說明理由。答案：學習記憶詞素，而非詞匯（術語），因為3000-5000個常見詞匯（術語）是由700余個短小的詞素組成的。詞匯長而其多，詞素少而且短。23FigureoutthemeaningoftheSection2Commoncombiningforms常見的結合詞根2424Arthr/ojoint關節(jié)arthritis[ɑ:?θraitis]關節(jié)炎arthroplasty[?a:zr?.pl?sti]關節(jié)修復術

Thesuffix–plastymeanssurgicalrepair/詞尾–plasty意思是“外科修復術”.25Arthr/ojoint關節(jié)25Bi/o

Life生命biology[bai??l?d?i]

生物學Thesuffix–logymeansstudy.

biopsy[bai??psi]

活檢（活體組織檢查）Thesuffix–opsymeansprocessofviewing.Inthisprocess,livingtissueisremovedfromthebodyandviewedunderamicroscope/詞尾-opsy意思是“看的過程”

26Bi/o

Life生命26Carcin/o

cancerous,cancer癌性的，癌carcinoma[‘kɑ:si‘n?um?]（上皮細胞）癌-mameanstumor腫瘤（不一定是癌腫）；thistumorisfromepithelialcells（本詞指的是上皮細胞癌）；carcinogen[kɑ:‘sin?d??n]致癌物Thesuffix–genmeansathingproducessomethingelse/詞尾-gen是制造或產生…東西的東西.

27Carcin/o

cancerous,cancer癌性Cephal/oheadcephalic[se‘f?lik]頭的Tuesuffix–icmeanspertainingto,changesthetermintoadjective.-ic=形容詞根Ifaninfantisbornwithitsheaddeliveredfirst,itisacephalicpresentation如果嬰兒頭部先出生，便稱為頭位cephalitis[‘sef?‘laitis]

頭炎28Cephal/ohead28Cis/otocutincision[in‘si??n]切開、切入Theprefixin-meansintoandthesuffix–ionmeansprocess.前綴in-意思是進入，后綴–ion意思是過程。excision[ek‘si??n]切除Theprefixex-meansout前綴ex-意思是出去29Cis/otocut29Cyt/ocell細胞Cytology[sai't?l?d?i]細胞學cytochrome['sait?kr?um]

細胞色素Thesuffix–chromemeanscolor.后綴–chrome意思是顏色。30Cyt/ocell細胞30Enter/o

intestine腸道enteritis[.ent?‘raitis]

腸炎Thesmallintestineisnarrowerbutmuchlongerthatthelargeintestine.小腸比大腸細但比大腸長。Enter/omostlyreferstosmallintestineandlargeintestineusuallyusesthecombiningformofcol/oorcolon/o.Enter/o意思是腸，大多數(shù)是指小腸，大腸通常使用col/oorcolon/o的形式。enterococcus[ent?r?u‘k?k?s]場球菌Thesuffix–coccusmeansasphericalbacterium,asapposedto–bacilluswhichisarod-shapedbacterium.后綴–coccus意思是一種球菌，和桿菌詞尾-bacillus相對立。31Enter/ointestine腸道31Gnos/oknowledge知識、知道diagnosis[?dai?ɡ?n?usis]診斷Theprefixdia-meanscomplete,fromonesidetotheother.Thesuffix–sismeansstateof.前綴dia-意思是全面的，從一邊到另一邊。后綴–sis意思是…的狀態(tài)，英語診斷（diagnosis）從字面上來說，是全面認識的狀態(tài)。prognosis[pr?g?n??s?s]預后Theprefixpro-meansbefore.前綴pro-意思是在之前。從英語字面上來說，預后是在認識之前的狀態(tài)。32Gnos/oknowledge知識、知道32Hepat/oliverhepatocyte['hep?t?sa?t]肝細胞-cytemeanscell.-cyte意思是細胞hepatitis[?hep??ta?t?s]肝炎33Hepat/oliver33Iatr/otreatment治療iatrogenic[ai??tr??d?enik]醫(yī)源的Thesuffix–genicmeanspretainingtoproducing.綴–genic意思是與生產有關。iatrology[ai??tr?l?d?i]治療學34Iatr/otreatment治療34Nephr/okidney腎nephritis[ni?fraitis]腎炎nephrectomy[n?'frekt?m?]腎切除Thesuffix-ectomymeanssurgicalremoval.后綴-ectomy意思是外科手術摘除術。Ren/oalsomeanskidney.Ren/o也是腎的意思。35Nephr/okidney腎35Onc/otumor腫瘤oncology[???k?l?d?i]腫瘤學oncologist[??‘k?l?d?ist]腫瘤專家、腫瘤醫(yī)生Thesuffix–istmeansonewhospecializesinafield.后綴–ist意思是在某一領域專長的人。36Onc/otumor腫瘤36Path/odisease疾病

