考研英語(yǔ)（一）第二部分閱讀理解（上）

（江南博哥）

材料題

根據(jù)下面資料，回答1-5題

ForseveralweekstheworldhaswatchedasIndia'scitizens—includingacademicsand

students—havetakentothestreets.Tensofthousandshavebeengatheringtoread

outthepreambletotheIndianconstitution,asamarkofprotestagainsta

discriminatorynewcitizenshiplaw.Thelawprovidesapathtocitizenshipforrecent

refugeesfromAfghanistan,BangladeshandPakistan.Itisameanstoproviding

permanentsanctuaryforreligiousminoritiesfleeinghardshiporpersecutioninthese

countries—anintentionthatistobecommended.Whatistroublingisthatdecisions

onwhocan—andcannot—applyforcitizenshipwillbemadeonthebasisofreligious

belief.

Tragically,someofthepeacefulprotestsarebeingmetwithviolence,anduniversity

campusesarenotimmune.Thelatesthigh-profileincidenttookplaceatJawaharlal

NehruUniversityinNewDelhi,wherestudentshavealsobeenprotestingoveran

increaseinaccommodationfees.Ontheeveningof5January,peoplewearingmasks

andcarryingironrods,stonesandwoodenclubsenteredthecampusandlaunched

anattack.However,thecity'spolicefailedtoprovideprotection.Inmid-December,

policeenteredtwoofIndia'solderuniversitiesandstudentswerebeaten,property

wasdamagedandteargasused.Bothinstitutionshadtoclosetemporarily,disrupting

teachingandresearch.JamiaMillia'svice-chancellorsaidthatitisnotacceptablefor

policetoharminnocentstudents.

Theseverityofthepoliceactionhasrightlypromptedachorusofinternational

concern.AmongthosespeakinguparetheNobelprizewinnersAbhijitBanerjee,an

economistandJNUalumnusnowattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyin

Cambridge,whoisalsocriticalofthenewlaw.

Manyofthegovernment'ssupportersareupsetthatuniversitystudents,academics

andscientistsarealsoopposingthenewlaw.Buttheymustknowthatfreedomof

expressioniscoretoauniversity'smission；thattheabilityofcitizenstoprotest

peacefullyagainstgovernmentpoliciesisaright,notaprivilege.Withoutit,no

oppositionwouldbeabletopresentitscasetothepublic—asmembersofthe

currentgovernmentanditssupportersdidintheyearstheywereoutofpower.

AcademicsinIndiaarerighttobealarmedandtospeakup,becauseforcehasbeen

usedonuniversitycampuses,causingfear.India'sauthoritiesmusttakethenecessary

stepstoprotecttheirnation'suniversitiesandtheirpeople'sfreedomofspeech.They

mustheedthewordsoftheprimeminister'sprincipalscientificadviser,

KrishnaswamyVijayRaghavan,whosaidunequivocally："Campusesareplacesfor

learning,discussionandresearch.Thereisnoplaceatallforviolence."

1［單選題］Recordingtothefirstparagraph,whatisthefunctionofIndia's

NewCitizenshipLaw?

A.Toprovideawayforrefugeestoearncitizenship

B.Toprovidesanctuaryforreligiousmajorities

C.ToconfirmthepreambletotheIndianconstitution

D.Todecidereligiousbeliefoftheapplicants

正確答案：A

參考解析：Itisameanstoprovidingpermanentsanctuaryforreligious

minoritiesfleeinghardshiporpersecutioninthesecountries—an

intentionthatistobecommended.為逃離這些國(guó)家的苦難者或受迫害的

宗教少數(shù)群體提供永久避難所的一種手段，A符合題意。

2序選回Universitycampusesarenotimmunetoviolencebecause

A.studentsareinvolvedinpeacefulprotests

B.thepropertyofuniversitieshasbeendamaged

C.internationalcommunitiesareshowingconcerns

D.thepolicehasfailedtoprovideprotection

正確答案：D

參考解析：Ontheeveningof5January,peoplewearingmasksand

carryingironrods,stonesandwoodenclubsenteredthecampusand

launchedanattack.However,thecity'spolicefailedtoprovideprotection.

