Unit12Readthefollowingsentencesaloud,payingspecialattentiontoincompleteplosivesandliaison.Aplosivewhichhasnoaudiblereleaseisputinbrackets.Yetitisoftenmisunderstoodandmisinterpreted,forlanguageisaverycomplicatedmechanismwithagrea(t)dealofnuance.ThisisanexampleofthegenderbiasthatexistsintheEnglishlanguage.1.2.ReadingaloudPre-readingActivities-Readingaloud1ReadingaloudAudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationItisatthispointthatNilsenarguestha(t)thegenderbiascomesintoplay.Itisuptoustodecidewha(t)wewillallowtobeusedandma(d)eproperintheareaoflanguage.3.4.Pre-readingActivities-Readingaloud2ReadingaloudAudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformation1.WhyWeNeedanEqualRightsAmendment:WhyWeNeedanERA;TheGenderGapRunsDeepinAmericanLawCulturalinformationCulturalinformation

1ReadingaloudAudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationMarthaBurkandEleanorSmealWhyistheamendmentneeded?Twenty-threecountries—includingSriLankaandMoldova—havesmallergendergapsineducation,politicsandhealththantheUnitedStates,accordingtotheWorldEconomicForum.Weare68thintheworldinwomen'sparticipationinnationalCulturalinformation

2legislatures.Onaverage,awomanworkingfulltimeandyear-roundstillmakesonly77centstoaman'sdollar.Womenhold98percentofthelow-paying“women’s”jobsandfewerthan15percentoftheboardseatsatmajorcorporations.Becausetheirprivatepensions—iftheyhavethematall—arelowerandbecauseSocialSecurityputsworkingwomenatadisadvantageandgrantsnocreditforyearsspentathomecaringforchildrenoragingparents,three-quartersoftheelderlyinpovertyarewomen.AndineverystateexceptMontana,womenstillpayhigherratesthansimilarlysituatedmenforalmostallkindsofinsurance.AllthatcouldchangeifweputequalrightsforwomeninourConstitution.ReadingaloudAudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationCulturalinformation

2ReadingaloudAudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformation2.GenderbiasineducationGenderbiasineducationisaninsidiousproblemthatcausesveryfewpeopletostandupandtakenotice.Thevictimsofthisbiashavebeentrainedthroughyearsofschoolingtobesilentandpassive,andarethereforeunwillingtostandupandmakenoiseabouttheunfairtreatmenttheyarereceiving.Girlsandboystodayarereceivingseparateandunequaleducationsduetothegendersocializationthattakesplaceinourschoolsandduetothesexisthiddencurriculumstudentsarefacedwitheveryday.Unlessteachersaremadeawareofthegender-rolesocializationandthebiasedmessagestheyareunintentionallyimpartingtostudentseveryday,andCulturalinformation

2ReadingaloudAudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationuntilteachersareprovidedwiththemethodsandresourcesnecessarytoeliminategender-biasintheirclassrooms,girlswillcontinuetoreceiveaninequitableeducation.Sadker,D.,Sadker,M.(1994)“FailingatFairness:HowOurSchoolsCheatGirls”.Toronto,ON:Simon&SchusterInc.Watchavideoclipandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Whathappenedtothewoman?AudiovisualsupplementPre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplements1ReadingaloudAudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationShewashitbyamaledoctorwhenshewasslowlypullingoutandgotseverelyinjuredinherneck.Butshedoesn’thaveinsurance,soshe’sindebtnow.Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplements2ReadingaloudAudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformation2.Whatdoesthedefensecounselmeaninthelastsentence?HeistryingtoconvincethejurythatamaleER(emergencyroom)doctorisnotpossibletolosecontrolofhiscar,butawomanfacingalotofproblemsinherlifelikeErinisquitedangerouswhensheisdriving.Thedefencecounsel’swordsobviouslyshowhisgenderdiscrimination.

Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplements3ReadingaloudAudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationErin:IwaspullingoutrealslowandoutofnowherehisJaguarcomesracingaroundthecornerlikeabatoutofhell…Theytooksomebonefrommyhipandputitinmyneck.Idon’thaveinsurance,soI’mabout$17,000indebtrightnow…Icouldn’ttakepainkillers‘causetheymademetoogroggytocareformykids…Matthew’seight,andKatie’salmostsix…andBeth’sjustninemonths…Ijustwannabeagoodmom,aniceperson,adecentcitizen…Ijustwannatakegoodcareofmykids,youknow?Ed(ProsecutingCounsel):Yeah.Iknow.DefenceCounsel:Seventeenthousandindebt?Isyourex-husbandhelpingyou?Erin:Whichone?VideoScript1ReadingaloudAudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationVideoScript2ReadingaloudAudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationDefenceCounsel:There’smorethanone?Erin:Yeah.There’retwo.Why?DefenceCounsel:So,youmusthavebeenfeelingprettydesperatethatafternoon.Erin:What’syourpoint?DefenceCounsel:Broke,threekids,nojob.AdoctorinJaguar?Mustbeaprettygoodmealticket.Ed:Objection!Erin:What?Hehitme!DefenceCounsel:Soyousay.Erin:Hecametearingaroundthecorneroutofcontrol.DefenceCounsel:AnERdoctorwhospenthisdayssavingliveswastheoneoutofcontrol?1.Whichtwoopinionsarepresentedinthefirstparagraph?TextanalysisGlobalReading-Textanalysis1TextanalysisStructuralanalysisTherearethosewhobelievethatthelanguagethatweuseeverydayisbiasedinandofitself.Thentherearethosewhofeelthatlanguageisareflectionoftheprejudicesthatpeoplehavewithinthemselves.2.Whichsentencesintheconclusionshowthewriter’sattitude?GlobalReading-Textanalysis1TextanalysisStructuralanalysisInthelastparagraph,wefindthesesentences:“Itisnecessaryforpeopletomaketheproperadjustmentsinternallytouseappropriatelanguagetoeffectivelyincludebothgenders.Wequalifylanguage.Itisuptoustodecidewhatwewillallowtobeusedandmadeproperintheareaoflanguage.”Evidently,theydenotethewriter’sattitudetowardwhatweshoulddoaboutgenderbiasinlanguage.Structuralanalysis

Structuralanalysis1Thistextisanexpositiveessaywithreferencetogenderbiasinlanguage.1.Whattypeofwritingisthetext?TextanalysisStructuralanalysisThetextismainlydevelopedbymeansofexemplification.ExamplesareabundantlyusedinParagraphs2-6.2.What’sthemainstrategytodevelopthisexpositiveessay?Structuralanalysis33.Workoutthestructureofthetextbycompletingthetable.Paragraph(s)Mainidea1Thewriterraisestheissuetobediscussed:Islanguagethecauseofthebiasorisitreflectiveofthepreexistingbiasthattheuserholds?2-6Thewriterprovidesquiteanumberoftypicalexamplestoillustrategenderbiasinlanguage.7Thewritermakeshisattitudeoropinionclearontheissueofgenderbiasinlanguage.TextanalysisStructuralanalysisLanguageisaverypowerfulelement.Itisthemostcommonmethodofcommunication.Yetitisoftenmisunderstoodandmisinterpreted,forlanguageisaverycomplicatedmechanismwithagreatdealof

nuance.Therearetimeswheninconversationwithanotherindividual,thatwemusttakeintoaccounttheperson’slinguisticgenealogy.

Therearepeoplewhouselanguagethatwouldbeconsideredprejudicialorbiasedinuse.Butthequestionthatisraisedisinregardtolanguageusage:Islanguagethecauseofthebiasorisitreflectiveofthepreexistingbiasthattheuserholds?Therearethosewhobelievethatthelanguagethatweuseinday-to-dayconversationisbiasedinandofitself.