pathology[p??θ?l?d?i:]病理學pathologist[p??θ?l?d??st]病理專家、病理醫(yī)生37Path/odisease疾病37Ped/oChild孩子pediatric[?pi:di??trik]兒科Iatr/o=treatmentHowever,orthopedists(orth/omeanscorrection)specializeindisordersofbonesandmusclesofpeopleofallages.但是骨科專家的意思（英語字面上是整形外科學家）（orth/o意思是矯正）、擅長所有年齡在骨和肌肉有障礙的人。muscle[‘m?sl]肌肉pedodontist?[?pid??d?nt?st]兒童牙醫(yī)Dont/omeansteeth.Dont/o意思是牙齒。38Ped/oChild孩子38Psych/omind心理psychology[sai?k?l?d?i]心理學Thesciencethatdealswithmentalprocessesandbehavior.一門處理心理過程和行為的科學。psychiatrist[?saiki??trist]精神病醫(yī)生、精神病學家Iatr/omeanstreatment.Iatr/o意思是治療。39Psych/omind心理39pulmon/o

Lung肺pulmonology

[p?l'm?n?l?d??]肺臟學pulmonitis

[p?lm?'na?t?s]肺炎Pneum/ocanalsomeanlung.Pneum/o也是肺。40pulmon/o

Lung肺40Radi/ox-raysX線radiology[?re?di:??l?d?i:]放射學radiotherapy[?re?di:???θer?pi:]放射療法Thesuffix–therapymeanstreatment.后綴–therapy意思是治療。41Radi/ox-raysX線41Rhin/oNose鼻rhinitis[rai?naitis]鼻炎rhinalgia[rai?n?ld?i?]鼻痛Thesuffix–algiameanspain.后綴–algia意思是痛。42Rhin/oNose鼻42Sarc/oflesh,connectivetissue結締組織sarcoma[sɑ:?k?um?]肉瘤Thesuffix–mameanstumor.Asarcomagrowsfromcellsof“fleshy”connectivetissuesuchasmuscle,bone,andfat,whereasacarcinomagrowsfromepithelialcellsthatlinetheoutsideofthebodyortheinsideoforgansinthebody.后綴–ma意思是腫瘤。肉瘤的生長來結締組織細胞，如肌肉，骨和脂肪組織，而上皮細胞癌來源于上皮細胞，上皮細胞生長在身體外面或者身體的內部器官表面sarcogenic[?sɑ:k?u?d?enik]致（肉瘤）癌的-genicmeanspertainingtoproduction.–Genic和制造有關的.43Sarc/oflesh,connectivetissuSect/otocut切resection[ri?sek??n]切除術Theprefixre-meansbackoragain.前綴re-的意思是重新或再次。section[?sek??n]部分44Sect/otocut切44splen/oSpleen脾splenomegaly[?spli:n??'meg?l?]脾腫大-megalymeansenlargement.-megaly意思是變大splenorrhaphy[sple’n?:r?f?]脾臟縫合術-rrhaphymeanssuture.-rrhaphy意思是縫合。45splen/oSpleen脾45activities課后活動46activities46ExplanationWhyareyourequirednottocramyourselfwiththetermsbutdividethemintoparts?你為什么被要求不填鴨式地死背而把術語分成幾個部分來記憶？答案：構成術語的幾個部分是詞素（前綴、詞根、后綴、組合形式），詞素短而少，容易記憶，這種方法會使單詞的學習變得簡單。47ExplanationWhyareyourequireDiscussion通過分析詞的部分（詞素）定義以下術語:arthritis關節(jié)炎，arthr/o=關節(jié)，-itis=炎Enterococcus腸球菌，entert/o=腸道，-coccus=球菌carcinoma癌，carcin/o=結締組織癌性，-ma腫瘤excission切除，ex-=外，-cission=切除的過程biology生物學，bi/o=生命，-logy=…學；學習。48Discussion通過分析詞的部分（詞素）定義以下術語:Section3Commonsuffixes常見的后綴49Section349-acpertainingto與……有關（形容詞后綴）cardiac[?kɑ:di:??k]心臟的Cardi/omeansheart.Cardi/o的意思是心臟.50-acpertainingto與……有關（形容詞后綴）50-alpertainingto與……有關neural[?nju?r?l]神經的Neur/omeansnerve.Neur/o的意思是神經abdominal[?b?d?m?n?l]腹部的Abdomin/omeansabdomen.Abdomin/o的意思腹部51-alpertainingto與……有關51-algiaPain疼痛arthralgia[ɑ:?θr?ld?i?]關節(jié)痛Arthr/omeansjoint.Arthr/o的意思是關節(jié)neuralgia[nju??r?ld??]神經痛52-algiaPain疼痛52-cyteCell細胞erythrocyte[i'riθr?.sait]紅細胞Erythr/omeansred.Erythr/o的意思是紅色leucocyte[?lu:k?sa?t]白細胞Thecombiningformleuc/omeanswhite.組合形式Erythr/o的意思是白色53-cyteCell細胞53-ectomyexcision,removal切除，切除術nephrectomy[ne?frekt?mi]腎臟切除術Nephr/omeanskidney.