第二段描述了學(xué)生的和平抗議及遭到的暴力對(duì)待：尼赫魯大學(xué)學(xué)生抗議住宿費(fèi)的

上漲，1月5日人們進(jìn)入校園發(fā)動(dòng)襲擊；12月中旬警方進(jìn)入印度兩所大學(xué)，毆

打?qū)W生，破壞學(xué)校財(cái)產(chǎn)，甚至使用催淚瓦斯。所以校園不能免于遭受暴力的原因

是警方未能提供保護(hù)反而暴力鎮(zhèn)壓抗議活動(dòng)。D正確。

3［單選題］Mlh'chofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph4?

A.Somescientistsareuneasyaboutopposingthenewlaw

B.Theoppositionhasnowaytoconveyhisideastothepublic

C.ltisnecessarytoguaranteepeople'sfreedomofexpression

D.ltisaprivilegeofcitizenstoprotestagainstgovernmentpolicies

正確答案：C

參考解析：Buttheymustknowthatfreedomofexpressioniscoretoa

university'smission;thattheabilityofcitizenstoprotestpeacefully

againstgovernmentpoliciesisaright,notaprivilege.Withoutit,no

oppositionwouldbeabletopresentitscasetothepublic—asmembers

ofthecurrentgovernmentanditssupportersdidintheyearstheywere

outofpower.第四段指出沒(méi)有言論自由是大學(xué)的核心使命，沒(méi)有言論自由任

何反對(duì)黨就無(wú)法向公眾表達(dá)自己的立場(chǎng)，現(xiàn)在的政府成員當(dāng)初也經(jīng)歷過(guò)沒(méi)有言論

自由的時(shí)刻，所以他們知道言論自由的重要性。C正確。

4［單選題/WhatcanweinferfromthewordsofKrishnaswamy?

A.HewasagainsttheactionsofIndianscholars

B.Hesupportedtheimplementationofthenewlaw

C.Hefoundcampusesareplacesforviolence

D.Headvocatedtheprotectionofuniversities

正確答案：D

參考解析：Theymustheedthewordsoftheprimeminister'sprincipal

scientificadviser,KrishnaswamyVijayRaghavan,whosaidunequivocally:

"Campusesareplacesforlearning,discussionandresearch.Thereisno

placeatallforviolence."最后一句Krishnaswamy表示校園是學(xué)習(xí)、討論和

研究的場(chǎng)所，不應(yīng)該有暴力存在。所以D正確。

5［單選題］wBchofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?

A.ProtectIndia'sUniversities

B.CarryoutaNewCitizenshipLaw

C.FocusonthePoliceAction

D.GuardPeople'sFreedom

正確答案：A

參考解析：文章從新法律的頒發(fā)，到暴力鎮(zhèn)壓大學(xué)的和平抗議活動(dòng)，提出了言論

自由的重要性，該文章想通過(guò)大學(xué)校園中和平抗議活動(dòng)遭到暴力鎮(zhèn)壓的事件，表

達(dá)印度社會(huì)各方應(yīng)保護(hù)印度的大學(xué)及其言論自由，所以選項(xiàng)［A］為正確答案。

材料題

根據(jù)下面資料，回答6-10題

Onethingscientistsaresurewillhappenastheworldwarmsisthattheseaswill

rise,puttingmillionsofpeopleatriskoflanderosion,floodingandpermanent

displacement.Butaskexpertsexactlyhowfaroceanswilladvance,andtheiranswer

getsfarmorequalified.AstudypublishedMay20intheProceedingsoftheNational

AcademyofSciencesfoundthatpreviousestimatesofhowbadsea-levelrisecould

getweretooconservative—andthatcoastalcommunitiesmustcontemplatemore

severe,long-termimpactsfromhumans'addictiontofossilfuels.