GenderBiasinLanguageDetailedreading1Detailedreading1Theyfeelthattheterm“mailman”,forexample,isonethatexcludeswomenmailcarriers.Thentherearethosewhofeelthatlanguageisareflectionoftheprejudicesthatpeoplehavewithinthemselves.Thatistosay,thewordsthatpeoplechoosetouseinconversationdenotethebiasthattheyharborwithintheirownexistence.Detailedreading2Detailedreading

TherearewordsintheEnglishlanguagethatareexistingorhaveexisted(someofthemhavechangedwiththenewwaveof“politicalcorrectness”comingabout)thathaveinherentlybeensexuallybiasedagainstwomen.Forexample,thepersonwhoinvestigatesreportedcomplaints(asfromconsumersorstudents),reportsfindings,andhelpstoachievefairandimpartialsettlementsisombudsman(Merriam-WebsterDictionary),butombudspersonhereatIndianaStateUniversity.2ThisisanexampleofthegenderbiasthatexistsintheEnglishlanguage.Thelanguageisarrangedsothatmenareidentifiedwithexaltedpositions,andwomenareidentifiedwithmoreservice-orientedpositionsinwhichtheyarebeingdominatedandinstructedbymen.Sothelanguageusedtoconveythistypeofmalesupremacyisgenerallyreflectingthehonoredpositionofthemaleandthesubservienceofthefemale.Eveninrelationships,themaleinthehomeisoftenreferredtoasthe“manofthehouse,”evenifitisa4-year-oldchild.Itishighlyinsultingtosaythata4-year-oldmale,basedsolelyonhisgender,ismorequalifiedandcapableofconductingthebusinessandaffairsofthehomethanhispossiblywell-educated,highlyintellectualmother.Thereisadefinitedisparityinthatsituation.Detailedreading3Detailedreading3InAmericanculture,awomanisvaluedfortheattractivenessofherbody,whileamanisvaluedforhisphysicalstrengthandhisachievements.Evenintheexampleofwordpairsthebiasisevident.Themasculinewordisputbeforethefeminineword,asintheexamplesofMr.andMrs.,hisandhers,boysandgirls,menandwomen,kingsandqueens,brothersandsisters,guysanddolls,andhostandhostess.ThisshowsthattheusageofmanyoftheEnglishwordsisalsowhatcontributestothebiaspresentintheEnglishlanguage.AlleenPaceNilsennnotesthatthereareinstanceswhenwomenareseenaspassivewhilemenareactiveandbringthingsintobeing.Sheusestheexampleoftheweddingceremony.Inthebeginningoftheceremony,thefatherisDetailedreading4Detailedreading45askedwhogivesthebrideawayandheanswers,“Ido.”ItisatthispointthatNilsenarguesthatthegenderbiascomesintoplay.Thetraditionalconceptofthebrideassomethingtobehandedfromoneman(thefather)toanotherman(thehusband-to-be)isperpetuated.Anotherexampleisintheinstanceofsexualrelationships.Thewomenbecomebrideswhilemenwedwomen.Themantakesawayawoman’svirginityandawomanloseshervirginity.Thisdenotesherinability,apparentlyduetohergender,toholdontosomethingthatisapartofher,thusenforcingtheman’sabilityandrighttoclaimsomethingthatisnothis.Detailedreading5Detailedreading6Tobeaman,accordingtosomelinguisticdifferences,wouldbeconsideredanhonor.Tobeendowedbygeneticswiththeencodingofamalewouldbeashavingbeenshowngrace,unmeritedfavor.Therearefargreaterpositiveconnotationsconnectedwithbeingamanthanwithbeingawoman.Nilsenyieldstheexampleof“shrew”and“shrewd.”Theword“shrew”istakenfromthenameofasmallbutespeciallyviciousanimal;howeverinNilsen’sdictionary,a“shrew”wasidentifiedasan“ill-tempered,scoldingwoman.”However,theword“shrewd,”whichcomesfromthesameroot,wasdefinedas“markedbycleverdiscerningawareness.”Itwasnotedinherdictionaryasashrewdbusinessman.Itisalsocommonplacenottoscoldlittlegirlsforbeing“tomboys”buttoscoffatlittleboyswhoplaywithdollsorridegirls’bicycles.Detailedreading6DetailedreadingIntheconversationsthatcomeupbetweenfriends,yousometimeshearthewords“babe,”“broad,”and“chick.”Thesearewordsthatareusedinreferencetoordirectedtowardwomen.Itiscertainlytheperson’srighttousethesewordstoreflectwomen,butwhyusethemwhentherearesomanymoretochoosefrom?Languageisthemostpowerfultoolofcommunicationandthemosteffectivetoolofcommunication.Itisalsothemosteffectiveweaponofdestruction.AlthoughtherearebiasesthatexistintheEnglishlanguage,therehasbeenconsiderablechangetowardrecognizingthesebiasesandmakingthenecessarychangesformallysothattheywillbeimplementedsocially.

