高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法真題詳解非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞［感悟高考］單句語(yǔ)法填空/單句改錯(cuò).IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter（permit）tofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.（2016?全國(guó)I,66）.Myambassadorialdutieswillinclude（introduce）Britishvisitorstothe120-pluspandasatChengduandothersataresearchinthemistymountainsofBifengxia.（2016?全國(guó)I,67）.Ifyoufindsomethingyoulovedoingoutsideoftheoffice,you'llbelesslikely（bring）yourworkhome.（2016?全國(guó)―，49）.Skilledworkersalsocombinevarioushardwoodsandmetal（create）specialdesigns.（2016?全國(guó)田，43）.Peopleprobablycookedtheirfoodinlargepots,（use）twigs樹(shù)寸枝）toremoveit.（2016?全國(guó)田，44）.IshowedthemIwasindependentbywearstrangeclothes.（2016?全國(guó)田，短文改錯(cuò)）答案roducing3.tobring4.tocreate5.using6.wear-wearing［考點(diǎn)清單］考點(diǎn)一非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)規(guī)則?不定式作狀語(yǔ)作目的狀語(yǔ)。注意其他非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式不能用作目的狀語(yǔ)。Tomakehimselfheard，heraisedhisvoice.為了讓自己被人聽(tīng)到，他提高了聲音。規(guī)則?不定式作狀語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。Wehurriedtothestation，onlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleft.我們急匆匆趕到車站，結(jié)果被告知火車已開(kāi)走了。規(guī)則?形容詞或過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面可接不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)詞有：happy，lucky，sorry，proud，disappointed，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased等。Wewereastonishedtofindthetemplestillinitsoriginalcondition.令我們吃驚的是，這座寺廟仍保持著最初的樣子。規(guī)則?作狀語(yǔ)的分詞要求其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。Notunderstandingthisproblem,heaskedtheteacheraboutit.因?yàn)椴焕斫膺@個(gè)問(wèn)題，他問(wèn)了老師。規(guī)則?若現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，則用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式(havingdone)。HavinglivedinNewYorkforyears，Iknoweachpartofitverywell.由于住在紐約多年，我對(duì)這里的每一處都很熟悉。規(guī)則?若與句中主語(yǔ)為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生，用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)形式(havingbeendone)。Havingbeenhitbythebigboyonthenose，thelittleboybegantocry.因?yàn)楸荒莻€(gè)大孩子打在了鼻子上，那個(gè)小孩開(kāi)始大哭。規(guī)則?如句子的主語(yǔ)是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者，則要用過(guò)去分詞(done)。Seenfromthetopofthemountain，thecityisverybeautiful從山頂上看，這座城市很漂亮。規(guī)則?如句子的主語(yǔ)是分詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，就用現(xiàn)在分詞形式(doing)。Seeingfromthetopofthehill，wefindtheparkevenmorebeautiful.從山頂上看，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)公園顯得更加美麗。考點(diǎn)二非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)規(guī)則?下列動(dòng)詞只能用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)牢記下面的口訣：決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃，同意請(qǐng)求幫一幫。decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish；refuse，manage，care，pretend；offer，promise，choose，plan；agree，ask/beg，help。此外afford，strive，happen，wait，threaten等也要用不定式作賓語(yǔ)。Theyhaveagreedtogivemeanotherchance.他們已經(jīng)答應(yīng)給我另外一次機(jī)會(huì)。ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.當(dāng)我經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)，她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)我。規(guī)則?下列動(dòng)詞或詞組只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)牢記下面的口訣：考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒(méi)得想。避免錯(cuò)過(guò)繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞。禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡。consider，suggest/advise，lookforwardto，excuse/pardon；admit，delay/putoff，fancy（想象，設(shè)想；avoid，miss，keep/keepon，practice；deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;can'thelp(禁不住)，mind，allow/permit，escape。Iwouldappreciateyourcallingbackthisafternoon.今天下午如果你能給我回電話，我將非常感激。Mymothercouldn'thelpsmilingwhensheheardthegoodnews.聽(tīng)到月B好消息，我媽媽情不自禁地笑起來(lái)。規(guī)則?