ResearchersaskedleadingexpertsontheGreenlandandAntarcticicesheetsto

providetheirbestupdatedestimatesforthefutureofthesefrozenmassesas

temperaturesspike.Aggregatingthese,theresearchersconcludedthattherangeof

outcomesscientistsnowconsiderpossiblehasshiftedmarkedlytowardmoremelting

and,therefore,higherseas.Forexample,inabusiness-as-usualscenario,themedian

estimatefromtheUnitedNations'lastmajorclimatereportshouldhavebeenmore

thandoubled.Infact,theresearchersfoundthatitisunlikely,butplausible,thatthe

oceanscouldriseastaggering6.5feetby2100ifemissionslevelscontinuetobehigh.

ThatwouldswamproughlyasmuchterritoryasiscontainedinallofWesternEurope

andmake187millionpeoplehomeless.

SincetheUnitedNations'lastmajorclimateassessment,thescientistswatchingthe

Earth'smajoricesheetshavewitnessedmassiveicelossesandtriedtobettermodel

thewaythesheetsfracture,howliquidwaterinteractswiththesolidstuff,andthe

instabilityoficecliffs.Theyhavealsodonemoretoassesshowtheseicesheets

behavedinpreviouswarmingepochs.Theyhavenotbeenabletoprovidemore

preciseestimatesforhowbadthingscouldgetexcepttosaytheoutlookisworse

thantheythoughtpreviously.Aswithmanyeffectsofhuman-forcedplanetary

warming,theprecisenatureofsomeconsequenceswillbeknownonlyafterthey

occur,whenitistoolate.

Itisthissortofuncertaintythatopponentsofaddressingglobalwarminghaveplayed

uptoargueagainstaction.Yetalthoughitispossibletocontemplateless-bad

consequencesatoneunlikelyendoftheprobabilityspectrum,itisalsopossibleto

foreseeabsolutelydevastatingresultsontheotherend.And,asscientistshave

continuedtorefinetheirunderstandingofEarthsystems,thedistributionofthe

scenariosthatseemprobablehastendedtomoveinthewrongdirection.President

Trumpandthoseinhisadministrationignorescientists'increasinglydirewarningsto

theperiloftheirchildren,grandchildrenandtherestofhumanity.

6［單選題］'beword"qualified"(Line3,Para.1)istheclosestinmeaning

to___

A.Exaggerated

B.reserved

C.revised

0.certificated

正確答案：B

參考解析：劃?rùn)M線句子前段描寫(xiě)是的海平面上上所帶來(lái)的威脅，然后but轉(zhuǎn)折,

向?qū)＜易稍兒Ｋ蠞q的具體情況答復(fù)的數(shù)字應(yīng)該是非常模糊，不具體的。后面一

句最新發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)報(bào)告稱，先前對(duì)于海水上升程度的估計(jì)太過(guò)保守。二者都在談

論對(duì)專家估計(jì)的看法，因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)句子并列且沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)折由此可知，qualified與第

三句中的conservative意思應(yīng)該相近，B符合題意。

7［單選題］'beUnitedNations'lastmajorclimatereportismentioned

to_____

A.explaintherelationshipbetweenicemeltingandsea-levelrise

B.provethecollapseoftheworld'soceanecosystems

C.showtheconservativenessofthepreviouscalculation

D.stressthedevastationofglobalwariningtopeopleincoastalareas

正確答案：C

參考解析：theUnitedNations'lastmajorclimatereportshouldhavebeen

morethandoubled,聯(lián)合國(guó)最近的報(bào)告中的預(yù)測(cè)中間值是原來(lái)的兩倍多，實(shí)

際情況可能會(huì)很糟糕，通過(guò)對(duì)這些數(shù)據(jù)的匯總，研究人員得出結(jié)論，冰蓋融化的

范圍遠(yuǎn)超科學(xué)家現(xiàn)在的推測(cè)范圍，因此，海平面上升的程度要比推測(cè)的更高。"

由此可見(jiàn)，二者都在說(shuō)明原來(lái)科學(xué)家所做的預(yù)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)低得多，過(guò)于保守。C正確。

