word格式，下載后可自由編輯PAGE文檔來(lái)自535600147關(guān)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)講解大全名詞可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞，專有名詞是某個(gè)(些)人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類：1)個(gè)體名詞：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun。2)集體名詞：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family。3)物質(zhì)名詞：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：air。4)抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)算，稱為可數(shù)名詞，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無(wú)法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞。歸納一下，名詞的分類可以下圖表示：名詞專有名詞不可數(shù)名詞普通名詞物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞集體名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞1.1名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化情況構(gòu)成方法讀音例詞一般情況加-s清輔音后讀/s/map-maps濁輔音和元音后讀/z/bag-bags/car-cars以s,sh,ch,x等結(jié)尾加-es讀/iz/bus-buses/watch-watches以ce,se,ze,等結(jié)尾加-s讀/iz/license-licenses以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾變y為i再加es讀/z/babybabies1.2其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化1)以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如：twoMarystheHenrysmonkeymonkeysholidayholidays2)以o結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：a.加s，如：photophotospianopianosradioradioszoozoos;b.加es，如：potato--potatoestomato--tomatoesc.上述a和b兩種方法均可，如zerozeros/zeroes。3)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：a.加s，如：beliefbeliefsroofroofssafesafesgulfgulfs;b.去f,fe加ves，如：halfhalvesknifeknivesleafleaveswolfwolveswifewiveslifelivesthiefthieves;c.上述a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves。1.3名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1)childchildrenfootfeettoothteethmousemicemanmenwomanwomen注意：由一個(gè)詞加man或woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women，如anEnglishman，twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans;Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是theBowmans。2)單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese，li，jin，yuan，twoli，threemu，fourjin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers。3)集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：peoplepolicecattle等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說(shuō)apeople，apolice，acattle，但可以說(shuō)aperson，apoliceman，aheadofcattle,theEnglish，theBritish，theFrench，theChinese，theJapanese，theSwiss等名詞，表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，如TheChineseareindustriesandbrave.中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的。4)以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：a.maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。b.news為不可數(shù)名詞。c.theUnitedStates，theUnitedNations應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.聯(lián)合國(guó)是1945年組建起來(lái)的。d.以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如："TheArabianNights"isaveryinterestingstory-book.《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書。5)表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses(眼鏡)trousers,clothes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞pair(對(duì)，雙);suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers等。6)另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes(各種)魚。1.4不可數(shù)名詞量的表示1)物質(zhì)名詞a.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)為可數(shù)。比較：Cakeisakindoffood.蛋糕是一種食物。(不可數(shù))Thesecakesaresweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。(可數(shù))b.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：Thisfactoryproducessteel.(不可數(shù))Weneedvarioussteels.(可數(shù))c.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。Twoteas,please.請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。2)抽象名詞表示具體的事例時(shí)也可數(shù)。例如：fourfreedoms四大自由thefourmodernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量，如aglassofwater一杯水/apieceofadvice一則建議。5.定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。1)1)用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。例如：sportsmeeting運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)studentsreading-room學(xué)生閱覽室talkstable談判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外語(yǔ)系2)man,woman,gentleman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：menworkerswomenteachersgentlemenofficials3)有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，s保留。