ThelinegraphcomparesaverageyearlyspendingbyAmericansonmobileandlandlinephoneservicesfromto.Itisclearthatspendingonlandlinephonesfellsteadilyoverthe10-yearperiod,whilemobilephoneexpenditurerosequickly.Theyearmarksthepointatwhichexpenditureonmobileservicesovertookthatforresidentialphoneservices.In,USconsumersspentanaverageofnearly$700onresidentialphoneservices,comparedtoonlyaround$200oncellphoneservices.Overthefollowingfiveyears,averageyearlyspendingonlandlinesdroppedbynearly$200.Bycontrast,expenditureonmobilesrosebyapproximately$300.Intheyear,theaverageAmericanpaidoutthesameamountofmoneyonbothtypesofphoneservice,spendingjustover$500oneach.By,expenditureonmobilephoneshadreachedaround$750,whilethefigureforspendingonresidentialserviceshadfallentojustoverhalfthisamount.Thediagramillustratesthevariousstagesinthelifeofahoneybee.Wecanseethatthecompletelifecyclelastsbetween34and36days.Itisalsonoticeablethattherearefivemainstagesinthedevelopmentofthehoneybee,fromeggtomatureadultinsect.Thelifecycleofthehoneybeebeginswhenthefemaleadultlaysanegg;thefemaletypicallylaysoneortwoeggsevery3days.Between9and10dayslater,eachegghatchesandtheimmatureinsect,ornymph,appears.Duringthethirdstageofthelifecycle,thenymphgrowsinsizeandshedsitsskinthreetimes.Thismoultingfirsttakesplace5daysaftertheegghatches,then7dayslater,andagainanother9dayslater.Afteratotalof30to31daysfromthestartofthecycle,theyoungadulthoneybeeemergesfromitsfinalmoultingstage,andinthespaceofonly4daysitreachesfullmaturity.(169words,band9)ThechartcomparesaveragefiguresfortemperatureandprecipitationoverthecourseofacalendaryearinKolkata.ItisnoticeablethatmonthlyfiguresforprecipitationinKolkatavaryconsiderably,whereasmonthlytemperaturesremainrelativelystable.RainfallishighestfromJulytoAugust,whiletemperaturesarehighestinAprilandMay.BetweenthemonthsofJanuaryandMay,averagetemperaturesinKolkatarisefromtheirlowestpointataround20°Ctoapeakofjustover30°C.Averagerainfallinthecityalsorisesoverthesameperiod,fromapproximately20mmofraininJanuaryto100mminMay.Whiletemperaturesstayroughlythesameforthenextfourmonths,theamountofrainfallmorethandoublesbetweenMayandJune.Figuresforprecipitationremainabove250mmfromJunetoSeptember,peakingataround330mminJuly.Thefinalthreemonthsoftheyearseeadramaticfallinprecipitation,toalowofabout10mminDecember,andasteadydropintemperaturesbacktotheJanuaryaverage.(173words,band9)PostedbySimoninIELTSThebarchartscomparestudentsofdifferentagesintermsofwhytheyarestudyingandwhethertheyaresupportedbyanemployer.Itisclearthattheproportionofstudentswhostudyforcareerpurposesisfarhigheramongtheyoungeragegroups,whiletheoldeststudentsaremorelikelytostudyforinterest.Employersupportismorecommonlygiventoyoungerstudents.Around80%ofstudentsagedunder26studytofurthertheircareers,whereasonly10%studypurelyoutofinterest.Thegapbetweenthesetwoproportionsnarrowsasstudentsgetolder,andthefiguresforthoseintheirfortiesarethesame,atabout40%.Studentsagedover49overwhelminglystudyforinterest(70%)ratherthanforprofessionalreasons(lessthan20%).Justover60%ofstudentsagedunder26aresupportedbytheiremployers.Bycontrast,the30-39agegroupisthemostself-sufficient,withonly30%beinggiventimeoffandhelpwithfees.Thefiguresriseslightlyforstudentsintheirfortiesandforthoseaged50ormore.