8［單選題］代canbeinferredfromParagraph3that

A.scientistshavealreadyconstructedaccurateice-sheetmodels

B.peopletendtoturnadeatheartoscientists'preciseestimates

C.humansawakentotheperilofglobalwarminguntilitistoolate

D.thetruenatureofsomeconsequencesisentirelypredictable

正確答案：C

參考解析：Aswithmanyeffectsofhuman-forcedplanetarywarming,the

precisenatureofsomeconsequenceswillbeknownonlyaftertheyoccur,

whenitistoolate.第三段前面描述了科學(xué)家評(píng)估大型冰蓋消融的情況，但是

不能給出更精確的評(píng)估。一些后果的確切情形只有在發(fā)生之后才能得知。D符合

題意。

9［單選題］'heauthorseemstoviewtheTrumpadministrationwith

A.criticism

B.appreciation

C.indulgence

0.sympathy

正確答案：A

參考解析：PresidentTrumpandthoseinhisadministrationignore

scientists'increasinglydirewarningstotheperiloftheirchildren,

grandchildrenandtherestofhumanity.倒數(shù)第二段提到盡管有不確定性。

但是后果不太嚴(yán)重的可能性很小，但特朗普總統(tǒng)及其政府任置若罔聞。所以作者

的態(tài)度是批判的。A正確、

10［單選thistext,theauthormainlydiscussesthat

A.theoceansprovideacushionagainstthewarmingplanet

B.scientistscannotpreciselypredicttheconsequencesoficemelting

C.theresultsofsea-levelrisewillbemoreworsethanweexpected

D.thepolicymakershouldtakeactionstotackletheenvironmentalproblems

正確答案：C

參考解析：對(duì)于全球變暖造成的海平面上升程度，此前的估計(jì)太過(guò)保守，實(shí)際情

況將遠(yuǎn)比我們想象的嚴(yán)重。然后提到了雖然具有不確定性，但是可能性很小并且

人類可能面臨毀滅性的危險(xiǎn)，但是還是有及個(gè)別國(guó)家及其政府對(duì)此置若罔聞，可

見(jiàn)全文都在講述海平面上升的嚴(yán)重程度遠(yuǎn)超我們的預(yù)期，選項(xiàng)［C］"海平面上升

的結(jié)果將比我們預(yù)期的更宵意思與此相近，故為答案。

材料題

根據(jù)下面資料，回答11-15題

InitsprimeGoldmanSachswasexceptionalFifteenyearsago,justbeforetheglobal

financialcrisis,thebankeasilyoutshoneitsWallStreetrivals—winningthemost

lucrativedealsandmakingthemostprofitabletrades.Itprintedmoney,bothfor

shareholdersandemployees.Althoughthecrisisimperiledthefirmalongwiththe

restofthebankingindustry,itnavigatedthechaosrelativelywell.Successallowedit

tobehaughty—whileotherbanksengagedinthegrubbygameofsuckingupto

investors,Goldmanremainedsecretiveandenigmatic.

Howtimeshavechanged.Thisweekthefirmhelditsfirstinvestorday,ledbyDavid

Solomon,whotookoveraschiefexecutivelastyear.Itcomesafteralongperiodof

underperformance.AdollarinvestedinGoldmanin2010wouldbeworthjust$1.60

today.AdollarwageredonJPMorganChasewouldbeworth$4.10.Goldmanhas

becomealaggard.

ItspredicamentreflectstwobigchangesinWesternbanking.Oneisthedeclining

profitabilityofcapital-marketsactivity,inlargeparttheresultoftighterrules,

includinghighercapitalrequirementsforriskieractivity,penaltiesonlendersthatrely

ondebtmarketstofundthemselvesandtightercomplianceregimes.Thesecondis

therisingimportanceoftechnologyintheindustry,asconsumersandcorporate

borrowersshifttodigitalbanking.Thisappearstogiveanimmediateadvantageto

verylargelendersthatcansupporthugeITbudgets,andtobigtechplatformfirms

thathavevastnumbersofcustomerswhocanbesoldfinancialproducts,asisalready

thecaseinmuchofAsia.

Goldmanhasbeenonthewrongsideofthesetrends.MrSolomon'snewplanis,in

part,tobecomemorelikeJPMorganChase,withabroaderrangeofservicesand

funding.GoldmanwantstoexpandMarcus,itsfast-growingconsumerarm,andalso

tobuildoutitstransaction-bankingdivisionthatshipsmoneyaroundtheworldfor

companies.Itplanstoattractmoredeposits,whicharetypicallythecheapestwayto

fundabank.Ithashiredanarmyoftechexperts.Allthis,Goldmanhopes,willraise

itsreturnontangibleequityto14%.

