2016上外翻碩英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)真題

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whythe'Americancentury'willsurviveriseofChina

In1941,TimeeditorHenryLuceproclaimed“theAmericancentury”.Somenowseethiscomingtoanendl.asaresultofthenation'seconomicandpoliticaldecline.ManypointtotheexampleofUSfailuretoconvinceitsalliestostayoutoftheAsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank,Beijing'srivaltotheWorldBank;butthiswas2.moreofanexampleofafaultydecisionthanevidenceofdecline,whichraisesthequestionofwhatisthenaturallifecycleofanation.

Acenturyisgenerallythelimitforahumanorganism,butcountriesaresocialconstructs.Romedidnotcollapseuntilmorethanthreecenturiesafteritreacheditsapogeeofpowerinll7AD.AfterAmericanindependenceinl776,HoraceWalpole,theBritishpolitician,lamentedthathisnationhadbeenreducedtothelevelofSardinia,justasBritainwasabouttoentertheindustrialrevolutionthat3.powereditssecondcenturyasaglobalpower.

AnyeffortatassessingAmericanpowerinthecomingdecadesshould4.takeintoaccounthowmanyearliereffortshadbeenwideofthemark.Itischasteningtorememberhowwildly5.exaggeratedUSestimatesofSovietpowerinthe1970sandofJapanesepowerinthel980swere.Today,someseetheChineseas10feettallandproclaimthis“theChinesecentury”.

China'ssizeandrelativelyrapideconomicgrowthwillbringitclosertotheUSintermsofitspowerresourcesinthenextfewdecades.ButthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanitwillsurpasstheUSinmilitary,economicandsoftpower.

6.EvenifChinasuffersnobigdomesticpoliticalsetback,manyprojectionsaresimplelinearextrapolationsofgrowthratesthatarelikelytoslowinthefuture.7.Moreover,economicprojectionsareonedimensional.TheyignoreUSmilitaryandsoftpoweradvantages,suchasthedesireofstudentsaroundtheworldtoattendUSuniversities.TheyalsooverlookChina'sgeopolitical8.disadvantagesintheAsianbalanceofpower,comparedwithAmerica'srelationswithEurope,JapanandIndia,whicharelikelytoremainmorefavourable.

ItisnotimpossiblethatachallengersuchasChina,Europe,Russia,IndiaorBrazilwillsurpasstheUSinthefirsthalfofthiscentury,butitisnotlikely.

Onthequestionofabsoluteratherthan9.relativeAmericandecline,theUSfacesseriousproblemsinareassuchasdebt,secondaryeducation,incomeinequalityandpoliticalgridlock,buttheseareonlypartofthepicture.Onthepositivesideoftheledgerarefavourabletrendsindemography,technologyandenergyaswellasabidingfactorssuchasgeographyandentrepreneurialculture.

ThescenariosthatcouldlO.precipitatedeclineincludeonesinwhichtheUSoverreactstoterroristattacksbyturninginwardsandthuscutsitselfofffromthestrengthitobtainsfromopenness.Alternatively,itcouldreactbyovercommittingitselfandwastingbloodandtreasureasitdidinVietnamandIraq.

Asanoverallassessment,describingthe21stcenturyasoneofAmericandeclineisinaccurateandmisleading.ThoughtheUShasproblemsitisnotinabsolutedecline,unlikeancientRome,anditislikelytoremainmorepowerfulthananysinglestateincomingdecades.

TherealproblemisnotthatitwillbeovertakenbyChinaoranothercontender,butratherthatitfacesariseinthepowerresourcesofmanyothers—bothstatesandnon-stateactorssuchastransnationalcorporations,terroristgroupsandcybercriminals.Anditwillfaceanincreasingnumberofglobalproblemsthatwillll.callonourabilitytoorganisealliancesandnetworks.

12.ContrarytotheviewsofthosewhoproclaimthatthisistheChinesecentury,wehavenotenteredapost-Americanworld.ButtheAmericancenturyofthefuturewillnotlookthesameasinpreviousdecades.TheUS13.shareoftheworldeconomywillbesmallerthanitwasinthemiddleofthepastcentury.

Furthermore,thecomplexitycreatedbytheriseofothercountries,aswellastheincreasedroleofnon-stateactors,willmakeitharderforevenAmerica,thebiggestpower,to14.wieldinfluenceandorganiseaction.EntropyisagreaterchallengethanChina.

Atthesametime,evenwhentheUShaditsgreatestpreponderanceofpowerresources,itoftenfailedtosecurewhatitwanted.Thosewhoarguethatthedisorderoftoday'sworldismuchworsethaninthepastshouldrememberayearsuchas1956,whentheUSwasunabletopreventSoviet15.repressionofarevoltinHungary;ortheSuezinvasionbyAmerica'salliesBritain,FranceandIsrael.Wemustnotviewthepastthroughrose-tintedglasses.Now,withslightlylesspreponderanceandamuchmorecomplexworld,theAmericancenturywillcontinueforatleastafewdecades,butitwilllookverydifferentfromwhenLucefirstarticulatedit.

pleaseanswerthefollowingquestions1.whataspectsareingoredbymanywhenitcomestoaccessingAmericanpower?

