EnglishWritingStrategy

properwordsinproperplace

感情充沛真摯；遣詞造句簡練優(yōu)美生動；整篇布局緊湊、渾成。

季羨林2010寫作策略

Soccerisadifficultsport．（1）Aplayermustbeabletorunsteadilywithoutrest．（2）Sometimesaplayermusthittheballwithhisorherhead．（3）Playersmustbewillingtobangintoandbebangedintobyothers．（4）Theymustputupwithachingfeetandsoremuscles．

足球運動員必須能不停地奔跑，有時得用頭頂球，撞別人或被別人撞，必須忍受雙腳和肌肉的疼痛，所以說，足球運動是一項難度大的運動。

寫作策略一、謀篇策略1、確定目的2、仔細審題3、立意素材4、合理謀篇二、成文策略1、選詞策略2、造句策略3、組段策略4、成篇策略三、策略訓(xùn)練一、謀篇策略：確定目的

1.Expressivepurposes.Onemaywritesimplytoexpressone'sfeelings,attitudes,ideas,andsoon.

2.Connotivepurposes.Itseekstoaffectthereader,eg.persuasiveorentertainmentwriting.

3.InformativepurposesItintendstoinformthereader..一、謀篇策略：確定目的

4.Poeticpurposes.(inproseorverseform)Itfocusonitslang.,onthewaytheelementsoflang.areused,onstructureandpatternbothonthelevelofphraseandoftheoverallcomposition.

5.Meta-linguisticpurposes.Commentsonapieceofwriting

6.Communicativepurpose

ItaimstoestablishesandmaintainscontactsByRomanJakobson'一、謀篇策略：仔細審題

提出問題，啟發(fā)思路.WhoWhatWhenWhyWhere：How：1.審文體弄清楚所要寫的屬于哪種體裁的文章.通常的作文體裁一般有記敘文、說明文、應(yīng)用文等，而應(yīng)用文又包括書信、通知、日記、便條等。如：記敘文1）確定描述出發(fā)點以及描述順序2）突出對描述對象的重點印象

3）根據(jù)不同描述對象，選擇不同描述細節(jié)一、謀篇策略：仔細審題

1）Lookingoutfromtheglassofthewindow,Isawthatthegroundofthestreetsandtheroofsoftheneighboringhouseswerecoveredwithalayerofsnow.Thehillwhichstoodnotfarawaybehindthehousesalsohadawhitecoat.Thewholeworldseemedtobeinwhiteexceptforasmallreddotinthestreetwhichsuddenlycaughtmynotice.一、謀篇策略：仔細審題2）Shewasabout10yearsold,butshestoodbeforethemicrophonewithoutfear.Herwhitedressagainstthegreenbackgroundofthestagemadeherlooksopure.Shewassmiling,smilingsobrightlytowhatsheherselfcouldn'tsee.Sheplayedhappilyasifshewantedtosaythatshehadsomelittlehappinessinhersimplemindforotherstoshare,butwhenIlookedintothoseemptyeyesofhers,tearspouredintomine.

Useseveralwordstoexpressyourfeelingwhenyoureadthispassage一、謀篇策略：仔細審題3）人的描寫應(yīng)從外貌、心理活動、言語、舉止等四方面入手；物的描寫重點在其形狀、大小、顏色、功能等方面；地點描述注意起始點以及描述順序以及描述對象與其四周環(huán)境的不同之處。采用先全景后“特寫”的手法。一、謀篇策略：仔細審題2、審題意確定題材后，接下來就要審題意。例如：EnglishStudyandComputer3、審條件命題作文一般有附加條件：時間和總字?jǐn)?shù)。*文章寫得越長越能體現(xiàn)自己的水平。一、謀篇策略：立意和選材同樣的素材，立意低，品味低；立意高，品位高。過程：搜集素材—立意—選材：具體-抽象-具體的過程。例如：Theimportanceofextracurricularactivities一、謀篇策略：合理謀篇

謀篇解決的是整體結(jié)構(gòu)問題。謀篇不當(dāng)會出現(xiàn)幾種毛?。喝狈φw感，頭重腳輕、前言不搭后語。不審題就動筆，只審題不注意時間

只審題不立意如：HowIstudyEnglish如何處理聽說讀寫譯，并有所側(cè)重；或者如何處理課堂學(xué)習(xí)、合作學(xué)習(xí)、自主學(xué)習(xí)、如何應(yīng)用學(xué)習(xí)策略，文章可能會更豐滿，更精彩。

二、成文策略：選詞策略

1、選詞原則或四個C

Connotationcontextculturecollocation2、選詞策略1）選詞正確選詞應(yīng)像英語本族語者那樣使用詞語，而不能講英語當(dāng)成漢語的對等成分使用，造成漢化英語。e.g.Inchina,wehavethehabitofshakinghandswhenmeetingwitheachother.