Goldmansaysitrecognizestheneedforfundamentalreform.Itboastsof

transformingitsmachoculturewithamorediverseintakeofrecruits.Butyoucan

questionhowmuchithasreallychanged.Itcontinuestoallocatehalfitscapitaltoits

once-famedtradingoperation,despiteitsdrabreturns.Anditstillspendsalavish

$12bnayearonrewardingitsstaff,evenasthefirmearnedonly$8bnforits

shareholdersin2019.IfGoldman'sreinventionfailsitmayultimatelyhavetodoa

deal.UnitingWellsFargoandGoldman,forexample,wouldcreatesomethingmore

likeJPMorganChase.

11［單選題JWNchofthefollowingrepresentschangeoftimes?

AJPMorganChasesurpassedGoldmanSachsinprofitmaking

B.TheglobalfinancialcrisisstruckWallStreetbankingindustry

C.GoldmanSachsdidn'texceeditsrivalsuntilfinancialcrisis

D.GoldmanSachshasfallenbehindandhelditsfirstinvestorday

正確答案：D

參考解析：Thisweekthefirmhelditsfirstinvestorday,ledbyDavid

Solomon,whotookoveraschiefexecutivelastyear.Itcomesafteralong

periodofunderperformance.第一段描寫(xiě)了高盛集團(tuán)的輝煌。然后第二段描

寫(xiě)了他舉辦的投資者活動(dòng)，因?yàn)楹荛L(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間里高盛的業(yè)績(jī)表現(xiàn)不佳。"高盛已

經(jīng)落后并且第一次舉辦了投資者日活動(dòng)”反映了高盛從輝煌到落后的變化，所以

選項(xiàng)［D］為正確答案。

12［單選題］ThefactorsthatleadtochangesinWesternbankingare

A.tighterregulationandtheriseofdigitalbanking

B.penaltiesonlendersandtheimportanceoftechnology

C.tightercomplianceregimesandanupgradeofservices

0.highercapitalrequirementandhugeITbudgets

正確答案：A

參考角星析：ItspredicamentreflectstwobigchangesinWesternbanking.

Oneisthedecliningprofitabilityofcapital-marketsactivity,inlargepart

theresultoftighterrules,Thesecondistherisingimportanceof

technologyintheindustry,asconsumersandcorporateborrowersshift

todigitalbanking.該段描述了銀行業(yè)的兩大主要變化：資本市場(chǎng)活動(dòng)的盈利不

斷下降和技術(shù)在銀行業(yè)的重要性日益上升。第一個(gè)變化的原因是tighterrules,

第二個(gè)變化的原因是consumersandcorporateborrowersshifttodigital

banking,所以A符合題意。

13［單選題八nwhatwaydoesGoldman'snewplanmakeitmorelike

JPMorganChase?

A.toprovidemoreextensiveservices

B.toincreaseitsrateofreturnto14%

C.torecruitmorediverseemployees

D.toinvestmoreintradingoperation

正確答案：A

參考解析：Goldmanhasbeenonthewrongsideofthesetrends.Mr

Solomon'snewplanis,inpart,tobecomemorelikeJPMorganChase,

withabroaderrangeofservicesandfunding.由此可知，這里是指在擴(kuò)大服

務(wù)和融資范圍方面更像摩根大通選項(xiàng)A"videmoreextensiveservices"

提供更廣泛的服務(wù)"為正確答案。

14［單選題］M/h'chofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph5?

A.Goldmanwillimplementfundamentalreform.

B.Goldmanhaschangeditsmachoculture.

C.Goldman'sreformwillbeafutileattempt.

D.Goldman'sshareholdershavebenefitedalot.