Nephr/o的意思是腎臟gastrectomy[g?s'trekt?mi]胃切除術Gastr/omeansstomach.Gastr/o的意思是胃54-ectomyexcision,removal切除，切除-genicProducing生產carcinogenic[kɑ:sin??d??nik]致癌的Cigarettesmokeiscarcinogenic.吸煙是致癌的。pathogenic[?p?θ??d?en?k]致病的Avirusorabacteriummaybeapathogenicorganism.病毒或細菌可能是致病生物。iatrogenic[ai??tr??d?enik]醫(yī)源性的Inthisterm,-genicmeansproducedby.在這個詞中，-genic的意思是通過…產生55-genicProducing生產55-gram

Athingrecordingsomethingelse記錄東西的東西electroencephalogram[i.lektr?u'kɑ:di?gr?m]腦電圖Encephal/omeansbrain.Encephal/o=腦electromyogram[i.lektr?u'mai?gr?m]肌電圖My/omeansmuscle.My/o的意思是肌肉.56-gramAthingrecordingsomet-ic,-icalpertainingto與……有關（形容詞尾）gastric[?g?str?k]胃部的neurological[?nj??r??l?d??k?l]神經學的Neur/omeansnerve,logicalmeansstudyof.Neur/o的意思是神經，logical的意思是學科的surgical[?s?:d??k?l]外科的、外科醫(yī)生的Thistermmeanspertainingtosurgeonsorsurgery.這個詞的意思是與外科醫(yī)生或外科有關的57-ic,-icalpertainingto與……有關-istspecialist,expert專家gynecologist[?ga?n??k?l?d??st]婦科醫(yī)生Gynec/omeanswoman.Gynec/o的意思是女人oncologist[??'k?l?d?ist]腫瘤學家Onc/omeanstumour.Onc/o的意思是腫瘤58-istspecialist,expert專家58-logystudyof學科，研究endocrinology[?end?ukri?n?l?d?i]內分泌科End/omeanswithin,crin/omeanssecrete.End/o的意思是里面，crin/o的意思是分泌cardiology[.kɑ:di'?l?d?i]心臟病學59-logystudyof學科，研究59-omatumor,mass,swelling腫瘤hepatoma[?hep??t?um?]肝癌Ahepatomaisamalignant(mal-meansbad,ign/omeansignite,-antmeanspertainingto)tumoroftheliver.肝癌肝臟的惡性腫瘤（mal的意思是壞的，ign/o的意思是點燃，-ant的意思是與……有關；所有malignant意思是是不懷好意地點燃，惡性的）adenoma[.?d?'n?um?]腺癌Aden/omeansgland.Aden/o的意思是腺體60-omatumor,mass,swelling腫瘤60-opsyviewingwithamicroscope通過顯微鏡觀察biopsy[bai'?psi]活組織切片檢查necropsy[?nekr?psi]驗尸Therootnecr/omeansdeadbodyorcorpse.詞根necr/o的意思是尸體（或壞死）61-opsyviewingwithamicroscop-osisabnormalcondition不正常狀態(tài)nephrosis[ne?fr?usis]腎病leukocytosis[?lju:k?sai?t?usis]白細胞增多Leuc/omeanswhite,cyt/omeanscell.Leuc/o的意思是白色，cyt/o是細胞62-osisabnormalcondition不正常狀態(tài)6-pathydiseasecondition疾病狀態(tài)enteropathy[?ent??r?p?θi]腸道病Enter/omeansintestine.Enter/o的意思是腸道adenopathy[??dn??p?θi]腺病Aden/omeansgland.Aden/o的意思是腺體63-pathydiseasecondition疾病狀態(tài)63-scopeinstrumenttovisuallyexamine視覺檢查儀器endoscope[?end?usk?up]內窺鏡End/omeanswithin.End/o的意思是里面gastroscope[?ɡ?str?sk?up]胃鏡Gastr/omeansstomach.Gastr/o的意思是胃64-scopeinstrumenttovisually-sisstateof狀態(tài)prognosis[pr?g?n??s?s]預后pro-meansbefore.gnomeansknow.Pro-的意思是之前，gn/o的意思是知道diagnosis[?dai?ɡ?n?usis]診斷Dia-meanscomplete,fromonesidetotheotherasin“diameter”(-meter