二、成文策略：選詞策略2）選詞準(zhǔn)確A：區(qū)分抽象和具體的關(guān)系。抽象：talk具體：chat,mumble,whisper,shout,scold,brag,proclaim,argue,assert,stammer抽象：walk具體：stroll,strut,march,stumble抽象good具體kind,honest,just,generous,affectionate,selfless,friendly

抽象cry具體weep,sob,whimper,sniffle,wail,moan,groan

二、成文策略：選詞策略

B.區(qū)分本意和涵義本意(denotation)涵義(connotation)Dove和pigeon褒揚貶抑中性EducatorpedantteacherInvestigatorspydetectiveStatesmanpoliticianFinancierspeculatorinvestor二、成文策略：選詞策略3)選詞得體選詞要適合文章的題材和文體。嚴(yán)肅的題材、正式的文體，用詞要相應(yīng)地嚴(yán)肅莊重些，而非正式的隨筆散文用詞注意親切自然。bossbrainybuddysloppyfolksdofinishsuperiorintelligentfrienduntidyrelativesconductcomplete二、成文策略：選詞策略4)選詞有效A:盡可能使用動詞，賦予句子以活力。*Weoughttohavethematterdiscussed.*Theboygavealoudcry.另外可選用由其它轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞的詞。tofundaproject,togreenthedesert,toreadyoneself,theyellowingphotograph.二、成文策略：選詞策略B:采用多種表達方式

Ithink?Ibelieve/argue/hold/insist/maintain…AsfarasIamconcerned/Whenitcomestome/Inmyopinion/Inmyview…Itgoeswithoutsayingthat/Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…二、成文策略：選詞策略5)用詞洗練(1)用簡練的詞代詞膨脹的表達(inflatedexpression)asmallnumberof–fewcometotheconclusion–concludeforthepurposeof---forinthevicinityof---near(2)能用一兩個詞不用詞組Icallyourattentiontothefactthatyouhaveover-drawnyouraccount.Iremindyouthatyouhaveoverdrawnyouraccount.

二、成文策略：選詞策略6)運用修辭手段明喻、暗喻、提喻、借代、夸張、擬人等。恰當(dāng)?shù)皿w，避免做作牽強。e.g.Hewalkslikeanelephant.Thecarshotuptheroad.Togetawordoutofhimwaslikepullingteeth.Humiliatinghiminhisdefeatwaspouringsaltonhiswounds.ThedemonstrationofChicagoworkerssoongrewintoanationwideprotestmovementlikeasnowball.二、成文策略：造句策略

1、正確性（語法要求）Don’t(be)afraidofdifficulties.

Assoonaswetookourseatsintherestaurant,awaitercameovertoserve（us）

Heisasstrong（as）,ifnotstrongerthan,John.

Ihaveinterest（in）andregardforyourwork.二、成文策略：造句策略WhenIstoodonthetopfloorofthetallbuilding,thecarslookedliketinyfishinastream.Orwhenviewedfromthetop…thecarslooked…比較下面兩個句子---Thelongdressshewillweartothepartynextweekwillbeblue.Itisherfavoritecolor.----Sheisgoingtowearalongbluedresstothepartynextweek.Itisherfavoritecolor.二、成文策略：造句策略

2.統(tǒng)一性（側(cè)重于句子思想內(nèi)容的單一性）每個句子須與中心思想密切相關(guān)。Byourstandards,19thcenturywritersweredishonest.Ienjoyreadinglovestories.---BYourstandards,19thcenturywritersweredishonest.Theirlovestoriescheatthereaderofhertears,butIstillenjoyreadingthem.二、成文策略：造句策略詞語句式選擇句式應(yīng)注意以下幾點：a.避免使用可能引起歧義的句子。Thelambwastoohottoeat.----Thelambwassohotthatnobodycouldeatit.Thelambwassohotthathecouldn’teatanything.b.注意主次位置，不要顛倒。e.g.Thesnowstoppedwhentheoldmandied.Theoldmandiedwhenthesnowstopped.二、成文策略：造句策略3.連貫性實現(xiàn)連貫的主要手段有，使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)保持相關(guān)成分的一致性，運用主從關(guān)系等。凡是混亂的結(jié)構(gòu)或不完整的結(jié)構(gòu)、懸垂成分、錯誤的對稱、混亂的轉(zhuǎn)換、模糊的指代等都回影響句子的連貫。4.多樣性HedepartedforShanghai.Thisgreatlypleasedhismother.Hisdepartureforshanghaigreatlypleasedhismother二、成文策略：造句策略