Detailedreading7Detailedreading78Itisnecessaryforpeopletomaketheproperadjustmentsinternallytouseappropriatelanguagetoeffectivelyincludebothgenders.Wequalifylanguage.Itisuptoustodecidewhatwewillallowtobeusedandmadeproperintheareaoflanguage.Detailedreading8Detailedreading9bias:1)n.anopinionorfeelingthatstronglyfavorsonesideinanargumentoraniteminagrouporseries;predisposition;prejudiceDetailedreading1--bias1e.g.Thisuniversityhasabiastowardsthesciences.Studentswereevaluatedwithoutbias.Detailedreading2)vt.tounfairlyinfluenceattitudes,choices,ordecisionse.g.Severalfactorscouldhavebiasedtheresultsofthestudy.Detailedreading1–bias2

Phrase:DetailedreadingCollocation:biasagainst/towards/infavorofe.g.It’sclearthatthecompanyhasabiasagainstwomenandminorities.genderbias:sexprejudice;havingbiastowardsthemaleandagainstthefemalee.g.Genderbiasisstillquitecommoninworkandpayment.nuance:n.slight,delicateorsubtledifferenceincolor,appearance,meaning,feeling,etc.Detailedreading1–nuancee.g.Languageteachersshouldbeabletoreacttonuancesofmeaningofcommonwords.Hewasawareofeverynuanceinhervoice.DetailedreadingSynonym:subtletyCollocation:nuanceofDetailedreading1–prejudicialSynonyms:Detailedreadingprejudicial:adj.causingharmtosb’srights,interests,etc.;havingabadeffectonsth.e.g.Thesedevelopmentsareprejudicialtothecompany’sfuture.Whatshesaidanddidwasprejudicialtoherownrightsandinterests.damaging,detrimental,prejudiciousDerivation:prejudice:n.Detailedreading1–in/withregardtoe.g.Ihavenothingtosayinregardtoyourcomplaints.Sheisverysensitiveinregardtoherfamilybackground.Irefutedhiminregardtohisinjustice.Detailedreadingin/withregardto:inconnectionwith;concerningDetailedreading1–reflectivee.g.Sheisinareflectivemood.Thesearereflectivenumberplates.Detailedreadingreflective:adj.(ofaperson,mood,etc.)thoughtful;(ofasurface)reflectinglightDerivation:reflectiveness:n....languageisaverycomplicatedmechanismwithagreatdealofnuance.Detailedreading1--languageis…Explanation:…languageisaverycomplicatedsystemofcommunication.Evenslightvariationsinthepitch,tone,andintensityofthevoiceandinthechoiceofwords,etc.canexpressagreatdealofsubtleshadesofmeaning.Detailedreading…wemusttakeintoaccounttheperson’slinguisticgenealogy.Detailedreading1--wemusttake

Paraphrase:wemustconsidertheperson’slong-standingconventionsinlanguageuse.DetailedreadingTranslation:我們必須將這人的語(yǔ)言譜系學(xué)考慮在內(nèi)。Therearepeoplewhouselanguagethatwouldbeconsideredprejudicialorbiasedinuse.Detailedreading2--Thereare