meansmeasurement).Thewholewordmeansinthestateofknowingcompletely.Dia-的意思是完全的，從一端到另一端，如“diameter直徑的意思是從一邊測量到另一邊。diagnosis整個詞的意思是完全了解狀況，診斷。65-sisstateof狀態(tài)65-stomyopeningtotheoutsideofthebody向體外開口colostomy[k?'l?st?mi]結腸造口術Col/omeanslargeintestine.Col/o的意思是大腸66-stomyopeningtotheoutsideo-tomyprocessofcutting,incision切割，切口osteotomy[??sti??t?mi]骨切開術Incisionortransectionofabone.Oste/omeansbone.切開或橫斷骨頭。Oste/o的意思是骨頭gastrotomy[g?s'tr?t?mi]胃切開術

67-tomyprocessofcutting,inci-yprocess,condition過程；狀態(tài)gastroscopy[ɡ?s?tr?sk?pi]胃鏡檢查Theprocessofvisualexaminationofthestomachusinggastroscope.用胃鏡檢查胃的過程electrocardiography[??l?ktro??kɑrdi???ɡr?fi]心電描記法Theprocessofrecordingheartelectricity.記錄心電的過程。68-yprocess,condition過程；狀態(tài)68Activities

課后活動69Activities

課后活動69Reflection-Tomy=切開術、切入術-stomy=吻合術（如果前面有兩個器官）或造口術（如果前面是一個器官）如gastrostomy：胃造口術（即把胃通過外科方式通過腹壁連到體外，并造個口），因為在這個詞中-stomy前只有胃（gastr/o）一個器官duodenojejunostomy十二指腸空腸吻合術（將十二指腸和空腸連在一起），因為duoden/o=十二指腸，jejun/o=空腸，在這個詞中-stomy前面有duoden/o和jejun/o兩個器官的組合形式，因此是吻合術-ectomy=切除術，摘除術。70Reflection-Tomy=切開術、切入術70Section4