下列短語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞詞組后也要用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)beused/accustomedto,leadto,devoteto,stickto,objectto,getdownto,payattentionto,can'tstand(無(wú)法忍受)，giveup,feellike,insiston,bebusy(in),havedifficulty/trouble(in),haveagood/wonderful/hardtime(in),spendtime(in),lookforwardto等短語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞詞組后也要用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。WearelookingforwardtocomingtoChina.我們期待著來(lái)中國(guó)。Parentsshouldpaymoreattentiontothecaseswheretheirchildrenhavedifficulty(in)adaptingtonewsurroundings.當(dāng)孩子們對(duì)新環(huán)境不適應(yīng)時(shí)，父母?jìng)儜?yīng)多加關(guān)注。規(guī)則?下列動(dòng)詞或詞組既可以跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，也可以跟不定式作賓語(yǔ):forgetregrettrygoonremembermeanWhatapoormemory!Iforgotborrowingmoneyfromhimyesterday.ButtodayIforgottoreturnthemoneytohim.多么差的記憶力！昨天我忘了向他借過(guò)錢，但今天我又忘了把錢還給他?？梢园聪旅娴目谠E記住上述動(dòng)詞：〃四記〃〃力爭(zhēng)〃不〃后悔〃。四〃記〃指〃記得、記住(remember)"；"忘記(forget)"；"計(jì)劃、打算mean)"；"繼續(xù)(goon)”；〃力爭(zhēng)〃指，try”；"后悔”指regret?？键c(diǎn)三非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)規(guī)貝U 感官動(dòng)詞(詞組)see,watch,observe,lookat,notice,hear,listento,feel的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有四種形式，以see為例：Isawhimleaveafewminutesago.我看見(jiàn)他幾分鐘前離開(kāi)了。Backfromhistwo-yearmedicalserviceinAfrica,Dr.Leewasveryhappytoseehismothertakengoodcareofathome.在非洲提供了兩年的醫(yī)療服務(wù)，李醫(yī)生回來(lái)后看到家里的母親得到了很好的照顧-I-公三也十刀高八。規(guī)則 使役動(dòng)詞make，let，have，get后加復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的情況：⑴make+賓語(yǔ)+Theteacherraisedhisvoiceinordertomakehimselfheard.那個(gè)老師提高了嗓門以便別人能聽(tīng)到他。（2）let+賓語(yǔ)+Letthoseinneedunderstandthatwewillgoallouttohelpthem.讓那些需要（幫助）的人明白我們會(huì)盡全力去幫他們。I'llhavemybikerepairedtomorrow.我明天得（請(qǐng)人）修一下我的自行車。Alexandertriedtogethisworkrecognizedinthemedicalcircles.亞歷山大試圖使他的工作被醫(yī)學(xué)界認(rèn)可。考點(diǎn)四非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)規(guī)則?現(xiàn)在分詞（短語(yǔ)）作定語(yǔ)與所修飾的名詞之間存在著邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示該動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行。Theparkwasfullofpeople，enjoyingthemselvesinthesunshine.公園里人山人海，人們?cè)陉?yáng)光下玩得很快樂(lè)。規(guī)則?過(guò)去分詞（短語(yǔ)）作定語(yǔ)與它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示該動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)和完成。TsinghuaUniversity，foundedin1911，ishometoagreatnumberofoutstandingfigures.建于1911年的清華大學(xué)是無(wú)數(shù)杰出人物的搖籃。規(guī)則?不定式作定語(yǔ)表示未做的事情。Heisalwaysthefirsttoarriveattheschoolandthelasttoleavetheschool.他總是第一個(gè)到校，最后一個(gè)離校?？键c(diǎn)五非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)規(guī)則?不定式、動(dòng)名詞都可作主語(yǔ)，通?？梢杂胕t來(lái)作形式主語(yǔ)。但動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)多指抽象的、概念性的動(dòng)作，可以是多次的、經(jīng)常的行為；不定式多表示具體的動(dòng)作，尤其是某一次的動(dòng)作。Eatingtoomuchchocolateisbadforyourteeth.吃太多的巧克力對(duì)你的牙齒有害。It'snecessarytoholdanothermeetingtodiscusstheissueagain.有必要再舉行一次會(huì)議來(lái)討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題。規(guī)則?動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征；不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。Ourjobisplayingallkindsofmusic.我們的工作是演奏各種各樣的音樂(lè)。Yourtasktodayistowashthecurtains.你今天的任務(wù)是洗窗簾。規(guī)則?下列句型中常用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)：(1)Itis/wasawaste(of...)/nouse/nogooddoingsth.It'snousecomplainingwithouttakingaction.不采取行動(dòng)只是抱怨是沒(méi)有用的。(2)Thereis/wasnosense/nopoint(in)doingsth.Thereisnosense(in)worryingaboutitnow.現(xiàn)在大可不必為那件事憂慮?？键c(diǎn)六with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則?with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成及意義withWithsomanypeoplelookingathim,hefeltverynervous.那么多人看著他，他感到很緊張。Shehadtowalkhomewithherbikestolen.自行車被偷，她只好步行回家。Thegirlfeelsexcitedwithsomanyplacesofinteresttovisit有這么多的名勝可以參觀，小女孩很興奮。規(guī)則 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成及其含義名詞或代詞+Theboyleadingtheway,wehadnotroublefindingthestrangecave.由那個(gè)男孩帶路，我們很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。Somanychildrentosupport,theybothhavetoworkfulltime有這么多孩子要養(yǎng)，他們倆不得不全日工作。