FiguresofSpeech1.simile（明喻）Asimileisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon,andthecomparisonisindicatedbythewordas,likeoras…so.(includingasif,resembling,suggesting,etc.)JimlookslikehisbrotherBilly.makinganordinaryliteralcomparison,comparingtwolikeelements----JimandBillyarebothhumanbeings.JimandBillyareaslikeastwopeas.usingasimile,comparingtwounlikeelements----humanbeingsandpeas.Omylove’slikeared,redroseThat’snewlysprunginJune;MyloveislikeamelodyThat’ssweetlyplayedintune-----ARed,RedRoseRobertBurns(相似之處：beautiful，fresh，scented，special，rare,不比較其thorns，blight，worms等)tenor（本體）ground（根據(jù)）vehicle（喻體）rosemylovebeautyfreshnessrarityetc.Thatmancan’tbetrusted.He’sasslipperyasaneel.Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.-----Proverb.25—theBible(Asyoumadeyourbed,soyoumustlieonit.)Wateristofishwhatairistoman.(Twelveistothreewhatfouristoone.)Whatbloodvesselistoaman’sbody,thatrailwayistotransportation.ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?

Thouaremorelovelyandmoretemperate

------Shakespeare2.Metaphor（暗喻）

Ametaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.(1)Jimwasascunningasafox.Jimwasafox.(2)Theworldislikeastage.Theworldisastage.

Heoftenprefacedhisremarksby“Ican’thelpthinking…”Thetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetotimewiththebloodofpatriotsandtyrants.Itisitsnaturalmanure.----ThomasJeffersonTheimmovablerock,withitsjutsandwarpedsurface,bendsbeneathmyfingersintoallmannerofgroovesandhollows.-----HelenKellerFOGThefogcomesonlittlecatfeet.Itsitslookingoverharborandcity

onsilenthaunchesandthenmoveson.CarlSandburg3.Analogy（類比）Analogyisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphor,whichusuallyconcentratesononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.Eg.Thechess-boardistheworld;thepiecesarethephenomenaoftheuniverse;therulesofthegamearewhatwecallthelawsofNature.Theplayerontheothersideishiddenfromus.Weknowthathisplayisalwaysfair,justandpatient…Tothemanwhoplayswell,thehigheststakesarepaid,…andonewhoplaysillischeckmated

ManvsNatureT.H.Huxley4.Personification（擬人）Personificationistotreatathingoranideaasifitwerehumanorhadhumanqualities.Eg.(1)Thehandsomehousesonthestreettothecollegewerenotfullyawake,buttheylookedveryfriendly.(2)Myfeetarekillingme.Painwasafrequentvisitor.Unhappinessalwayshitsyouwhenyouareunprepared.Objectification(擬物)e.g.“You’remisunderstandingme,darling,”Avapurred.5.Metonymy（轉(zhuǎn)喻）Metonymyissubstitutingthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.1)SwordandCrossinhand,theEuropeanconquerorsfellupontheAmericans.2)Hetooktothebottle.(bottle---drinking)ThegloriesofourbloodandstateAreshadows,notsubstantialthings;Thereisnoarmoragainstfate;Deathlayshisicyhandonkings;

ScepterandCrownMusttumbledown,AndinthedustbeequalmadeWiththepoorcrookedscytheandspade.---JamesShirleyTheGloriesofOurBloodandStateA:namesofpersons1.UncleSam:TheUnitedStatesofAmerica2.JohnBull:England,ortheEnglishpeople3.Ivan:theRussianpeople4.JohnDoe:ordinaryAmericancitizenB:Animals1.BritishLion:England,theEnglishgovernment2.thebear:TheformerSovietunionortheSovietgovernmentC.Partsofthebody1.heart:feelingsoremotions2.head,brain:wisdom,intelligence,reasone.g.Herheartruledherhead.3.grayhair:oldageD.professions1.thebar:thelegalprofession2.thebench:position/officeofjudgeormagistrate3.theveil:vocationofanun4.thepress:newspapers,newspaperreportersE.locationofgovernment,ofbusinessorindustrialenterprises1.Downingstreet:theBritishgovernment/cabinet2.TheWhiteHouse:thePresidentorExecutivebranchoftheU.S.government3.thePentagon:theU.S.militaryestablishment4.WallStreet:U.S.financialcircles5.Hollywood:Americanfilm-makingindustry6.FleetStreet:theBritishpress6.Synecdoche（提喻）Synecdocheisaspecialkindofmetonymy.Itinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.A:thepartforthewhole1)Theycountedfiftysailsintheharbor.(sails=ships)2)Hepaidtheworkers$5perhead.(head=person)3)Hehadtoearnhisdailybreadbydoingoddjobs.(bread=food)B.thewholeforthepart1)AustraliabeatCanadaatcricket.(=theAustraliateambeattheCanadianteam)2)Thepoorcreaturecouldnolongerendurehersufferings.(creature=girl)C.Nameofmaterialforthethingmade1)Hewalkedtheboardsforaliving.(theboards=thestage)2)Shewasdressedinsilksandsatins.(silksandsatins=dressesmadeofsilkandsatin)7.syllepsis(一筆雙敘法)Syllepsisisafigurebywhichawordmayrefertotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,applyingtooneliterallyandtotheother(s)figuratively.1)Helost