(178words,band9)Thebarchartcomparesthenumberofincidentsandinjuriesforevery100millionpassengermilestravelledonfivedifferenttypesofpublictransportin.Itisclearthatthemostincidentsandinjuriestookplaceondemand-responsevehicles.Bycontrast,commuterrailservicesrecordedbyfarthelowestfigures.Atotalof225incidentsand173injuries,per100millionpassengermilestravelled,tookplaceondemand-responsetransportservices.Thesefigureswerenearlythreetimesashighasthoseforthesecondhighestcategory,busservices.Therewere76incidentsand66peoplewereinjuredonbuses.Railservicesexperiencedfewerproblems.Thenumberofincidentsonlightrailtrainsequalledthefigurerecordedforbuses,butthereweresignificantlyfewerinjuries,atonly39.Heavyrailservicessawlowernumbersofsucheventsthanlightrailservices,butcommuterrailpassengerswereevenlesslikelytoexperienceproblems.Infact,only20incidentsand17injuriesoccurredoncommutertrains.(165words,band9)Thelinegraphcomparesthepercentageofpeopleaged65ormoreinthreecountriesoveraperiodof100years.Itisclearthattheproportionofelderlypeopleincreasesineachcountrybetween1940and2040.Japanisexpectedtoseethemostdramaticchangesinitselderlypopulation.In1940,around9%ofAmericanswereaged65orover,comparedtoabout7%ofSwedishpeopleand5%ofJapanesepeople.TheproportionsofelderlypeopleintheUSAandSwedenrosegraduallyoverthenext50years,reachingjustunder15%in1990.Bycontrast,thefiguresforJapanremainedbelow5%untiltheearlys.Lookingintothefuture,asuddenincreaseinthepercentageofelderlypeopleispredictedforJapan,withajumpofover15%injust10yearsfrom2030to2040.By2040,itisthoughtthataround27%oftheJapanesepopulationwillbe65yearsoldormore,whilethefiguresforSwedenandtheUSAwillbeslightlylower,atabout25%and23%respectively.(178words,band9)Thetableshowspercentagesofconsumerexpenditureforthreecategoriesofproductsandservicesinfivecountriesin.Itisclearthatthelargestproportionofconsumerspendingineachcountrywentonfood,drinksandtobacco.Ontheotherhand,theleisure/educationcategoryhasthelowestpercentagesinthetable.Outofthefivecountries,consumerspendingonfood,drinksandtobaccowasnoticeablyhigherinTurkey,at32.14%,andIreland,atnearly29%.TheproportionofspendingonleisureandeducationwasalsohighestinTurkey,at4.35%,whileexpenditureonclothingandfootwearwassignificantlyhigherinItaly,at9%,thaninanyoftheothercountries.ItcanbeseenthatSwedenhadthelowestpercentagesofnationalconsumerexpenditureforfood/drinks/tobaccoandforclothing/footwear,atnearly16%andjustover5%respectively.Spainhadslightlyhigherfiguresforthesecategories,butthelowestfigureforleisure/education,atonly1.98%.Thechartscomparetheamountofwaterusedforagriculture,industryandhomesaroundtheworld,andwateruseinBrazilandtheDemocraticRepublicofCongo.Itisclearthatglobalwaterneedsrosesignificantlybetween1900and,andthatagricultureaccountedforthelargestproportionofwaterused.WecanalsoseethatwaterconsumptionwasconsiderablyhigherinBrazilthanintheCongo.In1900,around500km3ofwaterwasusedbytheagriculturesectorworldwide.Thefiguresforindustrialanddomesticwaterconsumptionstoodataroundonefifthofthatamount.By,globalwateruseforagriculturehadincreasedtoaround3000km3,industrialwaterusehadrisentojustunderhalfthatamount,anddomesticconsumptionhadreachedapproximately500km3.Intheyear,thepopulationsofBrazilandtheCongowere176millionand5.2millionrespectively.WaterconsumptionperpersoninBrazil,at359m3,wasmuchhigherthanthatintheCongo,atonly8m3,andthiscouldbeexplainedbythefactthatBrazilhad265timesmoreirrigatedland.