Paraphrase:Somepeopledouselanguagethatwouldbethoughtofasexpressingdisapprovalofwomen.DetailedreadingTranslation:有些人使用那些有可能被認(rèn)為是具有偏見(jiàn)用法的語(yǔ)言。Explanation:Prejudiceisanopinionformedwithouttakingthetimeorcaretojudgefairly.Suchanopinionmaybefavorableorunfavorableandisheldwithoutregardtotheevidenceavailable.Inthisarticle,prejudicereferstoanunfavorableopinionheldinthiswayaboutwomen.…thelanguagethatweuseinday-to-dayconversationisbiasedinandofitself.Detailedreading1-thelanguagethat

Paraphrase:…thelanguageweuseineverydayconversationreflectsinitsownnatureanunfavorableopinionaboutwomen.DetailedreadingTranslation:我們?nèi)粘?duì)話(huà)中使用的語(yǔ)言本身就具有偏見(jiàn)。Paragraph1QuestionWhatdoesthewriterthinkoflanguage?Detailedreading1--Quesion

Theauthorthinksthatlanguageisverypowerfulandthemostcommonmethodofcommunication,butisoftenmisunderstoodandmisinterpreted,foritisaverycomplicatedsystemofsymbolswithplentyofsubtledifferences.DetailedreadingParagraph2QuestionWhatisthemainideaofParagraph2?Detailedreading2—Quesion1

Paragraph2explainsandillustratesthefactthatsomewordsinEnglishareinherentlybiasedagainstwomenandthattheEnglishlanguagegenerallyreflectsmalesupremacyandfemalesubservience.DetailedreadingParagraph3QuestionWhichisthetopicsentenceofParagraph3?Detailedreading4--Quesion2ThisshowsthattheusageofmanyoftheEnglishwordsisalsowhatcontributestothebiaspresentintheEnglishlanguage.DetailedreadingParagraph4QuestionWhatdoyouthinkofthetwoexamplesgiveninParagraph4?Detailedreading5—Quesion1

Thetwoexamples,whicharevividandinteresting,arecloselyrelatedtothemainideathatwomenareseenaspassivewhilemenareactiveandbringthingsintobeing.DetailedreadingParagraph5QuestionWhichsentenceinParagraph5showsthatgenderconnotationsinwordsaffectpeople’sbehavior?Detailedreading6—Quesion1

Itisthelastsentence,“Itisalsocommonplacenottoscoldlittlegirlsforbeing‘tomboys’buttoscoffatlittleboyswhoplaywithdollsorridegirl’sbicycles.”DetailedreadingParagraph6QuestionWhichsentencesinParagraph6denotethewriter’sattitude?Detailedreading7—Quesion1

Thesentencesthatshowthewriter’sattitudetowardstheuseofimpolitetermsinreferencetowomenare“…butwhyusethemwhentherearesomanymoretochoosefrom?”and“Itisalsothemosteffectiveweaponofdestruction.”

DetailedreadingThewriterthinksitisnecessarytomaketheproperadjustmentsinternallytouseappropriatelanguagetoeffectivelyincludebothgenders,andthatitisuptoourdecisionoftheproperwordused.Paragraph7Questions1.Whatkindchangehastakenplaceinregardtogenderbiasinlanguage?Detailedreading8—Quesion1

PeoplehaverecognizedgenderbiasinEnglishandmadenecessarychanges.Detailedreading2.Whatisthewriter’sopinioninreferencetogenderbiasinlanguage?...denotethebiasthattheyharborwithintheirownexistenceDetailedreading4--denotethe

Paraphrase:...indicatetheunfavorableopinionthattheyholdaboutwomenDetailedreadingTherearewordsintheEnglishlanguagethatareexistingorhaveexisted…thathaveinherentlybeensexuallybiasedagainstwomen.Detailedreading4--Therearewords

Paraphrase:ManyEnglishwordswhosemeaningsmakethefemalegenderinvisibleareanaturalpartoftheEnglishlanguage.DetailedreadingTranslation:英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中曾經(jīng)存在過(guò)，目前仍然有一些固有的對(duì)女性性別歧視的詞語(yǔ)。achievefairandimpartialsettlementsDetailedreading2--achievefair