正確答案：A

參考解析：Goldmansaysitrecognizestheneedforfundamentalreform.It

boastsoftransformingitsmachoculturewithamorediverseintakeof

recruits.Butyoucanquestionhowmuchithasreallychanged.高盛集團(tuán)

認(rèn)識(shí)到了改革的重要性，并進(jìn)行了部分的改革，由此可見(jiàn)高盛公司進(jìn)行改革的決

心，故選項(xiàng)兇Goldmanwillimplementfundamentalreform."高盛公司將

實(shí)施根本性改革"為正確答案。

15［單選題］Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoldmanSachs'sreformmaybe

A.dissatisfied

B.skeptical

C.Ambiguous

0.supportive

正確答案：B

參考解析：作者對(duì)高盛集團(tuán)的改革并不看好，該段第三句指出Butyoucan

questionhowmuchithasreallychanged.然后寫(xiě)到了高盛集團(tuán)的改革失敗，

它可能最終不得不達(dá)成某種并購(gòu)交易，作者對(duì)高盛的改革是否能夠成功持有懷疑

態(tài)度。B正確。

材料題

根據(jù)下面資料，回答16-20題

ThesupremecourthasoftenbeenafriendlyforumforDonaldTrump's

administrationwhenitsimmigrationpolicieshavefounderedinthelowercourts.In

2018,thejusticesblessedthethirditerationofMrTrump'sbanontravelfrom

predominantlyMuslimcountries.Thenextyeartheyallowedthepresidenttomove

forwardwithasylumrestrictionsandtodivertfederalmoneyforawallonthe

Mexicanborder.OnJanuary27ththeSupremeCourtvotedtopermitanewwealth

testforgreen-cardapplicantswhilelitigationonthemattercontinues.

Thelatestdecision,liketwooftheotherthree,splitthejustices5-4.For130yearsthe

governmentcoulddenypermanentlegalstatustoimmigrantsatriskofbecominga

"publiccharge".Butarulethatoriginallybarredonlyahandfulofdestitute

immigrantscould,undertherevisionannouncedlastAugust,ropeouthundredsof

thousandsofimmigrants.Thosewhoaredeemedlikelytoneedfoodstamps,

Medicaidorhousingassistanceover12ofthenext36months—afterconsidering

familysize,Englishproficiency,creditscoreandincome,amongotherfactors—would

beineligibleforagreencard.

BeforetheTrumpadministrationcouldimplementthechangeonOctober15th,it

wasblockedinafederaldistrictcourtinNewYork.Themovehas"absolutelyno

supportinthehistoryofUSimmigrationlaw",JudgeGeorgeDanielswrote,andis

"repugnanttotheAmericandream".

AfteranappealscourtallowedJudgeDaniels'sinjunctiontostand,theTrump

administrationaskedtheSupremeCourttostepin.Thecourtgrantedtherequest

withoutcomment.ButJusticeNeilGorsuch,joinedbyJusticeClarenceThomas,

expressedfrustrationwiththephenomenonofdistrictjudgesissuinginjunctionsthat

applyuniversallyacrossthecountry.

Theseinjunctions"sharethesamebasicflaw",inJusticeGorsuch'seyes,inthatthey

dictatehowthegovernmentmusttreatpeople"whoarenotpartiestothecase".

Judicialinterventionsthathaveanimpactoneveryonefromcoasttocoastaffected

byagovernmentprogrammeare"patentlyunworkable"andsowchaos,MrTrump's

firstSupremeCourtappointeeargued.Healsocharacterisedthemas"asignofour

impatienttimes".

HowardWassermann,alawprofessoratFloridaInternationalUniversity,agreeswith

JusticeGorsuch'sreasoningbutwonderswhyhechosethismomenttoattack

universalinjunctions.JusticeGorsuchprobablywouldhaveopposedevenanarrower

injunction,MrWassermanreckons.