DidBritaindeclineafterAmericanindependence?

CiteanexampleofAmericandecline?

WhataretherealproblemsfacedbytheU.S.?

WhatwillthefutureoftheAmericancenturybelike?

Writeacompositioninnolessthan400words.

Isdamagetotheenvironmenttheinevitableconsequenceofimprovingthelivingstandard?

2016年上外MTI漢語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作與百科知識(shí)

一、百科知識(shí)

1?新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)的主要刊物是（）

2?中國(guó)由女真族建立的政權(quán)是（）和（）。

3?唐朝詩(shī)人杜牧在（）中描述了秦朝大興土木的狀況。

編鐘是一種（）

5?中國(guó)的漢字造形方法是（）

元曲四大家（）

五岳有（）

二、 成語(yǔ)解釋

滿(mǎn)腹經(jīng)綸

臥薪嘗膽

首當(dāng)其沖

白駒過(guò)隙

暴殄天物

三、 請(qǐng)閱讀下列文章，寫(xiě)一篇讀后感，不少于1000字

人民日?qǐng)?bào)評(píng)薄熙來(lái)案：法理昭彰，有腐必懲

中評(píng)社北京9月22日電/人民日?qǐng)?bào)9月23日評(píng)論員文章：堅(jiān)持法治反腐，建設(shè)廉潔政治

法理昭彰，有腐必懲。9月22日，濟(jì)南市中級(jí)人民法院對(duì)薄熙來(lái)受賄、貪污、濫用職權(quán)案做出一審判決，判處無(wú)期徒刑，剝奪政治權(quán)利終身，并處沒(méi)收個(gè)人全部財(cái)產(chǎn)。綜觀整個(gè)薄熙來(lái)案，從立案?jìng)刹?、審查起訴、提起公訴到開(kāi)庭審理，再到法院宣判，整個(gè)過(guò)程以事實(shí)為根據(jù)，以法律為準(zhǔn)繩，彰顯了法治精神和司法正義，表明瞭我們黨和國(guó)家依法懲治腐敗的堅(jiān)決態(tài)度和堅(jiān)定決心。

用法治思維和法治方式反對(duì)腐敗，是我們黨堅(jiān)持倡導(dǎo)的反腐思路。薄熙來(lái)案的查處過(guò)程，始終都貫穿著依法反腐的基本理念。無(wú)論是依黨紀(jì)國(guó)法的查辦過(guò)程，還是對(duì)案件的依法指定管轄；無(wú)論是控辯雙方充分質(zhì)證、法院公開(kāi)透明審理，還是依法作出一審判決，都始終運(yùn)行在法治的軌道上，始終以法治精神為依歸。正因如此，對(duì)薄熙來(lái)案的依法查處，得到廣大干部群眾的支持擁護(hù)。這同時(shí)也有力表明，堅(jiān)持依法反腐，既體現(xiàn)一種政治文明，也凝聚著普遍的社會(huì)共識(shí)。

律己廉為首，治國(guó)法為先。堅(jiān)定不移懲治腐敗，是我們黨有力量的表現(xiàn)，也是全黨同志和廣大群眾的共同愿望。對(duì)薄熙來(lái)的堅(jiān)決依法懲處充分表明，黨紀(jì)國(guó)法面前沒(méi)有例外，不管涉及到誰(shuí)，都要一查到底，都要依法嚴(yán)懲。實(shí)踐證明，反腐敗越堅(jiān)決，堅(jiān)持“老虎”“蒼蠅”一起打，就越能發(fā)揮震懾力。當(dāng)前，腐敗現(xiàn)象依然多發(fā)，滋生腐敗的土壤依然存在，反腐敗斗爭(zhēng)的形勢(shì)依然嚴(yán)峻復(fù)雜，只有始終保持懲治腐敗高壓態(tài)勢(shì)，堅(jiān)持依紀(jì)依法嚴(yán)懲腐敗，才能正黨風(fēng)、順民意，才能聚黨心、得民心。

黨的十八大提出建設(shè)廉潔政治的重要任務(wù)，要求做到干部清正、政府清廉、政治清明。全黨同志尤其是各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部務(wù)必牢記，任何人都沒(méi)有法律之外的絕對(duì)權(quán)力，任何人行使權(quán)力都必須為人民服務(wù)、對(duì)人民負(fù)責(zé)并自覺(jué)接受人民監(jiān)督；務(wù)必堅(jiān)定理想信念，強(qiáng)化宗旨意識(shí)，時(shí)刻警醒拒腐防變，帶頭遵紀(jì)守法，不斷增強(qiáng)自我凈化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高能力；務(wù)必堅(jiān)持廉潔自律，把反腐倡廉當(dāng)做政治必修課來(lái)認(rèn)真對(duì)待，守住做人、處事、用權(quán)、交友的底線，永葆共產(chǎn)黨人清正廉潔的政治本色。

2016年上外MTI英語(yǔ)翻譯基礎(chǔ)

一、請(qǐng)將下列文章翻譯成中文

WhythetermSharingEconomyneedtodie？

The“sharingeconomy”isameaninglesstermthatwasonlycoinedinthefirstplacebecauseofthetechindustry'sdesiretopretendeverythingitdoesisnewandgroundbreaking.