Paraphrase:reachagreementsthatarefairtobothsidesDetailedreadingTranslation:達(dá)成公平公正的協(xié)議Detailedreading2–denoteDerivations:Detailedreadingdenote:

vt.bethename,signorsymbolof;referto;representorbeasignofsomethinge.g.Whatdoestheword“curriculum”denotethat“course”doesnot?Crossesonthemapdenotevillages.denotative:adj.denotation:n.Synonyms:connoteindicateDetailedreading2–harbore.g.Shebegantoharbordoubtsoverthewisdomoftheirjourney.Detailedreadingharbor:

vt.1)keepbadthoughts,fears,orhopesinyourmindforalongtimeDerivation:harbor:n.2)containsomething,especiallysomethinghiddenanddangerouse.g.Sinksanddrainingboardscanharborgerms.3)protectandhidecriminalsthatthepolicearesearchingfore.g.Youmaybepunishedifyouharboranescapedcriminaloraspy.inherent:

adj.usedtodescribesth.thatisanaturalpartofsth.elseandcannotbeseparatedfromitDetailedreading2–inherent1e.g.Iamafraidthattheproblemsyoumentionareinherentinthesystem.Everybusinesshasitsowninherentrisks.Collocation:inherentinDetailedreadingDerivations:inhere:v.inherence:n.Detailedreading2–inherent2DetailedreadingTranslation:這設(shè)計(jì)本身存在弱點(diǎn)。Thereisaninherentweaknessinthedesign.勤勞儉樸是中華民族的本色。IndustryandfrugalityaretheinherentqualitiesoftheChinesenation.愛(ài)好音樂(lè)是人類(lèi)固有的特性（愛(ài)好音樂(lè)是人的天性）。Aloveofmusicisinherentinhumannature.Detailedreading3–identifye.g.Hewastoofarawaytobeabletoidentifyfaces.Sheidentifiedthemanastheattacker.Collocation:Detailedreadingidentify:vt.showorprovewhosb.isorwhatsth.is;recognizesb./sth.asbeingthespecifiedidentifysth.withsth.else:considersth.tobe;thesameassth.elsee.g.Theteachertriedtoorienthisstudentstowardsthesciencesubjects.Onecannotidentifyhappinesswithwealth.Theorganizationisstronglyorientedtowardsresearch.Detailedreading3–orient1e.g.Theteachertriedtoorienthisstudentstowardsthesciencesubjects.Ourfirmisorientedtowardstheexportsideofbusiness.Theorganizationisstronglyorientedtowardsresearch.Collocation:Detailedreadingorient:

vt;orientate;directsb.’sinteresttosth;directsth.atsb.;speciallydesignsth.forsb.beorientedto/towards/aroundsth./sb.Derivations:orientation:n.oriented:adj.oriental:adj.Detailedreading3–orient2

Comparisons:Detailedreadingoriented:givingalotoftime,effort,orattentiontooneparticularthingoriental:relatingtoorfromtheeasternpartoftheworld,especiallyChinaandJapan1)Shehasstudiedtheculturesofcountries.2)Alotoftheyoungerstudentsdon’tseemtobepoliticallyatall.oriental_________oriented__________supremacy:

n.positionofthehighestpower,authorityorstatusDetailedreading3–supremacy1e.g.Freedommeansthesupremacyofhumanrightseverywhere.Japan’ssupremacyinthefieldofelectronicsisbeingchallenged.DetailedreadingPhrases:malesupremacywhitesupremacy

Synonym:domination

Detailedreading3--supremacy2DetailedreadingCollocation:supremacyoversb./sth.Derivation:supreme:adj.insulting:adj.veryrudeandoffensivetosomeoneDetailedreading3–insultinge.g.Hewasmostinsultingtomywife.Heutteredinsultingremarks,whichhurtthemanager.Collocation:insultingtoDetailedreadingDerivation:insult:n./vtdisparity:n.