Manytrees,flowers,andgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautifuL種上許多的樹(shù)、花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)?？瓷先⒏馈hemeetingover,ourheadmastersoonleftthemeetingroom.散會(huì)了，校長(zhǎng)很快就離開(kāi)了會(huì)議室。Therebeingnobus，wehadtowalkhome.由于沒(méi)有公共汽車，我們只好走回家。考點(diǎn)七非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)規(guī)則 動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)形式意義構(gòu)成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式與句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生todotobedone進(jìn)行式在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行tobedoing完成式在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生tohavedonetohavebeendone完成進(jìn)行式發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前并且持續(xù)到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)仍在進(jìn)行tohavebeendoingTheboypretendedtobestudyinghardwhenhisteachercame冶.當(dāng)老師進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候，那個(gè)男孩假裝正在努力學(xué)習(xí)。Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisofgreatimportance.明天要舉行的會(huì)議很重要。規(guī)則?動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)形式意義主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或稍后發(fā)生doingbeingdone完成式先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作完成havingdonehavingbeendoneIstillrememberbeingsenttoschoolforthefirsttime.我仍記得第一次被送到學(xué)校上學(xué)的情景。Havingbeentoldmanytimes，hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.雖然被告訴過(guò)好多次了，但他仍然重復(fù)犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。Havingfinishedtheletter，hefoldeditandputitintotheenvelope^^信后，他把信折起來(lái)裝進(jìn)了信封。考點(diǎn)八非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義規(guī)則?在〃主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)（形容詞）+todo”結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語(yǔ)和不定式之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且形容詞表示主語(yǔ)的特征或性質(zhì)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。該結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的形容詞有：easy,difficult,important,interesting,pleasant,comfortable,dangerous等。Howdidtheaccidenthappenwasdifficulttofindoutbecausetherewerefewpeopleonthestreetatthattime很難查明這起事故是如何發(fā)生的，因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)街上幾乎沒(méi)人。Thechairisverycomfortabletositon.這把椅子坐上去很舒服。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞need，want，require作〃需要〃講時(shí)，后跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，也可跟不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)；beworth后也用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Thefiguresneedtobechecked/checkingagainbeforewedrawaconclusion.在我們得出結(jié)論前，這些數(shù)據(jù)需要再檢查一遍。［正誤探究］.【誤】Being__an__orphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.【正】He__being__an__orphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.【探究】分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須同句子的主語(yǔ)一致；如果不一致，需在分詞前加一個(gè)邏輯主語(yǔ)，分詞和它的邏輯主語(yǔ)合稱獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或用狀語(yǔ)從句。.【誤】Thewindowisopened.Thedoorislocked.【正】Thewindowisopen.Thedoorislocked.【探究】有相應(yīng)的形容詞能說(shuō)明狀態(tài)時(shí)，則不用分詞，而用形容詞。open可兼作動(dòng)詞與形容詞，都當(dāng)開(kāi)、開(kāi)著的講，所以只能用它的形容詞，而不能用它的分詞。而鎖著的lock不能作形容詞，所以只能用它的過(guò)去分詞。.【誤】Having__been__permitted,hewouldhavesucceededindoingthat.【正】Permitted，hewouldhavesucceededindoingthat.【探究】過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)如果非謂語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)是一般的先后關(guān)系的話，直接用過(guò)去分詞即可。［易錯(cuò)防范］易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)分析不清Atthebeginningofclass，thenoiseofdesks(openandclose)couldbeheardoutsidetheclassroom.誤填openedandclosed答案beingopenedandclosed［本題考查動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)的應(yīng)用。由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，名詞desks為openedandclosed的邏輯主語(yǔ)，介詞of后應(yīng)接動(dòng)詞-ing形式。桌子應(yīng)該被開(kāi)關(guān)。］【點(diǎn)撥】動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是執(zhí)行動(dòng)名詞這個(gè)動(dòng)作的人或物。