XML之運用知識管理工具

TopicMaps(ISO/13250)飛資得資訊有限公司溫達茂中華民國91年8月22日WhatisXMLXMLisamethodfordefiningspecialmarkersor‘tags’thatcanbeinsertedintotexttoindicateitslogicalstructureandtomakeexplicitthemeaningorrhetoricalroleofitscomponentpartsWhyXML?HTML:Containinginformationonlyaboutapage’sappearance.<H1>Thefutureoftheelectronicscientificliterature</H1><H3>byJohnSmith</H3>XML:Documenttobetaggedwithmachine-readable‘metadata’<articletitle>Thefutureoftheelectronicscientificliterature</articletitle><author><firstname>John</firstname><lastname>Smith</lastname></author>HTMLVS.XMLLatinphrase"Quidproquo"inHTML<i>Quidproquo</i>USBattleShipinHTML<i>USSConstitution</i>Latinphrase"Quidproquo"inSGML<foreignlang="latin">Quidproquo</foreign>USBattleShipTitle<nametype="ship">USSConstitution</name>XMLIntelligenceGeorgeWashington--華盛頓總統(tǒng)<nametype=person>GeorgeWashington</name>Washington,D.C.--地名<nametype=place>Washington,D.C.</name>Washington'sArmy--華盛頓的軍隊<nametype=org>Washington'sArmy</name>USSWashington--華盛頓號戰(zhàn)艦<nametype=ship>USSWashington</name>XMLStructurefor

JournalArticleXML-StructuredDocument

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JournalArticleWhatdoesthatmean?(I)Everypartofthedocumentisnotjustdisplayable,butalsodefinable,includingtablesand/orcharts.Forexample,inascientificarticle,XMLtagscanbeusedtodistinguishthetitleofthearticlefromthenamesofitsauthorsorthecellsinatableWhatdoesthatmean?(II)AnalyticalStructuralXML--AnalyticalTag(Marker)--standardize--metadata:DataInterchange--DublinCoreSystemCommunication--OpenUrlXML--Analytical--ApplicationDataInterchange數(shù)位典藏藏計劃聯(lián)聯(lián)合目錄錄(OAI標準準)MARC的XML化MachineCommunicationOpenUrlResolverXML--StructuralLogicalStructureLogicalRelationshipXML--Structural--ApplicationXMLinHierarchicalandStructuralContextMetadataWithinXMLKnowledgeStructureKnowledgeOrganizationToolsThreeGeneralCategoriesofKnowledgeOrganizationTermList:EmphasizinglistsoftermswithdefinitionsClassificationandCategorizationEmphasizingthecreationofsubjectsetsRelationshipList:EmphasizingtheconnectionsbetweentermsandconceptsTermListsAuthorityfilesGlossariesDictionariesGazetteersClassificationandCategorizationSubjectheadingsClassificationschemes,taxonomies,andcategorizationschemesRelationshipListsThesauriTopicMapsSemanticnetworkOntologiesPrinciplesofKnowledgeOrganizationGroupByAssociationKeyIssuesinthePrincipleTerms--Subjects--ConceptsSubjectRelationship--Concept與與Concept之之間的的關係WhatisConcept(概念)?定義:概念是知知識基本本單位，，也是思思維最小小單位概念是人人類斯為為的重要要組成部部分,是是反映映事務特特有屬性性的思維維方式屬性:概念的內內涵:事事務反反映到概概念的特特有屬性性,亦亦即構成成此一概概念的屬屬性總和和汽車的內內涵是下下列屬性性的總和和:““車”,“由由發(fā)動機機驅動””,““有駕駛駛”.外延─概概念的外外延是事事物反映映到概念念的數(shù)量量範圍該概念所所包括的的各個個個體的總總和，稱稱同類外外延大象此一一概念的的外延是是印度象象,非非洲象.構成整體體的各部部分的總總和，稱稱成分外外延“化學元元素系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)”此一一概念的的外延是是指氫,氧,硫…….概念的邏邏輯暨語語義關係係(I)同一關係係兩個概念念的外延延一樣。。例如：：「機器器翻譯」」和「自自動翻譯譯」，都都表示用用機器進進行的翻翻譯。屬種關係係一個概念念的外延延把另一一個概念念的外延延完全包包含。屬概念：：例如：：交通工工具。外外延較大大，包含含另一個個概念全全部外延延的概念念。種概念：：例如：：汽車。。被屬概概念包含含，外延延較小的的概念。。概念的邏邏輯暨語義關係(II)交叉關係係兩個概念念外延有有一部份份相同，，另一部部份不同同。例如如：作家家、教授授。有部部分作家家是教授授，也有有部分作作家不是是教授。。全異關係係並列的全全異關係係：例如如：鋼鐵鐵工人、、紡織工工人，「「工人」」共同的的鄰近屬屬概念。。非並列的的全異關關係：無無共同的的鄰近屬屬概念。。例如：：茶杯、、水果概念的邏邏輯暨語義關係(III)否定關係係一個概念念的否定定關係構構成了另另一個概概念的屬屬性。例例如：加加壓、減減壓概念的邏邏輯關係係暨語語義關係係概念的屬屬性--邏邏輯--語語義關關係如何何定義及及運用於於K.O.?WhatisTopicMap？