1)定語從句

Asisshown/demonstrated/illustrated/depicted/described…inthecartoon/picture…,Therearemanyreasonswhypeoplemakeinsincerecommitments,but...Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis,whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.

二、成文策略：造句策略

2)主語從句Whatyouhavedoneforuswillbeinourmemoryforever.Itiscommonknowledgethathonestyisthebestpolicy.Itisknowntoallthat…Itisgenerallybelieved(Itgoeswithoutsaying)that…Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat…Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.—PrideandPrejudice二、成文策略：造句策略

3)賓語從句

Theybelievethatthecentralgovernment’sdecisiontodevelopthewesternpartofthecountryandthesuccessofBeijing’sbidtohostthe2008Olympicswillopenupfurtheropportunitiesforthecountry’sdevelopment.Experiencefromforeigncountriessuggeststhatnoaircraftmanufacturerscansurvivedependingonlyontheirdomesticmarket.

二、成文策略：造句策略

4）表語狀從句

Thisiswhereshelivedwhenshewasyoung.Qualityiswhatcountsmost.Theproblemisnotwhowillgo,butwhowillstay.Whateverthereason,therearestillsomeproblemswithstudentuseofcomputers.Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell.

二、成文策略：造句策略

5）被動句

Somemeasuresshouldbetakentodealwiththeproblem.Manypeoplebelievethat…(Itisbelievedthat…)Thegovernmentandthepublicshouldpayenoughattentionto…(Enoughattentionshouldbepaidto…fromboththegovernmentandthepublic.)二、成文策略：造句策略6）設(shè)問句倒裝句

Doyoustillremembertheboywhocriedwolfforseveraltimessonoonewouldtrusthim?Shouldwejuststandbyandwatchthissituationworsendaybyday?Onlythroughthesemeasurescanwehopetosolvetheproblem.Onlythroughintensiveeducationandself-disciplinefromyoungpeoplecantheyouthhaveadesiredattitudetowardidols.二、成文策略：造句策略

7）強調(diào)句Itisthisperspectivethatwemusttaketoformabalancedviewontheworldaroundus.Itisthegovernmentthatisresponsibleforprovidingjobopportunitiesfortheyoung.二、成文策略：組段策略1.段落的組成Topicsentence,developmentsentence,concludingsentence主題句由Topic和ControllingIdea兩部分組成，如：

ClimbingMountTaicanbeextremelyhazardous.topiccontrollingideaTopic是告訴讀者描述或討論的對象是什么，而ControllingIdea則是對Topic做出具體的評論。二、成文策略：組段策略2.段落的展開時間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序、定義法、分類法、例證法、細節(jié)法、敘述描寫法、比較、對比、類比、因果法、歸納法、演繹法Allstudentslovesports.Peterisastudent.Therefore,Petermustlovesports.反證法（Workisanindispensablepartofourlife—列出幾個Ifwedonotwork，最后得出結(jié)論：即使最乏味的工作也比游手好閑讓人更舒暢些)二、成文策略：成篇策略

1.開頭段介紹主題說明觀點論點，文章目的。2.中間段3.結(jié)尾段強調(diào)要點，（回顧正文中的觀點、重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞語思想與開頭段呼應(yīng)、進行預(yù)測、對文章提出問題點明解決方法、引起讀者進一步思考甚至采取行動。二、成文策略：成篇策略

1）解決問題，展望未來Para1

AsfarasIamconcerned,weshoulddosomethingtopreventsuchanevilphenomenonfromhappeningagain.Tobeginwith,allthesocietyshouldcondemnsuchawrongdoingandthesechildrenshouldbepunishedbylaw.What’smore,everycitizenmustrealizeitisourdutytosupportourparentswhentheyareold.Onlywiththejointeffortscanwehopetosolvethisproblem.