例如：goodstrain(貨車)armsproduce武器生產(chǎn)customspapers海關(guān)文件clothesbrush衣刷4)數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：two-dozeneggs兩打雞蛋aten-milewalk十英里路two-hundredtrees兩百棵樹afive-yearplan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃1.6不同國(guó)籍人的單復(fù)數(shù)國(guó)籍總稱(謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)中國(guó)人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亞人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄國(guó)人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希臘人thegreekagreektwogreeks法國(guó)人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美國(guó)人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德國(guó)人theGermansaGermanstwoGermans英國(guó)人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes1.7名詞的格英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加"'s"來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：ateacher'sbook。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：1)單數(shù)名詞詞尾加"'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒(méi)有s，也要加"'s"，如theboy'sbag男孩的書包，men'sroom男廁所。2)若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s，只加"'"，如：theworkers'struggle工人的斗爭(zhēng)。3)凡不能加"'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of+名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，如：thetitleofthesong歌的名字。4)在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：thebarber's理發(fā)店。5)如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有";只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。例如：John'sandMary'srooms(兩間)JohnandMary'sroom(一間)6)復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ)，'s加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：amonthortwo'sabsence1.8練習(xí)1.1.Hewaseagertomakesomeextramoney,sinceduringtheseyearshecouldhardlyliveonhis_______.a.a.littlewageb.fewwagec.waged.wages2.2.Mostofthehousesinthevillagewereburntto______duringthewar.a.a.anashb.theashc.ashd.ashes3.3.Thestudentsatcollegesoruniversitiesaremaking______forthecomingNewYear.a.a.manypreparationsb.muchpreparationc.preparationsd.preparation4.4.Paintingin_____isoneoftheirspare-timeactivities.a.a.oilb.anoilc.oilsd.theoil5.5.Intheviewoftheforeignexperts,therewasn't____oilhere.a.a.muchb.lotsofb.agreatdealofd.many6.Thelargehousesarebeingpainted,but______.a.ofgreatexpenseb.atagreatexpensec.inalotofexpensesd.byhighexpense7.7.Theroomwassmallandcontainedfartoo______.a.a.muchnewfurnitureb.muchnewfurnituresc.manynewfurnitured.manynewfurnitures8.8.Jimwaslatefortwoclassesthismorning.Hesaidthatheforgotbothofthe______.a.roomsnumberb.roomnumberc.room'snumbersd.roomnumbers9.Computerscando______workinashorttime,butamancannotdo______byhimself.agreatmany…manyb.much…agreatdealc.agreatdealof…muchd.many…agreatmany10.10.Shedidn'tknow_____hehadbeengiven.a.a.howmanyinformationb.howmanyinformationsc.thenumberofinformationd.howmuchinformation11.11.Heinvitedallofhis______rade-in-arm12.12.Allthe______inthehospitalgotariselastmonth.a.womendoctorsb.womandoctorsc.womendoctord.womandoctor13.13.Aftertenyears,alltheseyoungstersbecame_____.a.growns-upsb.growns-upc.grown-upd.grown-ups14.14.Thepoliceinvestigatedthose_____abouttheaccident.a.stander-byb.standers-byc.stander-bysd.standers-bys15.15.TheNazikeptthose______intheirconcentrationcamp.a.prisoner-of-warsb.prisoners-of-warc.prisoners-of-warsd.prisoner-of-war16.16.Themanagerwasgreatlyappreciatethat_____madebyLindalately.a.newreelb.newsreelc.new-reelsd.newsreels17.17.Mary'sdressissimilarinappearancetoher______.a.eldersisterb.eldersister'sc.eldersistersd.eldersistersdress18.18.Allthepeopleattheconferenceare______.a.mathematicteachersb.mathematicsteacherc.mathematicsteachersd.mathematic'steachers19.ProfessorMackaytoldusthat______perty20.20.Physics_____withmatterandmotion.a.a.dealb.dealsc.dealingd.are21.21.Hehaswrittenseveralbooks,buthislastworks_____wellknownamonghisfriends.a.a.haveb.havebeenc.isd.are22.22.Afterhecheckedupmy______heart,thedoctoradvisedhimtorestforafewdays.a.a.father-in-law'sc.father's-in-lawb.b.father-in-lawd.father's-in-law's23.23.Hetoldme_____wouldcometohisbirthdayparty.a.a.manyJackfriendsc.manyJack'sfriendb.b.Jack'smanyfriendsd.manyfriendsofJack's24.24.Ihadmyhaircutatthe_____aroundthecorner.a.a.barberb.barbersc.barber'sd.barbers'25.25.Yesterdayeveningwehadalovelyeveningat______.a.a.PeterandHelen'sc.PeterandHelenb.b.PeterandHelensd.Peter'sandHelen's26.26.