動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)可以由形容詞性物主代詞、人稱代詞賓格、名詞及名詞所有格等充當(dāng)，這時(shí)帶有邏輯主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)常被稱為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。本題中的名詞desks充當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)beingopenedandclosed的邏輯主語(yǔ)。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2謂語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)混淆不清Beforeyouquityourjob,(consider)howyourfamilywouldfeelaboutyourdecision.誤填considering答案consider［前面是before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，故后面是主句。分析題干可知主句是省略了主語(yǔ)you的祈使句。］【點(diǎn)撥】做此類題的關(guān)鍵是判斷考點(diǎn)，先弄清是謂語(yǔ)還是非謂語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)一句話中一般只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。若有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)詞且有連詞連接，則必須用謂語(yǔ)形式；若無(wú)連詞連接，則必須用非謂語(yǔ)形式。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題—Doyouhaveanythingmore(type)，sir?—No.Youcanhavearestordosomethingelse.誤填totype答案tobetyped［句意：——先生，你還有什么東西需要打印嗎？——沒(méi)有了，你可以休息一下或做點(diǎn)其他事情。］【點(diǎn)撥】此題考查不定式作后置定語(yǔ)，但其中又包含了語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題，考生需注意動(dòng)作的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是該句主語(yǔ)。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)4獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)Hislecture(give)，alivelyquestion-and-answersessionfollowed.誤填wasgiven答案havingbeengiven［本句狀語(yǔ)有其獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ)lecture，根據(jù)時(shí)間先后順序判斷〃演講”已結(jié)束，故選擇現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式。句意：他的演講結(jié)束后，將是一個(gè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)問(wèn)答部分。］【點(diǎn)撥】獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的一種特殊形式，它與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞直接作狀語(yǔ)的最大區(qū)別就是其邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)不一致，所以做題時(shí)一定要先判斷邏輯主語(yǔ)。［針對(duì)訓(xùn)練］I.單句語(yǔ)法填空.Inartcriticism,youmustassumetheartisthasasecretmessage(hide)withinthework..(make)iteasiertogetintouchwithus,you'dbetterkeepthiscardathand..(order)overaweekago,thebooksareexpectedtoarriveanytimenow..Newly-builtwoodencottageslinethestreet,(turn)theoldtownintoadreamland..Toreturntotheproblemofwaterpollution,I'dlikeyoutolookatastudy(conduct)inAustraliain2012..IhadasmuchfunsailingtheseasasInowdo(work)withstudents..Thecoolingwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows,(make)airconditioningunnecessary..Abercrombie&Kent,atravelcompanyinHongKong,saysitregularlyarrangesquickgetawayshereforpeople(live)inShanghaiandHongKong..Theadobedwellings(土坯房)(build)bythePuebloIndiansoftheAmericanSouthwestareadmiredbyeventhemostmodernofarchitectsandengineers..Whenanewdaybreaks,thewallshavegivenuptheirheatandarenowcoldenough(cool)thehouseduringthehotday.答案l.hidden2.Tomake3.Ordered4.turning5.conducted6.working7.making8.living9.built10.tocool口.單句改錯(cuò)(每句僅1處錯(cuò)誤).Awomansawhimcryingandtellinghimtowaitoutsidetheshop..Afterlooksatthetoyforsometime,heturnedaroundandfoundhisparentsweremissing..Myfavoritepictureatthepartyisofmycoachandmeenjoythebiscuitswithhappylaughter!.We'vebeenspendingalotoftimesinginkaraokebars..Ienjoyedsitclosetothewindowsandlookingattheview..Althoughwe'vebeendelightedtohaveyouasneighbors,we'rehopingtosettlesomethingthatbotherstous.Inaword,yourdog—Cleo..Itisdifficulttounderstandingwhyshebarkseveryminuteshe'soutside..Stayclosetoyourteacherandclassmates.Don'tpanicorgetoutofline,andtryingtoremainquietandcalm..MyfathertookmeoutcampingforthefirsttimewhenIwasseven.Hewantedteachmeaboutanimals,insectsandtrees..Noneofthearrowshitthetarget.Suddenlythearrowswereflyingdownatusfromthesky—theywerelookedlikerain!答案1.telling-told2.looks-looking3.enjoy-enjoying4.sing一singing5.sit—sitting6.去掉bothers后的to7.understanding一understand8.trying-try9.wanted后加to10.去掉第二個(gè)were或looked皿語(yǔ)篇填空（用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空）BuyingbooksontheInternetisagreatway__1__(save)timeandmoney.Onlinebookstoresoffernewbooksand__2__