Now,almostadecadeafteritstartedseeinguse,it'sworsethansimplybeingmeaningless:it'sactivelyobfuscatory,lumpingtogetherahugelydisparatebunchofcompanies,manyofwhichpushthedefinitiontoitslimits,andthebiggestexamplesofwhichhavenothingtodowith“sharing”atall.

Thetermgrewoutoftheopen-sourcecommunity,wherecoderscontributetoprogramsreleasedtotheworldfree-of-charge.Thepushforasimilarmodeltobeappliedtotherealworlddatesbacktotheearly2000s,butittookthefinancialcrisisforittogrowfromanicheideatoonetakenseriously.

Bythe2010s,thefocushadnarrowedfromanebulousattempttobringtheopensourceethosoutofthecodingworldtoamorespecificlookathowtousetechnologytoenablemoreefficientuseofscarceresources.Atthesametime,thebuzzwordshadalsostabilised,withanumberofacademic-soundingtermssuchas“commons-basedpeerproduction”(ascoinedbyNYUlawprofessorYochaiBenkler)totwomaincontenders:“thesharingeconomy”，and“collaborativeconsumption”.

Thetimewasripeforbothideastotakeoff.Withunemploymentintheweststillhigh,andideasof“post-growthcapitalism”floatingintheether,groupsthatcouldarticulateanalternativeviewoftheworldwerepopular.Andthearchetypalcollaborativeconsumptionmodelswereseeminglywin-win.Atypicalanalogyforthesortofmodelpeoplewantedtobuildwasfocusedonhouseholdtools:ifyouownadrill,youlikelydon'tuseit364daysoftheyear;whynotletothersuseitinthemeantime?

Initspurestsense,thatisthesharingeconomy.Butitveryquicklyranintoanissue:whilesomepeopleactoutofaltruism,mostdon't.Mydrillismine.WhyshouldIshareitwithyou?

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Somesites,suchasFreecycle,stillfocusonactingoutofthegoodnessofone'sheart,butthesuccessstoriesofthesharingeconomysolvedtheproblembylookingtotheoldeconomy.Andso“sharing”became“renting”Eventoday,onereportfinds20companiesinthesharingeconomywhoseofferingcanbesummedupas“youcanborrowstuffyoudon'twanttobuy”.Nineofthemhaveanamebeginningwith“rent”

Oncemoneystartedchanginghandsinearnest,businessreallystartedbooming.In2011,thesameyearTimemagazinenamedthe“sharingsociety”oneoftheTenIdeasThatWillChangeTheWorld,AirBnBraised$120minVCfunding.ThecompanywasmentionedinTime'spiece,whichstillemphasisedthefeel-goodbackdroptothestory:“There'sagreenelementhere,ofcourse:sharingandrentingmorestuffmeansproducingandwastinglessstuff,whichisgoodfortheplanetandevenbetterforone'sself-image.^

Whilerentingoutaspareroominaflat(orevenrentingoutaflat)maybecloseenoughto“sharing”tobehair-splitting,it'sadifferentcaseforhiringadrivertotakeyouacrossacity.AndyetUberisoneofthemostfamousexamplesofthesharingeconomyintheworld一andcertainlythehighestcapitalised,worthwellnorthof$50bn.

Thecompany'sdefendersarguethatitjustifiesthatlabelbecauseofthesimilaritytoAirBnB:Uberdrivershaveanassetlyingunused,whichtheywanttomonetisewiththepoweroftheinternet.Thedifference,ofcourse,isthatanUberdriver'slabourisanintegralpartofthewholeshebang.Youaren'trentingtheircar:you'rerentingtheircarandthem.

Ifthat'sstillnotclear-cutenough,considerTaskRabbit,thelastmemberoftheholytrinityoftheSharingEconomy.Thecompanyallowscustomerstohiretemporarylabourtocook,clean,assemblefurnitureorqueueforthelatestiPhone.It'safarcryfrom“collaborativeconsumption”.

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Instead,thecompanieslumpedtogetherasexamplesofthesharingeconomyhavecometobetypifiedbysomethingaltogetherdifferent:adependenceontenuouslabour,particularlythatprovidedbyindividualsworkingasthird-partycontractorsratherthanfullemployees.

Forthatreason,I'vebeenusinganothertermtodescribethesecompanies:“gigeconomy”It'snotaswell-knownas“sharingeconomy”，whichmeansitsoundsweirdtosomeears(“doyoumeanUberonlyhiresmusicians?”).Butitemphasisestheunifyingaspectisshort-term,tenuous“gigs”一oftenmorethanonejuggledatthesametime.

Butthereareotherpopularalternativesaswell.IntheUS,“1099economy”isoftenused,referringtotheAmericantaxcodeforindependentcontractors,whileintheUK,similaremphasisisplacedon“zero-hourcontracts”：termsofemploymentwhichprovidenofixedhoursanddon'tevenguaranteeworkwillbeprovidedatall.

Arethose