Commonprefixes

常見的前綴

71Section4

Commonprefixes

常a-,an-no,not,without無anemia[??ni:mi:?]貧血；貧血癥-emiameansbloodcondition.-emia意思是血液狀況atrophy[??tr?fi:]n.萎縮，萎縮癥；發(fā)育停止Thesuffix–trophymeansgrowth.后綴–trophy意思是生長72a-,an-no,not,without無72auto-self自己，自我autopsy[??:?t?psi:]尸體解剖-psymeansview.Thistermliterallymeans“toviewbyone’sself.”-psy意思是看。這個詞的字面意思是“一個人自己看”autoimmune[??:t?ui?mju:n]自身免疫的Oforrelatingtoanimmuneresponsebythebodyagainstoneofitsowntissues,cells,ormolecules.涉及到對自身組織，細胞，分子的免疫反應73auto-self自己，自我73dia-through,complete完整的；完全的；徹底的diagnosis[?dai?ɡ?n?usis]診斷Gnos/omeansknow.Gnos/o意思是知道diameter[dai??mit?]直徑Thesuffix–metermeansmeasurement.后綴–meter意思是測量74dia-through,complete完整的；完全的endo-within在…之內,里面

endocrinologist

[??ndo?kra??n?l?d?ist]內分泌學家Crin/omeanssecretion.Crin/o意思是分泌。endoscope[?end?usk?up]內窺鏡；內診鏡-scopemeansinstrumenttovisuallyexamine.-scope意思是通過視覺來檢查的醫(yī)療設備（漢語的“鏡”的意思）75endo-within在…之內,里面

75epi-above,upon超過；在……上面；在……之上epigastric[?epi?ɡ?strik]上腹部的epidermis[?ep??d?:m?s]表皮Derm/o

meansskin.Derm/o意思是皮膚76epi-above,upon超過；在……上面；在……ex-Out外excision[ek'si??n]切除Cis/omeanscut.Cis/o意思是切exhale[eks?he?l]呼氣Thesuffix–halemeansbreathe.后綴-hale意思是呼吸77ex-Out外77exo-Out外exocrine['eks?krin]glands外分泌腺exoerythrocytic[?eks?ui?riθr??sitik]紅細胞外的Erythr/omeansred,cyt/omeanscell.Erythr/o意思是紅、cyt/o意思是細胞。78exo-Out外78hyper-excessive,above,morethannormal過度,超過正常

hyperglycemia[?haip?ɡlai?si:mi?]高血糖癥Glyc/omeanssugar.Glyc/o意思是糖。hypertrophy[hai?p?:tr?fi]肥大；過度增大-tryphymeansconditionofgrowth.-tryphy意思是生長。79hyper-excessive,above,morehypo-dificient,below,under,lessthannormal下面,低于正常hypogastric[?haip?u?ɡ?strik下腹的，下腹部的Whenhypo-isusedwithapartofthebody,itmeansbelow.當前綴hypo-使用在身體的部分詞的后面，它的意思是在…以下。

hypoglycemia[?haip?uɡlai?si:mi?]低血糖癥、血糖過低Hypo-meansdeficient(notenough).Hypo-缺乏(不夠)。80hypo-dificient,below,under,in-into,in進入，在…里面

incision[in'si??n切開,切入Cis/omeanscut.Cis/o意思是切割。inhale[in?heil]吸氣-halemeansbreath.-hale意思是呼吸。81in-into,in進入，在…里面

81peri-surrounding,around周圍

pericardium[?peri?kɑ:dj?m]心包；心包膜Thesuffix–ummeansastructure.后綴-un意思是結構periarthritis[?periɑ:?θraitis]關節(jié)周炎Arthr/omeansjoint.Arthr/o意思是關節(jié)。82peri-surrounding,around周圍

82pro-

before,forward以前,向前

prognosis[pr?g?n??s?s]預后；預知Gn/omeansknow.Gn/o意思是知道。83pro-

before,forward以前,向前

83re-

back,backward,again,回來，向后來，再一次resection[ri?sek??n]切除術Thisisanoperationinwhichanorganis“cutback”orremoved,sect/omeanscut.這是一個手術，在這個手術過程中，一個器官被回切，或切除；sect/o意思是切。relapse[r??l?ps]復發(fā)Thesuffix-lapsemeansfall.后綴-lapse意思是倒下、掉下。84re-

back,backward,again,回來，向retro-

Behind在…之后retrocardiac[?retr?u?kɑ:di?k]在心臟后的Cardi/omeansheart.Cardi/o意思是心臟。retroperitoneal[?retr?u?perit??ni:?l]腹膜后的Peritone/omeansperitoneum.Peritone/o意思是腹膜85retro-

