第五章動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

△動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)講解△動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的基本用法主要表示目前的特征或狀態(tài)、現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作、客觀存在及普遍真理等?！纠?】I________allthecookingformyfamily，butrecentlyI'vebeentoobusytodoit.(2010·遼寧)A．willdoB．doC．a(chǎn)mdoingD．haddone答案B【例2】Theteachersaidthatthesun________intheeast.A．roseB．raisesC．risesD．isrising答案C2．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)在狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法在以when，until(till)，assoonas，bythetime，after，before等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或以if，unless，once等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句以及以nomatterwhen，however，evenif等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果主句中的動(dòng)詞用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句中的動(dòng)詞通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)?！纠?】—When________again?—Whenhe________，I'llletyouknow.A．hecomes；comes B．willhecome；willcomeC．hecomes；willcome D．willhecome；comes答案D【例4】Ican'ttellyouifit________tomorrowifyou________me.A．rains；willask B．shallrain；askC．willrain；ask D．wouldrain；willask答案C二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)1．一般過(guò)去時(shí)的基本用法(1)表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，或表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。(2)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday，lastyear，theotherday，justnow，threedaysago，in1999等?！纠?】SalesofCDshavegreatlyincreasedsincethe1900s，whenpeople________toenjoytheadvantagesofthisnewtechnology.A．begin B．beganC．havebegun D．hadbegun答案B【例6】—Nancyisnotcomingtonight.—Butshe________！A．promises B．promisedC．willpromise D．hadpromised答案B2．一般過(guò)去時(shí)用于狀語(yǔ)從句的表達(dá)方式在時(shí)間、條件等狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)?！纠?】Hesaidhewouldgotoseehismotherwhenhe________fromabroad.A．returned B．wasreturnedC．wouldreturn D．hadreturned答案A【例8】Helen________herkeysintheofficesoshehadtowaituntilherhusband________home.A．hasleft；comes B．left；hadcomeC．hadleft；came D．hadleft；wouldcome答案C三、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法表示此時(shí)此刻或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作?！纠?】—I'mnotfinishedwithmydinneryet.—Butourfriends________forus.A．willwait B．waitC．havewaited D．a(chǎn)rewaiting答案D【例10】Thesedaysmyfather________anovel.A．writes B．iswritingC．haswritten D．willwrite答案B2．用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)的情況某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示計(jì)劃或安排好了的將來(lái)動(dòng)作。常見(jiàn)的這類動(dòng)詞有：go，come，leave，arrive，start，takeoff等?！纠?1】He________toseeyoutomorrow.A．comes B．hascomeC．iscoming D．wascoming答案C3．a(chǎn)lways等副詞在進(jìn)行時(shí)中表達(dá)的意義always，often，constantly，frequently，forever等副詞和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)連用，表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的某種感情，即“贊揚(yáng)”或“厭惡”等，可譯為“老是、總是”?！纠?2】John________ofwhathecandoforothers.A．a(chǎn)lwaysthink B．isalwaysthinkingC．hasalwaysthought D．willalwaysthink答案B【例13】You________TV.Whynotdosomethingmoreactive?A．a(chǎn)lwayswatchB．a(chǎn)realwayswatchingC．havealwayswatchedD．havealwaysbeenwatched答案B4．一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞或靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：like，love，prefer，want，think，wish，desire，believe，know，understand，realize，recognize，doubt，feel，forgive，guess，imagine，satisfy，taste，see，be，belongto，concern，contain，cost，dependon，deserve，have(有)，haveon，lack，need，owe，own，remain，seem，sound等。【例14】I________Tomquitewell.Wewereintroducedataparty.A．a(chǎn)mknowing B．wasknowingC．know D．hadbeenknowing答案C【例15】—Youaredrinkingtoomuch.—Onlyathome.Noone________mebutyou.A．isseeing B．hadseenC．sees D．saw答案C四、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)1．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一階段正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作?！纠?6】Iwalkedslowlythroughthemarket，wherepeople________allkindsoffruitsandvegetables.IstudiedthepricescarefullyandboughtwhatIneeded.(2010·湖南)A．sell B．weresellingC．hadsold D．