二、成文策略：成篇策略Para2Therefore,itisimperativeforustotakedrasticmeasures.Foronething,weshouldappealtoourauthoritiestomakestrictlawstocontrolcommercialfishing.Foranother,weshouldenhancetheawarenessofpeoplethattheoceanresourcesarevitaltooursurvival.Onlyinthiswaycanweprotectouroceanresources.Also,Ibelievethatwehumanbeingscanovercomethisdifficulty,andwewillhaveabrightfuture.二、成文策略：成篇策略

Para3AsChinesecitizens,weshouldrespectourownnationalcultureandlearnusefulthingsfromtheculturesofdifferentnations,whichwillenableustomakegreatprogressinmanyways.Ibelieveahappyandbrightfutureisawaitingusifwemakeeveryefforttopromoteculturaldevelopmentbothnationallyandinternationally.二、成文策略：成篇策略

2）總結(jié)歸納Idaresaythatoursocietyissufferingcorruptionandcheatwhicharecausingdamagetosocietybothmateriallyandmorally.Buttheyshouldknowthatbydishonestwordsnoonecouldsurvivetheintensecompetitioninthemarketeconomy.Theyshouldremembertheoldsaying,"Honestyisthebestpolicy".二、成文策略：成篇策略

Sotosumup,weshouldofferourhelptoallwhoareinneed.Weexpecttogetlovefromothersandwealsogivelovetoothers.Ibelievethattherelationshipbetweenpeoplewillbeharmoniousandoursocietywillbeabetterplaceforustolivein.寫作策略訓(xùn)練：1、脈絡(luò)清晰寫作策略訓(xùn)練

Asisvividlydescribedinthetwopictures,manyyoungpeoplearefansofstarsandtheytryeverymeanstoshowtheiradoration.Thefirstphotoshowsafaceofaguywhohasthename“Beckham”—afamousBritishfootballerwrittenonhisface,whileinthesecondpictureanotherguyspends300yuan—abigsumofmoneyformanypeopledoingahairstyleofBeckham.寫作策略訓(xùn)練

Thephotosclearlyrevealaseriousandpervasivesocialproblemnowadays.

Firstofall,thereisnodenyingthatmanyyoungsterswanttobefamousorrichovernight,thereforetheirfocusisonlyonthesuccessofthesuperstars,ignoringthefactthatthefamouspeoplehavetoovercomemanyhardshipsanddifficultiesbeforetheyattaintheirsuccess.AcaseinpointisBeckhamorLiuXiang.寫作策略訓(xùn)練

What’smore,followingthefootstepsofsuperstarswillwastetheyoungsters’precioustime.Theyareataprimetimetolearnnewknowledgeandlayasolidfoundationfortheirfuturecareer.Sheeradorationofstarswillruintheirstudyandtheirfuture.寫作策略訓(xùn)練

Lastbutnotleast,somestarsarenottheidealidolsforyoungpeople,forexample,thefamousfootballerMaradonausedtoabusedrugs.This,ofcourse,hasanegativeeffectonthedevelopmentoftheyoungpeople.寫作策略訓(xùn)練

Inmypointofview,effectivemeasuresmustbetakentocorrectthissituation.

Itistheresponsibilityoftheauthoritiestoeducatetheyoungpeopletoachievesuccessinacorrectway.Meanwhile,theyoungergenerationshouldredirecttheiradorationforstarstohardwork,thusmakinggreatercontributionstothesociety.寫作策略訓(xùn)練2、激活思想

Theassignmentofthewritingtask:OncloningTheChineseoutlineofeachparagraphhasbeengiventoyou:1)

克隆一詞出現(xiàn)的背景2)

人們對待克隆的態(tài)度有所不同3)

我們應(yīng)該如何使用克隆技術(shù)寫作策略訓(xùn)練ABrainstormingActivity(pre-writing）

Purpose：Tofocusonpre-writingstrategiesandbrainstormides.Allmembersneedtoparticipateinordertocompletethetask.

Task:Ingroupsofthreeorfour,brainstormidesforanessayaboutcloning.Afterthebrainstormingsession,writetheessaybasedontheideasgeneratedinthegroup.

寫作策略訓(xùn)練

Youhave15minutesforgroupdiscussion.1.

Whatisclone?2.

WhatisthesignificanceofDolly’sbirth?3.

Whydopeoplehavedifferentattitudes?4.

Howcanclonetechniquebenefithumanbeings?5.

Inwhatwaydoyouthinkh