ArtintheVictorianage楊一群2014730067In1848,theyearinwhichMarxandEngelspublishedtheCommunistManifesto《共產黨宣言》,revolutionsbrokeoutinVienna,Milan,andRomeThespiritofrebellioninfectedartistsoftheperiod.Manyfamousartistswerenolongertrainedintheacademies,orshowedtheirworksinofficialexhibitions.Thespiritof19thcenturyEnglandcouldbepersonifiedthroughQueenVictoriaanditisknownastheVictorianEra(1837~1901).PaintingPre-RaphaeliteBrotherhood(PRB)前拉斐爾兄弟會WilliamHolmanHunt威廉·霍爾曼·亨特JohnEverettMillars約翰·艾佛雷特·米萊DanteGabrielRossetti但丁·加百利·羅塞蒂Theartistsfocusedonpaintingdirectlyfromnature,therebyproducingcolorful,detailed,andalmostphotographicrepresentations.ThepainterssoughttotransformRealismwithtypologicalsymbolismbydrawingontheliterary.ThebeginningofthePRBHuntWilliamHolmanHunt(1827-1910)istheleadingfigureofPre-Raphaelites.TheHirelingShepherd《牧羊人》iswithhisreligiouspaintingsthathebecomesfamous.Buthisworksarenotinitiallysuccessful.

威廉·霍爾曼·亨特Representashepherdneglectinghisflockinfavorofanattractivecountrygirltowhomheshowsadeaths-headhawkomth.HuntintendedtosymbolizethepointlesstheologicaldebateswhichoccupiedChristianchurchmenwhilethireflockwentastrayduetoalackofpropermoralguidance.TheHirelingShepherd《牧羊人》MillaisJohnEverettMillars(1829-1896)isthemosttalentedinthegroup.ChristInTheHouseOfHisParents《基督在父母家中》ishighlycontroversial.Heisamajorcontributortothedebateaboutrealisminarts.

約翰·艾佛雷特·米萊thefutureChristianflockprefigurethecrucifixionadovestandforHolySpiriterestonladderChristInTheHouseOfHisParents《基督在父母家中》prefigurehislaterbaptismofChristRossettiDanteGabrielRossetti(1828-1882)isapainter,poet,illustrator,andtranslator.EcceAncillaDominiexhibitedin1850.Heturnstowatercolors,andrarelyexhibitedthereafter.EcceAncillaDomini

但丁·加百利·羅塞蒂Pre-RaphaeliteBrotherhood(PRB)Therealist-sidewasledbyHuntandMillaisThemedievalist-sidewasledbyRossettiandhisfollowersHuntreconcilesreligionandscienceMillaisabandonedPre-Raphaelitism,adoptingbroaderandlooserRossettibecomesaninspirationforthemedievalWilliamMorris(1834-1896)LeddirectlytotheArtsandCraftsmovement(工藝藝術運動)headedby

WilliamMorris.MorriseffortstomakebeautifulobjectsaddordableorevenfreefoeeveryoneledtohiswallpaperandtiledesignsdefiningtheVictorianaesthetic.JamesAbbottMcNeillWhistler(1834-1903)isthemostimportantandinfluentialBritishartistinlate19thcentury.In1861,hisfirstfamousworksisTheWhiteGirl《白衣少女》.In1875,WhistlermostcompellingandcontroversialpaontingisNocturneinBlackandGold:theFallingRocket《灰與黑的協(xié)奏曲》.詹姆斯?阿伯特?麥克尼爾惠斯勒ThegolddotsandsplattersrepresenttheexplodedfireworksinthenightskyWhistlerabstractimagewasanaffronttoRuskin,whodeclaredthatWhistlerhadflugeapotofpaintinthepublicfaceNocturneinBlackandGold:theFallingRocket《灰與黑的協(xié)奏曲》ArchitectureTheGothicrevivalhadbegunonasmallscalein18thcenturyunderthestimulusofRomanticism,andwidespreadinthe19thcenturyThemostactiveadvocatorofthisadctivitywasalsothemostproductivedesignerofnewGothicbuildings,GeorgeGilbertScott(1811-1878).喬治·吉爾伯特?斯科特St.PancrasStation潘克拉斯車站Thehugeglass-and-ironCrystalPalace,designedbyJosephPaxton(約瑟夫·帕克斯頓)tohousetheGreatExhi