havesold答案B【例17】—Sorrytohaveinterruptedyou.Pleasegoon.—WherewasI?—You________youdidn'tlikeyourfather'sjob.A．hadsaid B．saidC．weresaying D．hadbeensaying答案C【例18】Shirley________abookaboutChinalastyearbutIdon'tknowwhethershehasfinishedit.A．haswritten B．wroteC．hadwritten D．waswriting答案D2．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的其他用法(1)表示某個(gè)短暫性動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景。(2)與always，often，constantly，frequently，forever等副詞連用，可表示某種感情色彩。【例19】Helosthiswatchwhenhe________football.A．played B．wasplayingC．hadplayed D．wouldplay答案B【例20】TheleadersthoughtillofMrs.Black，becauseshe________.A．wasalwayscomplainingB．hadalwayscomplainedC．wouldalwayscomplainD．willalwaysbecomplaining答案A五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本用法主要強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去”和“現(xiàn)在”的關(guān)系，須注意下面幾點(diǎn)：(1)指過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般不與具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或when從句連用。(3)短暫性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)一般不與段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。(4)常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：inthepastfewyears，bynow，uptonow，sofar，already，yet，since，forfiveyears，recently，lately，before，never，once，today，thisweek(month，year)，manytimes，just等?！纠?1】—I'msorry，butIdon'tquitefollowyou.DidyousayyouwantedtoreturnonSeptember20?—Sorry，I________myselfclear.WewanttoreturnonOctober20. (2010·北京)A．hadn'tmade B．wouldn'tmakeC．don'tmake D．haven'tmade答案D【例22】They________friendssincetheymetinShanghai.A．havemade B．havebecomeC．havebeen D．haveturned答案C【例23】—IhearJanehasgonetotheHolyIslandforherbirthday.—Oh，hownice!Doyouknowwhenshe________？A．wasleaving B．hadleftC．hasleft D．left答案D2．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在It/This/Thatisthefirst/secondtime(that)．..結(jié)構(gòu)中的應(yīng)用該結(jié)構(gòu)中，that引導(dǎo)的從句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)?！纠?4】—Doyouknowourtownatall?—No，thisisthefirsttimeI________here.A．was B．havebeenC．came D．a(chǎn)mcoming答案B3．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的比較相同點(diǎn)：都表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去。不同點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)；一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)。【例25】—Youdidn'tlockthebackdoor.—Youarewrong.I________.A．didlockit B．havelockeditC．lockitmyself D．dolockit答案A【例26】Howcanyoupossiblymissthenews?It________onTValldaylong.A．hasbeen B．hadbeenC．was D．willbe答案A【例27】—DoesLiuHuiserveinthearmy?—No，buthe________inthearmyfor3years.A．served B．hasservedC．isserving D．wouldserve答案A4．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)候開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已完成。如：I'vebeenwritinganarticle.(還在寫)/I'vewrittenanarticle.(已寫好)【例28】I'mtiredout.I________allafternoonandIdon'tseemtohavefinishedanything. (2010·湖南)A．shopped B．haveshoppedC．hadshopped D．havebeenshopping答案D六、過(guò)去完成時(shí)1．過(guò)去完成時(shí)基本用法(1)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作(即所謂的“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”)。(2)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到另一過(guò)去時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)?！纠?9】IttookmealongtimebeforeIwasabletofullyappreciatewhatthey________forme.(2010·北京)A．haddone B．didC．woulddo D．weredoing答案A2．過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“本來(lái)……”的用法動(dòng)詞think，expect，hope，suppose，want，plan，mean，intend等用于過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或打算，意為“本來(lái)……”?！纠?0】They________tohelp，buttheycouldnotgetthereintime.A．want B．hadwantedC．werewanting D．havewanted答案B3．用于某些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)(1)It/This/Thatwasthefirst/secondtime(that)＋過(guò)去完成時(shí)(2)Itwas＋段時(shí)間＋since＋過(guò)去完成時(shí)(3)nosooner...than...或hardly...when...的主句謂語(yǔ)要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)(4)含“by＋過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)”或“bythetime＋一般過(guò)去時(shí)”的句子常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。【例31】Thiswasthefirsttimewe________athome.A．met B．hadmetC．wasmet D．wouldmeet答案B【例32】We________hardlyarrivedwhenit________torain.A．