TopicMap之之定義義Definition:(T.A.O.)AsetofTopics,Associations,Occurrence,Facet,andAddedThemeElementsthatareusedtoManageasetofTermsrelevanttoaparticularKnowledgeDomain.TopicMapsaTopicMapisacollectionoftopicsand(semanticallymeaningful)relationshipsbetweenthesetopicsTopicMapslinkthesetopicswithexternalreferences,suchasresourcesbehindURLsXTMservesasXML-basedinterchangeformatfortopicmapsTopicMaps(cont’d)TMsarea““superimposedsemanticlayer”connectionbetweentopicsandresourcesareURLsTMscapturereal-worldsubjects/objectsbutalsoconcepts,like““TCP”or““l(fā)ove””thesearedefinednotabsolutebutrelativetoeachotherTopicMaps(cont’d)candealwithincompleteknowledge:IknowthatPrinceCharleswasmarriedbutIdonotknowthenameofhiswife.canbemerged:Maybesomeoneelseknowsthatsomeonecalled‘‘Dianna’wasmarriedtoaBritishPrincemergingmapsbyidentifyingcommontopicsTopicMaps(cont’d)aresupposedtodealwithmanythousandtopicsarebuilttodenoteinformation,notknowledge(nosemanticnetwork)arenotbuiltforaspecificapplicationbutwillbereusedinmanydifferentcontextsWhatisTopicMapInformationconnectionisnotjustwebhyperlinks,insteadastructuredsemanticlinknetworkovertheresources--easyandselectivenavigationtotherequestedinformation.ElementsofTopicMapTopicsAssociationOccurrenceandResourcesScopeReification(Definition)creationand/oridentificationofasubjectthistopic‘standsforthesubject’(proxy)inthisprocess,atopicwillbecreatedandcharacteristics(name,...)willbeassignedTopicsAtopiccanbeanything.Regardlesswhetheritexistsornot,whetheritisofphysicalnatureorjustanideaorexpressionWebresources(StockQuotes,Documents)realworld(someone,people,countries,)Atopiccanbeanyconcept.Abstractidea(Happiness,Effectiveness)Eachtopichasaninternalidentification(id),anexternalrepresentation(baseName),canhaveanynumberofexternalreferences(occurrence)andanynumberofclassification(instanceOf)Topicsareonlyrepresentants:theyrepresent(proxy)thesubject;thesubjectitselfexistsoutsidethetopicmap--ThisiswhatasubjectisreifiedbyatopicmeansandwhysubjectIdentityelementisproposed.Topic(Example)TopicNameseverytopichasanuniqueidwithinamapthisidisforinternaluseonlyeverytopiccanhave(oneormore)names:thisnameisvisibleto‘endusers’TopicName--BaseNameThe<baseName>elementspecifiesatopicnameAtopicnameisrepresentedbyonestring:thecontentofthe<baseNameString>childof<baseName>Thecontextwithinwhichtheassignmentofanametoatopicisvalidmaybeexpressedusinga<scope>childelement.Atopicmayhavemultiplebasenamesinthesameand/ormultiplescopes.TopicName--VariantThe<variant>elementisanalternateformofatopic'sbasenameappropriateforaprocessingcontextspecifiedbythevariant's<parameters>childelementAvariantnamewhoseparametersincludethe“display”or“sort”publishedsubjects,whichissemanticallyequivalenttodisplaynamesandsortnames(respectively)asdefinedinISO13250.Variantsvariantsarenamesforaspecificpurposeand/orinaspecificformat:name,asitshouldappearonamobiledisplaylogoonblack&whitescreenhighresolutionlowresolutionbeusedforsortingVariants(cont’d)externalrepresentationsorganizedasatreeparameterscontrolwhichvariantwillbeusedTopicTypesTopicTypes(cont’d)topictypesintroduceatypehierarchyeverytopicmaphasitsowntypehierarchythereisNOglobaltypesystem(ontology)Topic--instanceOfThe<instanceOf>elementspecifiestheclasstowhichitsparentbelongs,viaa<topicRef>or<subjectIndicatorRef>childelement.The<instanceOf>elementisasyntacticshortcutforanassociationofaspecialtypedefinedbytheclass-instancepublishedsubject.TopicTypes(Example)Topic--SubjectIdentityThe<subjectIdentity>elementspecifiesthesubjectthatisreifiedbyatopic,via<resourceRef>,<subjectIndicatorRef>,and/or<topicRef>childelements.Whenatopichasanaddressablesubject,thesubjectcanbeaddresseddirectlyviaa<resourceRef>element.Inthatcase,itistheresourceitselfwhichisconsideredthesubjectofthetopic,notwhattheresourcemeansorindicates.Therecanbeonlyonesuchresourcepertopic.Resourcesmayalsobesubjectindicators,asopposedtosubjectsinandofthemselves.Resourcesareusedtoindicatesubjectsvia<subjectIndicatorRef>elements,ofwhichtheremaybemorethanonepertopic.Atopicmayalsoindicatethatithasthesamesubjectasanothertopicbyaddressingthattopicviaa<topicRef>element.Associationstopicscanparticipateinrelationships,calledassociation,inwhichtopicsplayrolesasmembersAmongtheassociations,whichrelationshiptwoormoretopicshavetoeachother.Itmustbeexplicitlydefined.topicsplaythereMembers:thetopicsinvolvedintheassociationarecalledmembersRole:andthemembersplaytherole.typicalassociationsis-located-in,lived-in,written-byis-facillity-provided-by,requires-to-haveAssociation(Example)Associations(cont’d)allnewlyintroducedtopicshastobedefined:is-located-in,building,locationalsothesetopicscanbelinkedwithassociationsassociationscanhaveanynumberofmembers(1,2,3,...)TopicOccurrencesTopicOccurrences(cont’d)ScopesnotalltopiccharacteristicsarevalidinallcontextsscopeslimitacharacteristicscopesaretopicsthemselvesScopes(cont’d)occurrences:awebdocumentcouldbewritteningermanthedocumentisnotforabeginner,butan expertavisatovisitacountryisnotrelevantforresidents,onlyfornon-residentsnamesthedocumentwritesabouttreesincomputersciencebutnotabouttreesinagricultureScopes(cont’d)associations“SantaClausebringsthepresents”isgoodenoughforchildren,butnotforadultsScopes(cont’d)ifnoscopewasdefined,thenthecharacteristicisvalidinALLscopesunconstrainedscopeScopes(Example)mergeMapA<mergeMap>elementreferencesanexternal<topicMap>elementthroughanxlink:hrefattributecontainingaURI.<!ELEMENTmergeMap(topicRef|resourceRef|subjectIndicatorRef)*><topicRef>TopicMap-DTDTopicMap-XMLTopicMap-XSLTopicMapsLimitationXML-enabledDatabaseandSearchEngineAssociationisonlyPartofRelationship(Non-directionalRelationship)Database-supportedTopicMapsWhatisanontologyPhilosophy:TheoryofexistenceAnontologyisanexplicitspecificationofobjectsandrelationsinthetargetworldintendedtosharewiththecommunityandtouseforbuildingamodelofthetargetworldItisataxonomyofconceptsOntologyTosupportthesharingandreuseofformallyrepresentedknowledge,itisusefultodefinethecommonvocabularyinwhichsharedknowledgeisrepresented.Aspecificationofarepresentationalvocabularyforashareddomainofdiscourse--definitionsofclasses,relations,functions,andotherobjects--iscalledanontology.OntologyOntologyisaSpecificationofaConceptualizationOntology:aformalexplicitdescriptionofconceptsandrelationshipinadomainofknowledgeClass--ConceptsSlot(roles,properties)--Features&attributesofConceptsFacet(rolerestriction)SubjectDescription&Analysis:Relationship:Vertical&HorizonHierarchical&StructuredSemanticandConceptualRelationshipOntologyClassesdescribeconceptsinthedomainAclasscanhavesubclassesthatrepresentconceptsthataremorespecificthanthesuperclassAnontologytogetherwithasetofindividualinstancesofclassesconstitutesaknowledgebaseOntologyendsandtheknowledgebasebeginsComponentsofanontologyConceptsTaxonomyoftheconceptsRelationsamongconceptsFormalspecificationoftheconceptsandrelationsOntologyhas:AcommonvocabularyAnexplicitrepresentationofthing(conceptualization)usuallyleftimplicitbehindasystemAnexplicitrepresentationofasharedunderstandingofthetargetworldOntologyEngineeringOntologyEngineering:DefiningtermsinthedomainandrelationsamongthemDefiningconceptsinthedomain(classes)Arrangingtheconceptsinahierarchy(subclass-superclasshierarchy)--(taxonomy)Definingwhichattributesandproperties(slots)classescanhaveandconstraintsontheirvaluesDefiningindividualsandfillinginslotvaluesOntologyWhatis““Ontology”?利用定定義好好的字字彙來來描述述目前前已存存在之之實體體以樹狀狀結構構勾畫畫出實實體間間彼此此之關關係進而建建構專專業(yè)領領域中中可解解釋並並利用用之知知識架架構提供一一致性性的相相關““詞詞彙””解解釋與與定義義資訊呈呈現(xiàn)的的單一一化資料分分類與與註解解的標標準化化ontologyConceptRelationInstances