南開大學728基礎(chǔ)英語2011年碩士研究生入學考試試題南開大學2011年碩士研究生入學考試試題科目：基礎(chǔ)英語專業(yè)：英語語言文學、外國語言學及應用語言學PartoneVocabulary(20分)Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformifnecessary.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.bigotoverridepaltryslumptantrumhonecravenhallucinatevirtuositycharismapedagogyliquidatetemporaledifyconsecratesimulatehavocwaverincurephemeral1Thenewgovernmentpledgedtomakeeveryefforttostabilizeitsailingeconomyby___nationaldebts2Sheproposedthat___shouldberecognizedasoneofthemajordisciplinesinherschool.3Thepiratesmade___alongthecoast.4Oneofthemputforwarda(n)___proposalforputtingupthewhiteflag.5Factsarerecordedintheannalswiththecoloringofprejudiceand___.6TheAmericannationalcharacterwas___sharpduringthewestwardExpansion.7Thescientistscarriedoutanaudio-visual___ofthebeginningoftheuniverse.8Themanagementofferedusa(n)___3%salaryincrease.9Henry___betweenacceptingandrefusing.10Thisbattle-fieldis___tothememoryofthesoldierswhodiedhere.11Thepianistwasapplaudedforhisincredible____.12Sales____by20%lastyear.13TheChurchhasno____powerinthemoderncountry.14Hecouldneverbeafilmstar;he’sgotno____15Noonewouldclaimthatthefilmismorally____16Heinsistedonhisownwayand___alladviceandobjections.17Assoonasthedrugtookeffect,shestarted____18Somekidthrewa(n)___inthemiddleofthestore.19Fashionsarebynaturefickleand____20Thehurricanecausedterrible____ParttwoCloze(10分)Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyonthe__1__productionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthen__2__themintomoney.Marketing__3__,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalysingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoods__4__willsatisfythem.Thiseye-on-the-consumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthat__5__tryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.Thisconceptdoesnotimplythatbusinessisbenevolentorthatconsumersatisfactionisgiven__6__overprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransactionthefirmandcustomerandeachmustbesatisfied__7__tradeoccurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingand__8__customers.Inmid-1985,CocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Asignificantportionofthepublicdidnotacceptthenewflavor,bringabouta__9__restorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketed_10_thenew,KingCustomersruled.1AproductiveBefficientCaffluentDproficient2AconvertBtransformCswitchDmodify3AonthecontraryBinthemeantimeChoweverDontheotherhand4AwhatBthenCthatDand5AaheadofBwhileCpriortoDinsteadof6AsuperiorityBprivilegeCprejudiceDpriority7AbeforeBafterCwhileDthen8AlookinguptoBadjustingtoCcateringtoDadaptingto9AproperBpromptCprominentDprofound10AbyBwithCalongsideDasPartthreeReadingComprehension(50分)Question1-5arebasedonthefollowingpassageHistorically,theprimaryresponsibilityfortherearingofyoungchildrenbelongedalmostexclusivelytotheparents,especiallythefather.ItwasnotuntilthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturythattheStatewaswillingtoremoveayoungchildfromdirectsupervisionofnegligentorabusiveparents.Evenso,inordertoreducewelfarecoststotherestofthecommunity,adestitutefamilyinearlyAmerica,incapableofsupportingitsownmembers,wassometimesbrokenupandthechildrenplacedinotherhouseholds.Duringtheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturythemother’sroleintheupbringingofchildrenwasenhanced:Womenbecametheprimaryprovidersofcareandaffection;andasmen’schurchmembershipdeclined,womenalsobecameresponsibleforthecatechizingandeducationofyoungchildren,eventhoughtheyoftenwerelessliteratethanmen.Whilechildrearingmanualscontinuedtoacknowledgetheimportanceofthefather,theyalsorecognizedthatthemotherhadbecomethemajorfigureinthecareoftheyoung.ThroughoutmuchofWesternhistory,aslongaschildrenremainedinthehome,parentsexercisedconsiderablecontroloverthem,eventotheextentofarrangingtheirmarriagesandinfluencingtheircareerchoices.Childrenwereexpectedtobeobedientandtocontributetothewell-beingofthefamily.And,perhapsmoreinWesternEuropethaninAmerica,childrenwereoftenexpectedtoturnoveralmostalloftheirearningdirectlytotheparentssometimesevenaftertheyhadlefthome.Bythelateeighteenthorearlynineteenthcenturysomeofthiscontrolhadbeeneroded,andtherightsofchildrenasindividualswereincreasinglyrecognizedandacknowledged.Interestingly,thedevelopmentofchildren’srightshasproceededsorapidlyandsofarthatwemaynowbeinthemidstofabacklash,aseffortsarebeingmadetore-establishparentalresponsibilityinareassuchasthereproductivebehaviourofminorchildren.Clearlytherehavebeenmajorchangesinthewayoursocietytreatschildren;butitwouldbeverydifficultformanyofustoagreeonthecostsandbenefitsofthesetrendswhetherfromtheviewpointofthechild,theparents,orsociety.Whymanyapplaudtheincreasingindividualismandfreedomofchildrenwithinthefamily,otherlamentthelossoffamilyresponsibilityanddiscipline.Ahistoricalanalysisofparentsandchildrencannotsettlesuchdisputes,butitcanprovideiswithabetterappreciationoftheflexibilityandresilienceofthefamilyasaninstitutionforraisingtheyoung.1BeforethelatenineteenthcenturyinAmerica,therearingofchildrenwastheresponsibility____AsolelyonthepartofthehouseholdcommunityBmainlyonthepartofthehouseholdCsolelyonthepartofthefatherDsolelyonthepartofthemother2Theword“destitute”canbestbereplacedby____ApoorBbigCrichDirresponsible3Itcanbelearnedfromthesecondparagraphthatduringthe18thand19thcentury___AwomenenjoyedequaleducationwithmenBwomen’ssocialstatuswasgreatlyimprovedCmenmaintainedtheirkeyroleinchildraisingDwomen’seducationwasstilllessthanmen’s4Asmentionedbytheauthor,effortstore-establishparentalresponsibilityare___AtosharecommunitywelfareburdenBinconcernofminorchildren’screativebehaviour.CinconcernofteenageparentsDtobettercontrolminorchildren’sexpenditure5RegardingthewayAmericanchildrenaretreated,theauthorisapparently___AinfavorofitBworriedaboutitCupsetaboutitDagainstitQuestion6-10arebasedonthefollowingpassageRichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea“virtual”orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners.“Withvirtualrealitywe’llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisageatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmetsthatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimages.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpaththetumor.Zamoramoisalsousingtechnologythatattacksaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.Duringtheseprocedures—operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremanoeuvresurgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.Satavasays,“Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine.”6AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine___AwillenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefieldBcanraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldCwillgreatlyimprovemedicalconditionsonthebattlefieldDcanshortenthetimeforoperationsonsoldierswoundedonthebattlefield7RichardSatavahasvisionof____Ausingaremote-controltechniquetotreatwoundedsoldiersfightingoverseasBwoundedsoldiersbeingsavedbydoctorswearingvirtualrealityhelmetsonthebattlefieldCwoundedsoldiersbeingoperatedonbyspeciallytrainedsurgeonsDsettingupmobilesurgicalunitsoverseas8Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed?AItisperformedbyacomputer-designedhighprecisiondeviceBSurgeonswearvirtualrealityhelmetstoreceivefeedbackprovidedbyacomputerCSurgeonsmoveroboticinstrumentsbymeansofacomputerlinkedtothemDA3-Dimagerecordsthemovementsofthesurgeonsduringtheoperation.9Duringthevirtualrealityoperations,thesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause___AheislookingatthecutsonacomputerscreenBthecutscanbeexaminedfromdifferentanglesCthecutshavebeenhighlymagnifiedDheiswearing3-Dglasses10Virtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthatthey___AcauselesspaintothewoundedBaredonebyrobotsurgeonswithgreaterprecisionCwillmakehumansurgeons’worklesstediousDallowthepatienttorecovermorequicklyQuestion11-15arebasedonthefollowingpassageWhenstudentcompleteafirstdraft,theyconsiderthejobofwritingdone—andtheirteacherstoooftenagree.Whenprofessionalwriterscompleteafirstdraft,theyusuallyfeelthattheyareatthestartofthewritingprocess.Whenadraftiscompleted,thejobofwritingcanbegin.Thatdifferentinattitudeisthedifferencebetweenamateurandprofessional,inexperienceandexperience,journeymananddraftsman.PeterF.Drucker,theprolificbusinesswriter,callshisfirstdraft“thezerodraft”afterthathecanstartcounting.Mostwriterssharethefeelingthatthefirstdraft,andallofthosewhichfollow,areopportunitiestodiscoverwhattheyhavetosayandhowbesttheycansayit.Toproduceaprogressionofdrafts,eachofwhichsaysmoreandsaysitmoreclearly,thewriterhastodevelopaspecialkindofreadingskill.Inschoolwearetaughttodecodewhatappearsonthepageasfinishedwriting.Writers,however,faceadifferentcategoryofpossibilityandresponsibilitywhentheyreadtheirowndrafts.Tothemthewordsonthewordsonthepageareneverfinished.Eachcanbechangedandrearranged,cansetoffachainreactionofconfusionorclarifiedmeaning.Thisisadifferentkindofreading,whichispossiblymoredifficultandcertainlymoreexciting.Writersmustlearntobetheirownbestenemy.Theymustacceptthecriticismofothersandbesuspiciousofit;theymustacceptthepraiseofothersandbeevenmoresuspiciousofit.Writerscannotdependonothers.Theymustdetachthemselvesfromtheirownpagessothattheycanapplyboththeircaringandtheircrafttotheirownwork.Suchdetachmentisnoteasy.SciencefictionwriterRauBradburysupposedlyputseachmanuscriptawayforayeartothedayandthenrereadsitasastranger.Notmanywritershavethedisciplineorthetimetodothis.Wemustreadwhenourjudgmentmaybeatitsbest;whenweareclosetothebestmomentofcreation.Mostpeoplethinkthattheprincipleproblemisthatwritersaretooproudofwhattheyhavewritten.Actually,agreaterproblemformostprofessionalwritersisonesharedbythemajorityofstudents.Theyareoverlycritical,thinkeverythingisdreadful,tearuppageafterpage,nevercompleteadraft,andseethetaskashopeless.Therefore,thewritermustlearntoreadcriticallybutconstructively,tocutwhatisbadandrevealwhatisgood.Attheendofeachrevision,amanuscriptmaylookworkedover,tornapart,pinnedtogether,addedto,deletedfrom,wordschangedandwordschangedback.Yetthebookmustmaintainitsoriginalfreshnessandspontaneity.11Whatisthedifferencebetweenastudentandaprofessionalwritertowardtheirfirstdraft?AAprofessionalthinkshisfirstdraftisbetterplannedBAstudentislessconfidentthanaprofessionalaboutthefirstdraftCAstudentwillreadhisfirstdraftmoreseriouslythanaprofessional.DAstudentseesthedraftashisfinalwork,whileprofessionalseesitastheinitialofhiswork.12Whatmighttheword“journeyman”inparagraph2mean?AapprenticeBtouristCexperiencedwhileundistinguishedworkerDjournalist13WhydoesRayBradburyputeachmanuscriptawayforayearbeforeherereadsit?ABecausehedoesnotlikehisownworkBBecausehefeelswritingisdreadfulCBecauseheisapersonofprincipleDBecauseheneedstodetachhimselffromhisownwork.14Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingstatementisUNTRUE?ABothprofessionalwritersandstudentsmayfeelwritingadreadfulwork.BReadingdraftisdifferentfromreadingfinishedwriting.CProfessionalwritersshouldbesuspiciousinrevisingtheirdrafts.DProfessionalwritersmayalwaysdependonother’scriticisminordertobettertheirwork.15Whatistheauthor’sadviceforthoseintheprocessofdraftprogression?ABetolerantone’sworkBTearupanypagethatbetraystheoriginalspontaneityCKeepitawayandtakeitupagainafteratleastayearDBebothcriticalandconstructive.Question16-20arebasedonthefollowingpassageItwassohardtokeephereyesopen.Shehadcleanedalldayandnowmustrockthecradleintothenight.Behindherslepttheinfant’smother.Beforeher,thebaby.Herhandrocked,androcked,everalittleslower.Shecouldforceherwaryeyesnolonger.Herheaddropped.Andthecradlestopped.Amomentlaterherbriefreposewasshatteredbyaflashoffierypainasanangrylashwhippedacrossherneck.Theinfanthadbeguntocrywhenthecradlestopped.Themotherhadwoken.AndHarrietTubman,theslavegirl,wasforareasonwideawakeasadrenalinefloodedherachingbody.Littledidanyonerealizeit,butthosecruellasheswouldultimatelyworkagainstthosewhoimposedthem;forinhertrials,Harrietwaslearningtheenduranceshewouldneedinlateryearsasshespentmanysleeplessnightsleadinghundredsofslavestofreedom.Harriet’sownescapetookplacewhenshewasinherearlytwenties.Rumourhaditsheandtwoofherbrotherswouldbeseparatedfromtheirfamilyandsentfurthersouththefollowingday,nevertoreturn.Thatnight,Harrietandherbrothersran,guidedonlybytheNorthStarandhearsaythat“l(fā)ovelywhiteladies”waitedintheNorthtoreceivefugitives.Somedistanceintothenight,Harriet’sbrothersgrewfrightened.Therewasnologicalbasisforhopethattheywouldmakeit.TheNorthwassofaraway,andsearchpartieswouldbeaftertheminthemorning.Harriet’sbrothersgaveupandturnedback.Shecouldnotconvincethemtopresson,butpressonshedid.Along.Hidingbydayandmovingbynight,appealingforfoodfromthosesheprayedwouldbefriendlyandwereHarrietcrossedintofreeterritorymanydayslater.“IhadcrossedthelineofwhichIhadsolongbeendreaming,”Harrietrecalled,“Iwasfree;”buttherewasnoonetowelcomeme,…Iwasastrangerinastrangeland,andmyhomeafterallwasdownintheoldcabinquarter,withtheoldfolks,andmybrothersandsisters.ButtothissolemnresolutionIcame;Iwasfree,andtheyshouldbefreealso;IwouldmakeahomeforthemintheNorth,andtheLordhelpingme,Iwouldbringthemallthere.”Andthisshedid.Sheenduredhungerandhardship,dangeranddifficulty,returningnineteentimestoleadthreetofourhundredslavestofreedom—includingallherfamilyexceptonesisterandherthreechildren.WhentheCivilWarbegan,HarrietseveredasascoutandhospitalnursefortheUnionArmywithoutpay,helpingtofreehundredsmoreofherpeople.Aptlyshecametobeknownas“Moses”amongnorthernerandsoutherneralike.Towardtheendofherlife,asthefirstbiographyofHarrietTubman’slifewasbeingwritten,oneofthosewhoknewherwellsummedupHarriet’scharacter,saying“…Harriet’swillingnesstoendurehardshipandfaceanydangerforthesakeofherpoorfollowerswasphenomenal.”16Whenfreeingslaves,Harrietenduredallthefollowingexcept___AhungerBdangerChardshipDdesolation17Harriet’sbrothersturnedbackbecause___AtheythoughtthefreedomimpossibleBtheywerestarvingandhadnofoodCtheymissedtherestoftheirfamilyDtheywerefrightenedofbeinglost18Accordingtothetext,Harriet’sexperienceasslavecouldbeabetterbasisforher___later.AhealthBoptimismCenduranceDbravery19Fromthesixthparagraph,wecanseethat___AHarrietwasveryhappybecauseshewasnotfreeBHarrietfeltalittleisolated,butshewasstrong-mindedtofreeotherslavesCHarrietwasdisappointedwiththeNorthDHarrietlostheart20Afterreadingthewholepassage,wecansafelyguessthatitisa___AnewsreportBnovelCbiographyDcritiquePartfourTranslation(50分)1TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese(20分)A：Thespringoflife,andthespringoftheyearwerealikemeanttobecradledinthegreenlapofNature.Tous,inthetown,springbringsbutitscoldwindsanddrizzlingrains.Wemustseekitamongsttheleaflesswoods,andthebramblylanes,onthehealthymoors,andthegreat,stillhills,ifwewanttofeelitsjoyousbreath,andhearitssilentvoices.Thereisagloriousfreshnessinthespringthere.Thescurryingclouds,theopenbleakness,therushingwind,andtheclearbrightair,thrillonewithvagueenergiesandhopes.Life,likethelandscapearoundus,seemsbigger,andwider,andfreer—arainbowroad,leadingtounknownends.Throughthesilveryrentthatbarthesky,weseemtocatchaglimpseofthegreathopeandgrandeurthatliesaroundthislittlethrobbingworld,andabreathofitsscentiswafted