法律英語(yǔ)LawEnglish第一講LawinGeneralExplainthemeaningsofthewordorphraseineachsentencebothinEnglishandinChinese.1.appeal（1）PoliticshaveappealedtomesinceIwasatOxfordbecausetheyareexcitingmorning,noonandnight.（2）Byappealingtohisbetternature，wesucceededinhelpingtheboygetridofhisbadhabit.（3）ThedecisionoftheSupremeCourtshallnotbeappealedagainst.2.advocate（1）Advocatesofmultipartysystemsbelievetheypermitallpointsofviewtoberepresentedingovernment.（2）Bar,inlaw,originallyreferstotherailintheEnglishInnsofCourtthatseparatedthecourtofficialsfromthesuitorsandtheiradvocates.3.conviction（1）Hisreligiousconvictionsbroughthimintoconflictwiththeauthorities,andhewasimprisoned.（2）Heledalifeofcrimeandreceivedhisfinalconvictionin1945fordistributing＄134millioninforgedbanknotes.4.condemn（1）Mostpeoplearewillingtocondemntheneedlesswasteoffood.（2）Inthesewarcrimestrials,anumberofdefendantswerecondemnedtodeath,approximately120weregivenprisonsentences,and35wereacquitted.5.justice（1）Theloveofjusticeis,inmostmen,nothingmorethanthefearofsufferinginjustice.（2）Hisgovernmentmademajorreformsinthejusticesystem,makingthecentralcourtsmoreefficient.（3）TheSupremeCourtreachesdecisionsbymajorityvote,butanyjusticemayissueadissentingopinion.Terms.1.A______,whoisalsocalledanattorney,isanindividuallicensedbyastatetopracticelaw.Statesgenerallyrequirethatindividualstakeandpassaspecialexamination,a____________,beforetheycanbelicensedtopracticelaw.2._______presideoverU.S.courtsandaredecisionmakerswithinthecourtsystem.3.Atthetrial,thepartiespresenttheirevidenceandwitnessesincourt,withthe_______goingfirst,followedbythe_______.4._____isthestandardofproofincriminalcasesthatrequiresahighdegreeofquantityandqualityofevidencetosupportaconviction.5.____isanegotiated“agreement”betweenaprosecutorandacriminaldefendantwherebythedefendantpleadsguiltytoalesseroffenseortooneofmultiplechargesinexchangeforsomeconcessionbytheprosecutor,usually,alightersentenceordismissalofothercharges.Theagreementwillbeenforcedaftertheapprovalofthecourt.In1960s,theU.S.SupremeCourthelditconstitutional.Translate.1.AllpowerinthePeople’sRepublicofChinabelongstothepeople.2.AllpersonsholdingthenationalityofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaarecitizensofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.3.AllcitizensofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaareequalbeforethelaw.4.EverycitizenisentitledtotherightsandatthesametimemustperformthedutiesprescribedbytheConstitutionandthelaw.5.AllcitizensofthePeople’sRepublicofChinawhohavereachedtheageof18havetherighttovoteandstandforelection,regardlessofethnicstatus,race,sex,occupation,familybackground,religiousbelief,education,propertystatusorlengthofresidence,exceptpersonsdeprivedofpoliticalrightsaccordingtolaw.LawinGeneralLawisapervasivefeatureofsociallifethatprofoundlyaffectsus.Lawshapesourlivesfromourconditionsofbirthtoourconditionsofdeathandeverythingelseinbetween.Lawmustbeencountered,studied,criticized,andchangedforpeopletorealizedtheirfullcapacitiesascitizens,asproductivemembersofsociety,andascreatorsoftheiridentitiesandofthesocialinstitutionsthroughwhichtheymaketheirlives.Lawhascomplexandfrequentlycontradictoryeffectsonourlives.Oftenlawsupportsourwell-beingandequalparticipationinsociallife.Fromstatutesthatregulatethewayhousesarebuiltsothatelectricalwiringissafelyinstalledtocourtdecisionsthatpreventdiscrimination,lawprovidesgroundsforoursecurityandforourequality.Yetitisalsotruethatlawandthelegalprocessoftencomplicateanddistortourlives,creatingagreatdealofpainandanxiety.Lawisavast,though,sometimesinvisiblepresence.Lawisaneverydayword,partofthebasicvocabulary.Butitisawordofmanymeanings,asslipperyasglass,aselusiveasasoapbubble