had；began B．have；beganC．不填；began D．不填；hadbegan答案A【例33】Bytheendoflastyear，anothernewgymnasium________inBeijing.A．wouldbecompleted B．wasbeingcompletedC．hasn'tbeencompleted D．hadbeencompleted答案D七、一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示在將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)候?qū)⒁l(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。1．“will/shall＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示將來(lái)的用法will可用于各種人稱，shall一般只用于第一人稱?！纠?4】Greatchanges________takeplaceinthefuture.A．wouldB．willC．didD．shall答案B注：will用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，表示“愿意”。【例35】Ifyou________gotothecountryside，you________go.A．shall；shall B．will；mayC．will；shall D．shall；may答案B2．“begoingto＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示將來(lái)的用法表示打算和預(yù)測(cè)?！纠?6】Thefilm________thisSunday.A．isgoingtobeshown B．isshowingC．istoshow D．willhavebeenshown答案A3．“beto＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示將來(lái)的用法表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)也表示命令、禁止或可能性?！纠?7】Theteachersaid，“Alltheexercises________behandedinontime.”A．will B．a(chǎn)retoC．a(chǎn)reaboutto D．a(chǎn)regoingto答案B4．“beaboutto＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示將來(lái)的用法表示即將要發(fā)生的事，通常不與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用?！纠?8】Look!Herecomesataxi.We________leave.A．shall B．a(chǎn)reabouttoC．a(chǎn)reto D．a(chǎn)regoingto答案B5．“bedueto＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示將來(lái)的用法表示按計(jì)劃或時(shí)間表將要發(fā)生某事?！纠?9】Thestrike________beginonTuesday.A．isdueto B．isabouttoC．shall D．a(chǎn)regoingto答案A6．will/shall與begoingto的區(qū)別(1)begoingto可用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示將來(lái)，而shall/will一般不可?！纠?0】Ifyou________tomyhouse，you'dbetterphonemefirst.A．willcoming B．shallcomeC．a(chǎn)regoingtocome D．istocome答案C(2)跡象表明要發(fā)生某事，只用begoingto?！纠?1】Lookatthoseblackclouds.It________rain.A．willB．isgoingtoC．shallD．isaboutto答案B(3)若強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)意圖是經(jīng)過(guò)事先考慮好的，用begoingto；若表示某個(gè)意圖沒(méi)經(jīng)過(guò)事先考慮，而是在說(shuō)話時(shí)的臨時(shí)決定，則用will/shall?！纠?2】—Maryisinhospital.—Oh，really?Ididn'tknow.I________visither.A．a(chǎn)mgoingto B．willC．a(chǎn)mto D．a(chǎn)maboutto答案B【例43】—Maryisinhospital.—Yes，Iknow.I________visithertomorrow.A．a(chǎn)mgoingto B．willC．a(chǎn)mto D．a(chǎn)maboutto答案A八、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，一般帶狀語(yǔ)?！纠?4】—Guesswhat，we'vegotourvisasforashort-termvisittotheUKthissummer.—Hownice！You________adifferentculturethen.(2010·福建)A．willbeexperiencing B．haveexperiencedC．havebeenexperiencing D．willhaveexperienced答案A【例45】Ifyouplantwatermelonseedsinthespring，you________freshwatermeloninthefall.(2010·浙江)A．eat B．wouldeatC．haveeaten D．willbeeating答案D九、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)1．過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的基本用法表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，多用于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中?！纠?6】ThediscoveryofgoldinAustralialedthousandstobelievethatafortune________. (2010·全國(guó)Ⅰ)A．ismade B．wouldmakeC．wastobemade D．hadmade答案C2．用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)某些動(dòng)詞(如：go，start，come，leave，arrive，takeoff等)的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，可以表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。【例47】—Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow.—Oh，Ithoughtthathe________today.A．wascoming B．iscomingC．willcome D．comes答案A十、將來(lái)完成時(shí)指將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻已完成的動(dòng)作。常用于將來(lái)完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：bythetime，bytheendof，by等?！纠?8】BythetimeJanegetshome，heraunt________forLondontoattendameeting.A．willleave B．leavesC．willhaveleft D．left答案C十一、時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)是指從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)受主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的制約。時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)：(1)當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不受限制。