(fml)differenceorinequalityDetailedreading3--disparitye.g.Thereismuchdisparityinage,rank,incomeandstatusbetweenthem.Acomparisonofthetwoaccountsrevealednumerousdisparities.DetailedreadingCollocations:disparityin/betweenTranslation:Therichandthepoorlivesidebyside,buttheirconditionsareofextraordinarydisparity.雖然富人和窮人住在一起，但他們的條件差距極為懸殊。contributeto:helpinbringingabout;haveashareinDetailedreading4--contributeto1e.g.Alcoholcontributesto100,000deathsayearintheU.S.Thedoctorsuggestedthatsufficientfreshairwouldcontributetogoodhealth.Wouldyouliketocontributetoourcollection?你愿意給我們的募捐捐款嗎？DetailedreadingDerivations:contributing:adj.contribution:n.contributor:n.contributory:adj.contributable:adj.Detailedreading4--contributeto2DetailedreadingPhrase:contributingfactor:thefactorthatplaysaroleinthematterdiscussedTranslation:Humanerrormayhavebeenacontributingfactortotheenvironmentalpollution.人為的錯(cuò)誤可能是造成環(huán)境污染的一個(gè)因素。Allcontributionswillbegratefullyreceived.我們對(duì)所有的捐助表示感謝。Olderpeopleareimportantcontributorstotheeconomy.老一輩人為發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)做出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。Alcoholisacontributoryfactorin10%ofallroadaccidents.所有交通事故當(dāng)中有百分之十是酒后駕車(chē)造成的。bringthingsintobeing:causethingstocomeintoexistence;createthingsDetailedreading4--bringthingsintobeing

e.g.Thatoutstandingscientistisgoodatbringingthingsintobeing.Detailedreadingcomeintoplay:(beginto)beactiveorhaveaninfluenceDetailedreading5--comeintoplaye.g.Personalfeelingsshouldnotcomeintoplaywhenonehastomakebusinessdecisions.Politicalconsiderationsdocomeintoplay(=haveaneffect)whenmakingpolicy.Synonym:oplayDetailedreadingperpetuate:

vt.makeasituation,attitude,etc.,especiallyabadone,continuetoexistforalongtimeDetailedreading5--perpetuate

e.g.Thesemeasureswillperpetuatethehostilitybetweenthetwogroups.這些舉措會(huì)使雙方的敵對(duì)持續(xù)。Derivation:perpetuation:n.Detailedreadingvirginity:

n.stateofbeingavirgin;virgincondition;inanoriginalornaturalconditionDetailedreading5--virginitye.g.Thewomanwriterkepthervirginitythroughoutherlife.Sheneverlosthervirginity.Detailedreadingenforce:

vt.Detailedreading5–enforce1Detailedreadinge.g.Haveanystatisticsthatwouldenforceyourargument?你有加強(qiáng)你論點(diǎn)的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料嗎？Collocations:enforcesth.on/againststh.enforcesth.onsb.1)makesth.suchasastatement,anargument,abelief,etc.moreforceful2)makesth.suchaslaw,rules,etc.effectivee.g.Governmentsmakelawsandthepoliceenforcethem.Martiallawwasenforcedduringtheriot.Detailedreading5–enforce2

DetailedreadingDerivations:enforced:adj.enforceable:adj.enforceability:n.enforcement:n.Thisdenotesherinability,apparentlyduetohergender,toholdontosomethingthatisapartofher,thusenforcingtheman’sabilityandrighttoclaimsomethingthatisnothis.Detailedreading5--Thisdenotesher…Paraphrase:Thisindicatesherinability,obviouslybecauseofhergender,tofightforherrighttoenjoyafullhumanidentityandfreedom,andemphasizestheman'sabilityandrighttoenjoymalesupremacy.DetailedreadingAstaractstheroleaccordingtotheimpressionheorsheleftonthepublic.Paragraphs4-5QuestionsWhatdoyouknowaboutHollywoodstudiosandthestudiochiefs?Detailedreading2—Quesion1

Thestudiochiefs“persuaded”thestarstosignseven-yearcontractstobuiltuptheiri