Behind在…之后85sub-

below,under在…下面subhepatic[?s?bhi?p?tik]肝下的Hepat/omeansliver.Hepat/o意思是肝臟。sublingual[s?b?li?ɡw?l]舌下的

-lingualmeanspertainingtothetongue.-lingual意思是與舌有關的，舌的。86sub-

below,under在…下面86trans-

across,through通過transhepatic[tr?nsh??p?t?k]經肝的87trans-

across,through通過87activities

課后活動88activities

課后活動88ExplanationWhydoeshyperglycemiameanexcessiveamountofglucosecirculatingintheblood?為什么hyperglycemia意思是循環(huán)血中糖量過多的意思？答案：因為hyper-=高于正常，glyc/o=糖，-emia=血液情況89ExplanationWhydoeshyperglyceDiscussion-emiameansbloodconditionbecause–iameanscondition.Uur/omeansurineandchez/omeansstool,whatdo–uriaand-cheziamean?-emia意思是血液情況，因為-ia意思是情況。Uur/o意思是尿液，chez/o意思是糞便，那么–uria和-chezia意思是什么？答案：-uria=尿液情況；-chezia=糞便情況90Discussion-emiameansbloodcoSection5

RulesofLatinandGreekPlurals

源于拉丁和希臘的英語名詞的復數(shù)變化規(guī)律91Section5

RulesofLatinandMorphemes

詞素92Morphemes

詞素92bacter/o Bacterium細菌Bacteremia

[?b?kt??ri:mi?]菌血癥-emiameansbloodcondition.-Emia意思是血液情況Bacteroid[?b?ktir?id]

類細菌-oidmeansresembling.類似意思是像93bacter/o Bacterium細菌93neur/onerve神經neuroma[nju?r?um?]

神經瘤-mameanstumor.—ma=腫瘤neurobiology

[?nju?r?ubai??l?d?i]

神經生物學Bi/omeanslife,-logymeansstudyof.bi/o=生命，-logy=...學科。94neur/onerve神經94Test

課文95Test

課文95introductionNounsthatoriginatedfromLatinandGreekhavetheirownrulesforplurals.起源于拉丁和希臘的名詞有其自己的復數(shù)構成規(guī)律

but,foreveryrulethereisanexception但是，每個規(guī)則都有例外的情況youwillalsoneedtomemorize(orlookup)theseexceptions需要記住這些例外情況SometermsalsohaveEnglilshendings有些拉丁和希臘名詞還有英語詞尾（不僅有他們原有的詞尾）96introductionNounsthatorigina-a-aevertebra[?v?:t?br?]椎骨vertebrae['v?:t?bri:]alga[??lg?]藻類algae

['?ld?i:]；algasformula[?f?:mjul?]處方Formulae['f?:mj?li:]97-a-aevertebra[?v?:t?br?]椎-en-inaforamen[f??'re?m?n]孔foramina[f??r?m?n?]孔Foramens孔98-en-inaforamen[f??'re?m-ex-icescortex[?k?:?teks]皮層，皮質cortices['k?:t??si:z]Index['?ndeks]指標，索引Indices['?nd?si:z]；indexes['?nd?si:z]指標，索引99-ex-icescortex[?k?:?te-is-esdiagnosis[?da??g?n??s?s]診斷Diagnoses[?da??ɡ'n??si:z]診斷analysis[??n?l?s?s]分析analyses[?'n?l?si:z]分析hypothesis[ha??p?θ?s?s]假設Hypotheses[ha?'p?θ?si:z]假設100-is-esdiagnosis[?da??-itis-itidesNephritis[ne'fra?t?s]腎炎Nephritides[ni'fritidi:z]腎炎Arthritis[ɑ:?θra?t?s]關節(jié)炎Arthritides['ɑ:θr?ta?dz]關節(jié)炎101-itis-itidesNephritis[n-ix-icesappendix[??pendiks]附錄，闌尾appendices[?'pend?si:z]matrix[?me?tr?ks]細胞基質matrices['me?tr?si:z]；matrixes[me?t'r?ks?z]102-ix-icesappendix[??pe-on-aspermatozoon[sp?:m?t?u?z?u?n]精子spermatozoa[?sp?:m?t?'z???]criterion[kra?'t??r??n]標準criteria[kra?‘t??r??]；Criterions[kra?'t??r??nz]103-on-aspermatozoon[sp?-um-aileum[?ili?m]回腸ilea[?ili?]bacterium[b?k't??r??m]細菌bacteria[b?k't??r??]datum[?de?t?m]數(shù)據data['de?t?]104-um-aileum[?ili?m]回腸1-us-ialveolus[?l?vi?l?s]牙槽，肺泡alveoli[?l'vi?lai]focus['f??k?s]焦點foci['f??sa?]；focuses[?f?uk?siz]fungus['f??ɡ?s]真菌fungi['f?nd?a?]；funguses[?f??ɡ?siz]105-us-ialveolus[?l?vi?l-ax-acesthorax[?θ?:r??ks]胸Thoraces