(2)當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與其保持一致，即用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)?！纠?9】IknowthatJane________forLondonlastweekand________bebackuntilnextSunday.A．hadleft；won'tB．left；won'tC．wasleaving；willD．left；will答案B【例50】Theoldmantoldmethathe________inthecityfor50years.A．haslivedB．waslivingC．hadlivedD．willlive答案C注：當(dāng)從句表示的是一個(gè)永恒的真理或表明一個(gè)人或東西的經(jīng)常性特點(diǎn)時(shí)，可以不受主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的約束?！纠?1】WhenIwasfiveyearsold，mymother________methattheearth________roundthesun.A．told；goes B．hadtold；goesC．told；went D．hadtold；went答案A【例52】Didhesaythetrain________at6：45?A．willleave B．hadleftC．hasleft D．leaves答案D動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)一、定義與用法英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be/get＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。【例1】Thiscoastalarea________anationalwildlifereservelastyear. (2010·湖南)A．wasnamed B．namedC．isnamed D．names答案A【例2】Thisoldbookcase________whenwemovedit.A．damaged B．hasdamagedC．gotdamaged D．wasbeingdamaged答案C二、兩種特殊的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1．雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，如：give，buy，bring，show，pass，offer，lend，leave，tell，write，sing，teach等，這些動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以將其中任何一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，而另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)仍保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。如：Heboughtmemanybooks.→Iwasboughtmanybooks.或Manybookswereboughtforme.【例3】I________tenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.A．gave B．wasgivenC．wasgiving D．hadgiven答案B2．短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是由“動(dòng)詞＋介詞”，“動(dòng)詞＋名詞＋介詞”等結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中，不能漏掉其后的介詞。【例4】—WhydoesLinglinglooksounhappy?—She________byherclassmates.A．haslaughed B．haslaughedatC．hasbeenlaughed D．hasbeenlaughedat答案D三、主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的若干情形1．系動(dòng)詞(如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，prove等)要用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。【例5】Althoughalloftheapples________，noneofthem________good.A．havebeentasted；tasteB．havebeentasted；aretastedC．havetasted；taste D．havetasted；aretasted答案A2．英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞如：open，close，shut，lock，move，read，wash，clean，cook，cut，wear，carry等，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物，且又表示主語(yǔ)的特征和狀態(tài)時(shí)，要用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義?！纠?】Thestockings________easily.A．tear B．a(chǎn)retornC．tearing D．a(chǎn)rebeingtorn答案A【例7】Beingpopularwithcustomers，theproducts________wellandmaybe________intwomonths.A．sell；sellout B．a(chǎn)resold；selloutC．sell；willbesoldout D．a(chǎn)resold；willbesoldout答案C3．不定式toblame用作表語(yǔ)，通常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。【例8】Thepolicyispartly________forcausingtheworstunemploymentinEurope.A．tobeblamed B．toblameC．beingblamed D．blaming答案B4．“主語(yǔ)＋be＋形容詞＋todo”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式通常要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。這類形容詞常見(jiàn)的有：convenient，comfortable，dangerous，difficult，hard，easy，impossible，interesting，nice，pleasant，safe，tough，tricky，unpleasant等。【例9】Thechairlooksratherhard，butinfactitisverycomfortable________.A．tosit B．tositonC．tobesaton D．forsitting答案B【例10】Alotofpeoplefindmodernartveryhard________.A．understood B．tobeunderstoodC．tounderstand D．beingunderstood答案C5．不定式用于某些動(dòng)詞(如：have[有]，get，want，need等)的賓語(yǔ)后作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義?！纠?1】Ihavesomeclothes________now，soIcan'tgoouttoplay.A．towash B．tobewashedC．washing D．beingwashed答案A注：若不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)式?！纠?2】Sir，doyouhavesomething________？I'mfreenow.A．totype B．typingC．tobetyped D．tohavetyped答案C6．在“with＋賓語(yǔ)＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，且其邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，該不定式常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。【例13】Withsomanydifficultproblems________，Idon'tknowifI'llhavetimetogocampingwithmyfriendsthisweekend.A．tosettle B．settledC．tobesettled D．havet