16［單選題approvalofMrTrump'sbaninParagraph1indicates

that

A.thesupremecourtisabsolutelyanimpartialinstitution

B.thelowercourtsoftenplaceobstaclesforthePresident

C.MrTrump'sadministrationissupportedbythesupremecourt

0.MuslimcountriesandMexicoareregardedasthreatstoAmerica

正確答案：C

參考解析：ThesupremecourthasoftenbeenafriendlyforumforDonald

Trump'sadministrationwhenitsimmigrationpolicieshavefounderedin

thelowercourts.開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)題，當(dāng)特朗普政府的移民政策在下級(jí)法院受阻時(shí)，最

高法院卻經(jīng)常成為其政府的友好論壇，然后舉了幾個(gè)最高法院對(duì)特朗普政府支持

的例子。C正確。

17［單選題/ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that

A.theU.S.governmentisatlibertytorejectmostimmigrants

B.therevisionoftheoriginalrulebenefitsmoreimmigrants

C.thenewlypermittedimmigrantsmustbefinanciallyindependent

D.fewerimmigrantsarelikelytobepermittedtosettleinAmerica

正確答案：D

參考解析：Butarulethatoriginallybarredonlyahandfulofdestitute

immigrantscould,undertherevisionannouncedlastAugust,ropeout

hundredsofthousandsofimmigrants.本來(lái)政府可以拒絕給與有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成為

受政府救濟(jì)的移民永久合法身份，通過(guò)8月修正案之后，禁止的范圍擴(kuò)大了。將

會(huì)有更少的人獲得綠卡。所以D正確。

18AccordingtoJusticeNeilGorsuch,JudgeGeorgeDaniels's

injunction

A.hasbeenbannedacrossthecountry

B.hasitsfundamentalflaw

C.violatestheAmericandream

D.willcausechaosintheU.S.

正確答案：B

參考解析：ButJusticeNeilGorsuch,joinedbyJusticeClarenceThomas,

expressedfrustrationwiththephenomenonofdistrictjudgesissuing

injunctionsthatapplyuniversallyacrossthecountry.JusticeNeilGorsuch

對(duì)地區(qū)法官發(fā)布的禁令卻在全國(guó)普遍適用的現(xiàn)象表示失望。然后下一段These

injunctions"sharethesamebasicflaw",inJusticeGorsuch'seyes,B符合

題意。

19［單選題］&canbelearnedfromthelastParagraphthatprofessor

HowardWassermanquestions

A.therationalviewsproposedbyGorsuch

B.thetimingofattackingtheinjunctions

C.thefeasibilityoftheuniversalinjunctions

D.thevalidityofanarrowerinjunction

正確答案：B

參考解析：HowardWassermann,alawprofessoratFloridaInternational

University,agreeswithJusticeGorsuch'sreasoningbutwonderswhyhe

chosethismomenttoattackuniversalinjunctions.霍華德?沃瑟曼雖然認(rèn)同

戈薩奇大法官對(duì)于禁令問(wèn)題的理性觀點(diǎn)，但是質(zhì)疑其抨擊普適禁令的時(shí)機(jī)，故B

“thetimingofattackingtheinjunctions"正確。

20［單選題］認(rèn)卜支卜ofthefollowingistrueofthetext?

A.Thecaseonthenewwealthtestforgreen-cardapplicantshasbeenclosed.

B.JudgeGeorgeDanielsopposestheinjunctiontodefendthevulnerable.

C.DonaldTrumpconsiderstheinjunctionasasymbolofAmericandream.

□JusticeNeilGorsuchislesslikelytoapproveanyuniversalinjunctions.

正確答案：D

參考解析：根據(jù)第五段第二句可知，戈薩奇法官認(rèn)為一刀切的司法干預(yù)是行不通

的，且會(huì)造成混亂，并將其描述為"我們這個(gè)缺乏耐心的時(shí)代的標(biāo)志"，此外,

第六段從霍華德?沃瑟曼的評(píng)論中也可以看出戈薩奇法官對(duì)于普適禁令的反對(duì)態(tài)

度，故D"JusticeNeilGorsuchislesslikelytoapproveanyuniversal

injunctions”正確。

材料題

根據(jù)下面資料，回答21-25題

"Oncetherocketsareup,whocareswheretheycomedown?That'snotmy

department",saidWernhervonBraun,thepioneerrocketscientistwhoworkedafter

1945,withequalenthusiasm,forNASA.Nowaratherdifferentmathematician,

HannahFry,hascalledforaHippocraticOathforscientistsandtechnologiststohelp

themcarryconstantlyintheirmindstheethicalconsequencesoftheirwork.Thisisa

proposalthatdeservesseriousconsideration:ifitachievesnothingelse,itwillhelpto

dispeltheideathattechnologieslikesoftwaredevelopmentareinthemselves

morallyneutral,sothatethics,ormorality,canbedealtwithbysomeoneelse.Those

whosendtherocketsupneedtothinkcarefullyaboutwheretheymightcomedown.