['θ?:r?si:z]106-ax-acesthorax[?θ?:r?-ma-matasarcoma[sɑ:'k??m?]肉瘤sarcomata[sɑ:k??'m?t?]neuroma[nj??'r??m?]神經瘤neuromata[nj??'r??m?t?]107-ma-matasarcoma[sɑ:'k-nx-ngeslarynx[?l?r??ks]喉larynges[l?'r?nd?i:z]pharynx[?f?ri?ks]咽Pharynges[f?'r?nd?i:z]108-nx-ngeslarynx[?l?r??-yx-ycescalyx[?keiliks]腎盞calyces

['ke?l?si:z]109-yx-ycescalyx[?keilik-ax-acesthorax[?θ?:r??ks]胸Thoraces

['θ?:r?si:z]110-ax-acesthorax[?θ?:r?activities

課后活動111activities

課后活動111ReflectionWhataretheoriginsofnounsofmedicalEnglish?醫(yī)學英語中的名詞來源于什么？答案：英語本身，希臘語，拉丁語112ReflectionWhataretheoriginsDiscussion答案：appendix-appendices闌尾cortex-cortices皮層，皮質diagnosis-Diagnoses診斷nephritis-Nephritides腎炎vertebra-vertebrae椎骨113Discussion答案：113

114114Chapter1

BasicWordStructureandCommonMorphemesofMedicalEnglish醫(yī)學英語詞匯的基本結構和常見詞素115Chapter1

BasicWordStructureSectionsinThisChaptersectionsinthischapterSection1BasicWordStructure（醫(yī)學）詞匯的基本結構Section2CommonCombiningForms常見的結合詞根Section3CommonSuffixes常見的后綴Section4CommonPrefixes常見的前綴Section5RulesofLatinandGreekPlurals源于拉丁和希臘的英語名詞的復數(shù)變化規(guī)律116SectionsinThisChaptersectioSection1

第一節(jié)BasicWordStructure基本結構117Section1

第一節(jié)BasicWordStruc3typesofmedicaltermsTermsfromcommonEnglish從普通英語中借用的：attack襲擊/發(fā)作，delivery運送/分娩，failure失敗/衰竭Simpleterms單一的、非復合性的術語：hart,spleen,muscle,mumps腮腺炎Termsformedbymorphemes由詞素構成的詞peridarditis,leucocytopenia,hepatoma1183typesofmedicaltermsTermsSectionStructure本節(jié)結構

Morphemes[?m?:fi:mz]詞素TextActivities活動119SectionStructure本節(jié)結構MorphemeMorphemes[?m?:fi:mz]

詞素120Morphemes[?m?:fi:mz]

詞素6Psych/omind[ma?nd]心理、精神psychology[sai?k?l?d?i]心理學-logymeansstudyof/詞尾-logy是…學的意思；如physiology[?f?zi??l?d?i]/生理學；

pathology[p??θɑl?d?i]/病理學psychoanalysis[?sa?k???‘n?l?s?s]精神分析；心理分析詞尾-analysis為“分析”之意121Psych/omind[ma?nd]心理、精神7Gastr/ostomach['st?m?k]胃epigastric[?epi?ɡ?strik]上腹部的Theprefixepi-meansabove,andthesuffix–icmeanspertainingto/前綴epi表示以上的意思，后綴ic的意思是與…有關的gastrectomy[g?s‘trekt?mi]胃切除術Thesuffix–ectomymeansexcisionorremoval/詞尾-ectomy意思是摘除術122Gastr/ostomach['st?m?k]胃8sub-

below在…下面subgastric[?s?b?g?str?k]胃下的-gastricmeanspertainingtothestomach/-gastric意思是“胃的”或“和胃有關的”sublingual[s?b‘l??gw?l]舌下的lingualmeanspertainingtothetongue/lingual意思是“舌的”或“和舌…有關的”