.DefinitionofLawLawisthesystemofrulesofconductestablishedbythesovereigngovernmentofasocietytocorrectwrongs,maintainstabilityanddeliverjustice.Lawsarerulesthatdefinepeople’srightsandresponsibilitiestowardssociety.Theyareagreedonbysocietyandmadeofficialbygovernments.Lawisthemostexplicit,institutionalizedandcomplexmodeofregulatinghumanconduct.Lawisorder,andgoodlawisgoodorder.FunctionsOfLawInSociety.Societytendstoplacefartoomuchemphasisonthenegativeaspectsoflaw.Manyviewthelawasalistofthingstheyareforbiddentodo.Perhapsthisattitudeisonlynatural,givenoursocialization.Aschildrenwewerecontinuallytold,“Don’tdothis”and“Don’ttouchthat,”soitisunderstandablethatourfirstcontactwithauthorityhasnegativeconnotations.Law,liketherestrictionsplacedonusbyourparents,definestheboundariesofacceptableandunacceptablebehavior.Butlawismorethanjustalistofforbiddenactivities,ittoucheseveryaspectofourlivesandshouldbeviewedasapositiveforce.LawBestowsBenefitsOnPeople.Oneofthepositiveaspectsoflawthatperhapsweseldomconsideristhatitbestowsbenefitsuponpeople.Government,nomatterwhatitsform,usesitslaw-makingpowertodeterminewhoreceivescertainbenefitsandwhodoesnot.LawsdecidingeligibilityforprogramslikeSocialSecurity,foodstamps,unemploymentcompensation,andveteran’sbenefitsarejustafewexamples.Lawsdeterminingwhomayoperateanautomobile,practicelaw,sellrealestate,aresomeothers.Lawisthuscloselyconnectedtothepoliticalsystemsinceitisgovernmentthatdetermines“whogetswhat,when,how”.Thelawbecomesamajorconcernofinterestgroupswhotrytosecurethepassageoflawsbeneficialtothemwhileblockingthepassageofthosethatharmtheirinterests.Finally,itisthegovernment’sabilitytomeetthedemandsofinterestgroupsanditsfairnessinallocatingbenefitsthatprovideanimportantmeasureofgovernmentaleffectiveness.LawCreatesNewPrograms.Government,bypassinglawsthatbestowbenefits,mustcreatebothnewprogramsandthebureaucraciestoadministerthem.Programssuchasfloodcontrol,cropinsurance,welfarebenefits,andhighwayconstructionbytheirverynaturebenefitpeopleinvaryingdegrees.Someprograms,likehighwayconstructionandfoodcontrol,areseeminglyforthegeneralwelfarebutalsobestowbenefitsonhighwaycontractorsandinsurancecompanies.LawReflectsSociety’sVirtues.Interestgroupsdonotusethelawjusttopromotetheirselfisheconomicinterests.Lawhasimportantsymbolicvalueinoursociety.Interestgroups,likepro-lifeandpro-choicegroups,wantthelawtopromotecertainvaluesthattheycherishinsociety.Thisiswhysomepeopleandgroupsarewillingtoworktobanflagdesecrationandpunishhomosexuality.Itiswhyothersareequallywillingtopushforseparationofchurch,freedomofexpression,andtoleranceofindividuallifestyles.Peopleonbothsidesofacontroversialissuebelieveitisimportantforthelawtoreflectthecorrectview-which,ofcourse,meanstheirpersonalviewofpublicpolicy.Thiseagernessofgroupstoseetheirviewsreflectedinthenation’slawsoccupiesthemajorportionofpoliticaldebateinacountry.LawProvidesPredictability.Ourfunctionoflawistoprovideameasureofpredictabilitysothatwecanconductouraffairswithsomecertainty.Contractlawisagoodexampleoflawfulfillingtheneedforpredictability;withoutcontractsenforceableincourts,businesspersonscouldnotconducttheiraffairs.LawProscribesCertainActivities.Aswehavenoted,mostofourthinkingaboutlawcentersaroundwhatwemaynotdo.Lawforbidsbehaviorthatcausesharmtootherpeopleortotheirproperty.Somebehavioristermedmaluminse,orwronginitself.Consequentlythelawforbidsmurder,rape,arson,theft,andotherformsofantisocialbehavior.Therearealsolawsbanningactivitiesthat,whilenotharmfulinthemselves,areforbiddensimplybecausesocietydisapprovesofthem.Neitherparkingina“noparking”zonenorlettingthemeterexpireisreallywronginitself,butbothareagainstthelaw.Theseareexamplesofmalumprohibitum–actsthatarewrongme