上海外國語大學(xué)英語(yīnɡyǔ)學(xué)院TheSilentWay第一頁，共24頁。CONTENTS123BackgroundApproachDesign4Procedure第二頁，共24頁。TheSilentWayisamethodoflanguageteachingdevisedbyCalebGattegno.1BackgroundThepremiseoftheSilentWay:Theteachershouldbesilentasmuchaspossibleintheclassroombutthelearnershouldbeencouragedtoproduceasmuchlanguageaspossible.第三頁，共24頁。1BackgroundElementsoftheSilentWay:theuseofcolorchartsandthecoloredCuisenairerods（古氏積木(jīmù)）.第四頁，共24頁。1Background

Fidelcharts第五頁，共24頁。1BackgroundWordcharts第六頁，共24頁。1BackgroundThelearninghypotheses:Learningisfacilitatedifthelearnerdiscoversorcreatesratherthanremembersandrepeatswhatistobelearned.Learningisfacilitatedbyaccompanyingphysicalobjects.Learningisfacilitatedbyproblemsolvinginvolvingthematerialtobelearned.第七頁，共24頁。1BackgroundJeromeBruner,theeducationalpsychologistandphilosopher,distinguishestwotraditions:theexpositorymodeandthehypotheticalmode.Thesilentwaybelongstothehypotheticalmode,viewinglearningasaproblem-solving,creative,discoveringactivity,inwhichthelearnerisaprincipalactor,notabench-boundlistener.Discoveringandcreativelearning第八頁，共24頁。1BackgroundDiscoveringandcreativelearningThebenefitsderivedfrom"discoverylearning":Theincreaseinintellectualpotency.Theshiftfromextrinsictointrinsicrewards.Thelearningofheuristicsbydiscovering.Theaidtoconservingmemory.第九頁，共24頁。1BackgroundAccompanyingphysicalobjectsTheCuisenairerodsandthecolor-codedpronunciationcharts(calledFidelcharts),providephysicalfociforlearningandcreatememorableimagestofacilitatestudentrecall.第十頁，共24頁。1Backgroundproblem-solvingBenjaminFranklinrepresented"problem-solvingapproachestolearning"inthewords:

TellmeandIforget,teachmeandIremember,involvemeandIlearn.第十一頁，共24頁。2Approach:TheoryofLanguageandLearningTheoryoflanguageLearningalanguageistograspits"spirit"—thewayeachlanguageiscomposedofphonologicalandsuprasegmentalelementsthatcombinetogivethelanguageitsuniquesoundsystemandmelody.TheSilentWaytakesastructuralapproachtotheorganizationoflanguagetobetaught.Gattegnoseesvocabularyasacentraldimensionoflanguagelearningandchoiceofvocabularyascrucial.第十二頁，共24頁。2Approach:TheoryofLanguageandLearningTheoryoflearning(1)Basedontheprocessoflearningafirstlanguage,Gattegnorecommendsthatlearnerneedsto“returntothestateofmindthatcharacterizesababy'slearning–surrender”.(2)Theprocessesoflearningasecondlanguageare“radicallydifferent”fromthoseinvolvedinlearningafirstlanguage.AsuccessfulL2approachmustbe“artificialandstrictlycontrolled”.(3)The“artificialapproach”isbasedontheprinciplethatsuccessfullearninginvolvescommitmentoftheselftolanguageacquisitionthroughtheuseofsilentawarenessandthenactivetrial.第十三頁，共24頁。2Approach:TheoryofLanguageandLearningTheoryoflearningTheselfconsistsoftwosystems—alearningsystemandaretainingsystem.Silenceisconsideredthebestvehicleforlearning,becauseinsilencestudentsconcentrateonthetasktobeaccomplishedandthepotentialmeanstoitsaccomplishment.Repetition(asopppsedtosilence)“consumestimeandencourgesthescatteredmindtoremainscattered".Awarenessiseducable.Asonelearns"inawareness,"one'spowersofawarenessandone'scapacitytolearnbecomegreater.("learningtolearn")第十四頁，共24頁。3DesignObjectivesThegeneralobjective—togivebeginninglevelstudentsoralandauralfacilityinbasicelementsofthetargetlanguage.Theimmediateobjective—toprovidethelearnerwithabasicpracticalknowledgeofthegrammar.第十五頁，共24頁。3DesignSyllabusTheSilentWayadoptsabasicallystructuralsyllabus,withlessonsplannedaroundgrammaticalitemsandrelatedvocabulary.第十六頁，共24頁。3DesignlearningactivitiesLearningtasksandactivitiesintheSilentWayhavethefunctionofencouragingandshapingstudentoralresponsewithoutdirectoralinstructionfromorunnecesssarymodelingbytheteacher.第十七頁，共24頁。3DesignroleoflearnersLearnersintheSilentWayareexpectedtodevelopindependence,autonomyandresponsibility.第十八頁，共24頁。3DesignrolesofteachersTeachersilenceistheuniquedemandoftheSilentWay.StevickdefinestheSilentWayteacher'stasksastoteach,totestandtogetoutoftheway.Theteacherusesgestures,charts,andmanipulativesinordertoelicitandshapestudentresponsesandsomustbebothfacileandcreativeasapantomimistandpuppeteer.第十九頁，共24頁。3Designmaterialscoloredrods,color-codedpronunciationandvocabularywallcharts,apointer,andreading/writingexercises.AllSilentWaymaterialsareusedtoillustratetherelationshipsbetweensoundandmeaninginthetargetlanguage.第二十頁，共24頁。3Design

FidelchartsWordcharts第二十一頁，共24頁。3DesignColoredrodstherodsmaybeusedfornamingcolors,forsizecomparisons,andsoon.thepointerisusedtoindicatestress,phrasingandintonation.Apointer第二十二頁，共24頁。3ProcedureASilentWaylesso