123sub-below在…下面9Encephal/o

brain腦electroencephalogram[i.lektr?uen‘sef?l?gr?m]腦電圖（記錄腦電的）AlsocalledanEEG/也叫EEG（縮略來的）；electr/o=electricity/電；-gram=athingthatrecordingsomethingelse/記錄...的東西encephalopathy[en.sef?‘l?p?θi]腦病-pathy=disease/疾病124Encephal/obrain腦10Cardi/o

heart心臟electrocardiogram[??lektr???kɑ:di:??gr?m]心電圖cardiology[.kɑ:di‘?l?d?i]心臟學-logy=study/…學125Cardi/o

heart心臟11Enter/ointestine[?n?test?n]腸（道）（多指小腸）enteritis[.ent?‘raitis]腸炎-itismeansinflammation/-itis=炎（癥）.enteroscopy[en't?r?sk?p?]腸鏡檢查Thesuffix–scopymeanstoviewwithanendoscope.后綴scopy的意思是用內視鏡scope看的過程；詞尾-scope是鏡的意思，microscope/顯微鏡，telescope/望遠鏡

endoscope[?end?sk??p]內視鏡;前綴endo-是在…里面126Enter/ointestine[?n?test?n]pancreat/opancreas[?p??kri:?s]胰腺

pancreatitis[?p??kri??taitis]胰腺炎-itis=inflammation/炎癥pancreatectomy[p??kr??‘tekt?m?]胰腺切除術Thesuffix–ectomymeanssurgicalremoval/詞尾-ectomy意思是“外科摘除術”.127pancreat/opancreas[?p??kri:?sTest

課文128Test

課文14PossiblePartsofaMedicalTermprefix[‘pri:f?ks]前綴suffix['s?f?ks]后綴root[ru:t]詞根combiningvowel

[k?m‘ba?n???va??l]結合元音（連接兩個詞根或連接詞根與詞尾的元音），只起到連接作用。electrocardiogram=electr(詞根)/電+o（結合元音）+cardi（詞根）/心臟+o(結合元音)+gram（詞尾）/記錄…的東西。整個詞的意思是“心電圖”，記錄心臟電活動的圖（這里是紙張，心電圖是記錄在紙張上的）combiningform組合形式

（=詞根+結合元音）129PossiblePartsofaMedicalTePossiblePartsofaMedicalTerm

醫(yī)學術語的5個部分

PSYCH/O/LOGY心理學（學習心理）psycho(root)/心理o

（combiningvowel）(連接詞根與詞尾或詞根與詞根)。起連接作用，無實際意義-logy(suffix)/研究…學;…學

psych/o(combiningform)/心理

130PossiblePartsofaMedicalTPossiblePartsofaMedicalTerm

MoreExample:EPI/GASTR/IC胃上的epi-(prefix/前綴)/在…之上gastr(root/詞根)/胃

-ic(suffix/形容詞詞尾)/…的131PossiblePartsofaMedicalTPossiblePartsofaMedicalTerm

MoreExampleELECTR/O/ENCEPHAL/O/GRAM/腦電圖electr/o(combiningform)/在…之上encephal/o(combiningform)/腦-gram（suffix）/記錄…的東西132PossiblePartsofaMedicalTelectroencephalogram

133electroencephalogram19結合元音的留舍規(guī)則

ELECTR/O/ENCEPHAL/O/GRAM2.Thereisalwaysacombiningvowelinbetweenroots詞根之間永遠有結合元音3.Thereisnocombiningvowelbetweenprefixandroot前綴和詞根之間無結合元音4.Combiningvowelremainsbetweentherootandthesuffixifthesuffixbeginswithconson