(184words,band9)Thebarchartcomparesthecostofanaveragehouseinfivemajorcitiesoveraperiodof13yearsfrom1989.Wecanseethathousepricesfelloverallbetween1990and1995,butmostofthecitiessawrisingpricesbetween1996and.Londonexperiencedbyfarthegreatestchangesinhousepricesoverthe13-yearperiod.Overthe5yearsafter1989,thecostofaveragehomesinTokyoandLondondroppedbyaround7%,whileNewYorkhousepriceswentdownby5%.Bycontrast,pricesrosebyapproximately2%inbothMadridandFrankfurt.Between1996and,Londonhousepricesjumpedtoaround12%abovethe1989average.HomebuyersinNewYorkalsohadtopaysignificantlymore,withpricesrisingto5%abovethe1989average,buthomesinTokyoremainedcheaperthantheywerein1989.ThecostofanaveragehomeinMadridrosebyafurther2%,whilepricesinFrankfurtremainedstable.(165words)ThetablegivesinformationaboutpovertyratesamongsixtypesofhouseholdinAustraliaintheyear1999.Itisnoticeablethatlevelsofpovertywerehigherforsinglepeoplethanforcouples,andpeoplewithchildrenweremorelikelytobepoorthanthosewithout.Povertyrateswereconsiderablyloweramongelderlypeople.Overall,11%ofAustralians,or1,837,000people,werelivinginpovertyin1999.Agedpeopleweretheleastlikelytobepoor,withpovertylevelsof6%and4%forsingleagedpeopleandagedcouplesrespectively.Justoveronefifthofsingleparentswerelivinginpoverty,whereasonly12%ofparentslivingwithapartnerwereclassedaspoor.Thesamepatterncanbeseenforpeoplewithnochildren:while19%ofsinglepeopleinthisgroupwerelivingbelowthepovertyline,thefigureforcoupleswasmuchlower,atonly7%.(150words,band9)Themapshowstwopotentiallocations(S1andS2)foranewsupermarketinatowncalledGarlsdon.ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwositesisthatS1isoutsidethetown,whereasS2isinthetowncentre.Thesitescanalsobecomparedintermsofaccessbyroadorrail,andtheirpositionsrelativetothreesmallertowns.Lookingattheinformationinmoredetail,S1isinthecountrysidetothenorthwestofGarlsdon,butitisclosetotheresidentialareaofthetown.S2isalsoclosetothehousingarea,whichsurroundsthetowncentre.TherearemainroadsfromHindon,BransdonandCransdontoGarlsdontowncentre,butthisisanotrafficzone,sotherewouldbenoaccesstoS2bycar.Bycontrast,S1liesonthemainroadtoHindon,butitwouldbemoredifficulttoreachfromBransdonandCransdon.BothsupermarketsitesareclosetotherailwaythatrunsthroughGarlsdonfromHindontoCransdon.ThebarchartcomparesconsumerspendingonsixdifferentitemsinGermany,Italy,FranceandBritain.ItisclearthatBritishpeoplespentsignificantlymoremoneythanpeopleintheotherthreecountriesonallsixgoods.Ofthesixitems,consumersspentthemostmoneyonphotographicfilm.PeopleinBritainspentjustover￡170,000onphotographicfilm,whichisthehighestfigureshownonthechart.Bycontrast,Germanswerethelowestoverallspenders,withroughlythesamefigures(justunder￡150,000)foreachofthesixproducts.ThefiguresforspendingontoyswerethesameinbothFranceandItaly,atnearly￡160,000.However,whileFrenchpeoplespentmorethanItaliansonphotographicfilmandCDs,Italianspaidoutmoreforpersonalstereos,tennisracquetsandperfumes.TheamountspentbyFrenchpeopleontennisracquets,around￡145,000,isthelowestfigureshownonthechart.Thediagramsshowhowhousedesignsdifferaccordingtoclimate.Themostnoticeabledifferencebetweenhousesdesignedforcoolandwarmclimatesisintheshapeoftheroof.Thedesignsalsodifferwithregardtothewindowsandtheuseofinsulation.Wecanseethatthecoolclimatehousehasahigh-angledroof,whichallowssunlighttoenterthroughthewindow.Bycontrast,theroofofthewarmclimatehousehasapeakinthemiddleandroofoverhangstoshadethewindows.Insulationandthermalbuildingmaterialsareusedincoolclimatestoreduceheatloss,whereasinsulationandreflectivematerialsareusedtokeeptheheatoutinwarmclimates.Finally,thecoolclimatehousehasonewindowwhichfacesthedirectionofthesun,whilethewarmclimatehousehaswindowsontwosideswhichareshadedfromthesun.Byopeningthetwowindowsatnight,thehousedesignedforwarmclimatescanbeventilated.(162words,band9)Thepictureillustratesthewayinwhichwaterpassesfromoceantoairtolandduringthenaturalprocessknownasthewatercycle.Threemainstagesareshownonthediagram.Oceanwaterevaporates,fallsasrain,andeventuallyrunsbackintotheoceansagain.Beginningattheevaporationstage,wecanseethat80%ofwatervapourintheaircomesfromtheoceans.Heatfromthesuncauseswatertoevaporate,andwatervapourcondensestoformclouds.Atthesecondstage,labelled‘precipitation’onthediagram,waterfallsasrainorsnow.Atthethirdstageinthecycle,rainwatermaytakevariouspaths.Someofitmayfallintolakesorreturntotheoceansvia‘surfacerunoff’.Otherwise,rainwatermayfilterthroughtheground,reachingtheimperviouslayeroftheearth.Saltwaterintrusionisshowntotakeplacejustbeforegroundwaterpassesintotheoceanstocompletethecycle.(156words,band9)Thefirstpictureshowsthelayoutofanartgallery,andthesecondshowssomeproposedchangestothegalleryspace.Itisclearthatsignificantchangeswillbemadeintermsoftheuseoffloorspaceinthegallery.Therewillbeacompletelynewentranceandmorespaceforexhibitions.Atpresent,visitorsenterthegallerythroughdoorswhichleadintoalobby.However,theplanistomovetheentrancetotheParkinsonCourtsideofthebuilding,andvisitorswillwalkstraightintotheexhibitionarea.Inplaceofthelobbyandofficeareas,whichareshownontheexistingplan,thenewgalleryplanshowsaneducationareaandasmallstoragearea.Thepermanentexhibitionspaceintheredevelopedgallerywillbeabouttwiceaslargeasitisnowbecauseitwilloccupytheareathatisnowusedfortemporaryexhibitions.Therewillalsobeanewroomforspecialexhibitions.Thisroomisshowninredontheexistingplanandisnotcurrentlypartofthegallery.(178words,band9)Thetableshowsdataabouttheundergroundrailnetworksinsixmajorcities.Thetablecomparesthesixnetworksintermsoftheirage,sizeandthenumberofpeoplewhousethemeachyear.Itisclearthatthethreeoldestundergroundsystemsarelargerandservesignificantlymorepassengersthanthenewersystems.TheLondonundergroundistheoldestsystem,havingopenedin1863.Itisalsothelargestsystem,with394kilometresofroute.Thesecondlargestsystem,inParis,isonlyabouthalfthesizeoftheLondonunderground,with199kilometresofroute.However,itservesmorepeopleperyear.Whileonlythirdintermsofsize,theTokyosystemiseasilythemostused,with1927millionpassengersperyear.Ofthethreenewernetworks,theWashingtonDCundergroundisthemostextensive,with126kilometresofroute,comparedtoonly11kilometresand28kilometresfortheKyotoandLosAngelessystems.TheLosAngelesnetworkisthenewest,havingopenedin,whiletheKyotonetworkisthesmallestandservesonly45millionpassengersperyear.(185words)CambridgeIELTSbook7,page101:Thepiechartscomparetheamountofelectricityproducedusingfivedifferentsourcesoffuelintwocountriesovertwoseparateyears.Totalelectricityproductionincreaseddramaticallyfrom1980toinbothAustraliaandFrance.Whilethetotalsforbothcountriesweresimilar,therewerebigdifferencesinthefuelsourcesused.Coalwasusedtoproduce50ofthetotal100unitsofelectricityinAustraliain1980,risingto130outof170unitsin.Bycontrast,nuclearpowerbecamethemostimportantfuelsourceinFrancein,producingalmost75%ofthecountry’selectricity.Australiadependedonhydropowerforjustunder25%ofitselectricityinbothyears,buttheamountofelectricityproducedusingthistypeofpowerfellfrom5toonly2unitsinFrance.Oil,ontheotherhand,remainedarelativelyimportantfuelsourceinFrance,butitsusedeclinedinAustralia.Bothcountriesreliedonnaturalgasforelectricityproductionsignificantlymorein1980thanin.(170words)ThechartgivesinformationaboutUKimmigration,emigrationandnetmigrationbetween1999and.Bothimmigrationandemigrationratesroseovertheperiodshown,butthefiguresforimmigrationweresignificantlyhigher.Netmigrationpeakedinand.In1999,over450,000peoplecametoliveintheUK,whilethenumberofpeoplewhoemigratedstoodatjustunder300,000.Thefigurefornetmigrationwasaround160,000,anditremainedatasimilarleveluntil.From1999to,theimmigrationraterosebynearly150,000people,buttherewasamuchsmallerriseinemigration.Netmigrationpeakedatalmost250,000peoplein.After,therateofimmigrationremainedhigh,butthenumberofpeopleemigratingfluctuated.Emigrationfellsuddenlyin,beforepeakingatabout420,000peoplein.Asaresult,thenetmigrationfigurerosetoaround240,000in,butfellbacktoaround160,000in.Itisclearfromthechartsthatthefiguresfordevelopedcountriesaremuchhigherthanthosefordevelopingnations.Also,thechartsshowanoverallincreaseinparticipationineducationandsciencefrom1980to1990.Peopleindevelopingnationsattendedschoolforanaverageofaround3years,withonlyaslightincreaseinyearsofschoolingfrom1980to1990.Ontheotherhand,thefigureforindustrialisedcountriesrosefromnearly9yearsofschoolingin1980tonearly11yearsin1990.From1980to1990,thenumberofscientistsandtechniciansinindustrialisedcountriesalmostdoubledtoabout70per1000people.Spendingonresearchanddevelopmentalsosawrapidgrowthinthesecountries,reaching$350billionin1990.Bycontrast,thenumberofscienceworkersindevelopingcountriesremainedbelow20per1000people,andresearchspendingfellfromabout$50billiontoonly$25billion.(187words)ThediagrambelowshowshowtheAustralianBureauofMeteorologycollectsup-to-the-minuteinformationontheweatherinordertoproducereliableforecasts.ThefigureillustratestheprocessusedbytheAustralianBureauofMeteorologytoforecasttheweather.Therearefourstagesintheprocess,beginningwiththecollectionofinformationabouttheweather.Thisinformationisthenanalysed,preparedforpresentation,andfinallybroadcasttothepublic.Lookingatthefirstandsecondstagesoftheprocess,therearethreewaysofcollectingweatherdataandthreewaysofanalysingit.Firstly,incominginformationcanbereceivedbysatelliteandpresentedforanalysisasasatellitephoto.Thesamedatacanalsobepassedtoaradarstationandpresentedonaradarscreenorsynopticchart.Secondly,incominginformationmaybecollecteddirectlybyradarandana