______receivesonlyasmallportionofthetotalamountofthesun'senergy.a.a.Theearth'ssurfacec.Thesurfaceofearthb.b.Thesurfaceearthd.Theearthsurface27.27.Numerousmaterialsareavailableto______.a.a.todayofdesignersc.today'sofdesignersb.b.today'sdesignersd.todaydesigners28.28.WhydidyouspeaktoPeterthatway?Don'tyouknowheisanoldfriendof______?a.a.mybrotherb.mybrothersc.mybrother'sd.mybrother'sfriend29.29.______isawell-informedman.Hecantellyouanythingyouwanttoknow.a.a.ThisJohn'soldfriendc.That'sJahn'soldfriendb.b.ThisoldfriendofJohnd.ThisoldfriendofJohn's30.30.______istoomuchforalittleboytocarry.a.a.Abike'sweightc.Theweightofabikeb.b.Theweightsofabiked.Bile'sweight31.31.Generallythereare______televisionprogramsforchildrenonSaturday.a.a.littleb.muchc.alargenumberofd.alargeamountof32.32.Whentheygottothelecture-room,therewere______left.a.a.onlyfewseatsb.averyfewseatsc.onlyafewseatsd.soafewseats33.33.______travelsfasterwhenthezipcodeisindicatedontheenvelope.a.a.Alittlemailb.Apieceofmailc.Amaild.Asmallmail_toimprovetheworkingconditionsthere.a.a.anewequipmentc.newequipmentsb.b.anewpieceofequipmentd.newpiecesofequipments35.35.Theboytriedhardbuttherehasbeen______inhiswork.a.a.littleimprovementc.manyimprovementsb.b.alittleimprovementd.fewimprovements36.36.Today'smodernTVcamerasrequire______lightascomparedwiththeearliermodels.a.a.onlyafewb.onlyfewc.onlyalittled.onlylittle37.37.Nocountrycanaffordtoneglect______.cationd.theeducation38.38.Pleasewritetheanswerstothequestionsattheendof______.a.a.eighthchapterb.chaptereightc.eightchapterd.chaptertheeight39.39.______isonlysurpassedbythatofmonkeys'andapes'.a.a.Theintelligentdogc.Theintelligenceofdogsb.b.Thedogswhoseintelligenced.Thedogsbeingintelligent40.40.All______musttakethegraduateManagementAdmissionTest.a.a.businessstudentb.business'sstudentsc.businessstudentsd.business'sstudent41.41.______anywhereintheUnitedStatescostslessthanadollarwhenyoudialityourself.a.a.Threeminutescallc.Athree-minutescallb.b.Three-minutecalld.Athree-minutecall42.42.The______aboutnuclearenergyrevolvesaroundthewasteproblem.a.a.public'schiefconcernc.chiefpublicconcernb.b.publicchiefconcernd.chiefconcernofpublic's43.43.______thefirstandlargestethnicgrouptoworkontheconstructionofthetranscontinentalrailroad.a.Chinesewereb.TheChinesewasc.Chinesewasd.TheChinesewere44.44.______cangetabetterviewofthegamethantheparticipants.a.a.Looker-onb.Lookers-onc.Looker-onsc.Lookers-ons45.45.Agroupofspectatorswasdispersedbythepolicewho______atthesceneoftheaccidentswithinminutes.a.a.wereb.havebeenc.wasd.hasbeen46.46.Ourlivestock______notasnumerousastheyusedtobe.a.a.isb.arec.bed.been47.47.Oneofthemostsurprisingthingsisthat______maycomefrompetroleum.a.a.muchoftomorrowfoodc.manyoftomorrow'sfoodb.b.muchofthefoodoftomorrowd.muchoftomorrow'sfood48.48.Scottisanorphanbuthereceived______.a.a.verygoodeducationc.averygoodeducationb.b.verygoodeducationsd.manygoodeducations49.49.Afterseveralday'shardworking,wehavemade______onthedesign.a.a.muchimprovementc.manyimprovementb.b.severalimprovementsd.someimprovement50.50.Theboywasveryhappythathismotherboughthimanewpairofshoesata______yesterday.a.a.shoesshopb.shoeshopc.shoes'sshopd.shoe's51.51.Eggs,thoughnourishing,have______offatcontent.a.a.largenumberb.alargenumberc.ahighamountd.thehighamount52.52.Hehasdonesome______onthatsubjectfromvariousanglesoverthepasttenyears.a.a.researchb.aresearchc.researchesd.theresearches53.53.Recently,hehaslostallhis______.a.a.wageandsavingatcardc.wagesandsavingatcardb.b.wagesandsavingsatcardd.wagesandsavingsatcards54.54.Thecountry'swealthcomeschieflyfromitsmany______.a.a.herdofcattleb.heardofcattlesc.herdsofcattled.herdsofcattles55.55.InBritainthe______areallpaintedred.a.a.letterboxesb.lettersboxc.lettersboxesd.letters'sbox56.56.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad______.a.a.alittlewhitehairc.afewwhitehairb.b.somewhitehaird.muchwhitehair57.57.Allhis______farfromsatisfactiona.a.conductisb.conductarec.conductsisd.conductswillbe58.58.Althoughthetownhadbeenattackedbythestormseveraltimes,______wasdone.a.a.afewdamagesb.fewdamagesc.littledamaged.alittledamage59.59.Hewas______whattodo.a.a.athiswitendb.athiswitsendc.athiswit'sendd.athiswits'send60.60.Wouldyouliketohaveacupofteaand______withme?atwotoastsb.twopiecesoftoastc.twopieceoftoastsd.towpiecesoftoasts61.61.Accurate______coveringthefactarenotobtainable.a.a.datumb.datumsc.datad.datas62.62.OnMondaymorni