Therearethreeobviousissueswithherplan.Thefirstis"Whoseethics?Which

rationality?"Thereisnosingle,universalcodeofethicstowhichallscientistsaround

theworldsubscribeandthewarsofthe20thcenturyshowhowquicklymanycould

berecruitedtoweaponsresearchinthenameofdefendingcivilisation.Andabsolute

pacifismhasnotbeenafeatureofearliereffortsatscientificethics.Thephilosopher

KarlPopperproposedin1969anoathforallstudentsofscience；eventhen,hecould,

anddid,justifysomeworkonnuclearweapons.

Thesecondproblemistheextremedifficultyofforeseeingtheusestowhichpure

researchcanbeput.Therehavebeenafewoccasionsinrecenttimeswhenscientists

havedrawnbackfromresearchuntilsomeatleastoftheethicalconsequencesofits

applicationhavebecomeclearer:thesuspensionofgeneticengineeringinthe

Asflomarconferenceisthemostcelebrated.Butfundamentalresearchhasusesfar

beyondtheimaginationofthepeoplewhocarryitout.NoonecouldblameAlan

TuringforYouTube'sroleinstirringupextremism.

Beyondthishorizonofignoranceappearswhatmightbecalledahorizonofinfluence:

anyoneindividualcanonlyaccomplishalimitedamountcomparedtotheforcesof

statesandhugebusinesses.TimBerners-Lee,whoinventedtheweb,ishorrifiedby

someofthewaysinwhichithasdevelopedbuthehasbeenpowerlesstostopthem.

It'struethatcollectiveactioncanhaveeffects,butthesearelimited.Arevulsion

amongtheworkersatGooglehassofarstoppedthecompanyfromcooperatingwith

theUSimmigrationservice.IthasnotstoppeditsYouTubealgorithmsfrom

corruptingpoliticsinBrazil.Anyeffectivemoralactionmustcomefromcorporations

asawhole,notjustsomeoftheirworkers.

Butforallthesedrawbacks,thisisstillaworthwhileidea.Thechoicebetween

individualandcollectiveethicsisnoteither/or.Bothareneeded.Thedominantideal

ofthelastdecadeshasbeenboundlessselfishness,bothindividualandcorporate.

Whateverhelpstoputlimitsonthatisnotjustdesirablebutessential.

21［單選題authorbeginsthearticlewithWernhervonBraun'swords

to_____

A.showhispioneeringdevelopmentofrockettechnology

B.praisehisunfailingenthusiasmintheresearchforNASA

C.analyzehisrecklesscalculationofthelandingdirectionoftherockets

0.criticizehiscompletedisregardforthemoralprinciplesofhisresearch

正確答案：D

參考解析通過(guò)"Oncetherocketsareup,whocareswheretheycomedown?

點(diǎn)明了沃納?馮.布勞恩的觀點(diǎn)，然后通過(guò)數(shù)學(xué)家漢娜?弗萊提議作對(duì)比，表明了

作者的態(tài)度，她呼吁通過(guò)一個(gè)科學(xué)和技術(shù)界的希波克拉底誓言，以幫助科學(xué)家和

技術(shù)專家時(shí)時(shí)提醒自己的研究工作會(huì)帶來(lái)的道德倫理結(jié)果，所以選項(xiàng)criticize

hiscompletedisregardforthemoralprinciplesofhisresearch號(hào)比評(píng)他完

全無(wú)視自己研究的道德原則"為正確答案。

22瘴竣物/Accordingtotheauthor,whatistheroleofHannahFry's

proposal?

A.Itremindsscientiststokeeptheconsciousnessofresponsibility.

B.lthelpstoarmpeoplewiththeknowledgeoftheHippocraticOath.

C.lteducatespeoplenottouseproductsofferedbyillegaltechfirms.

D.ltinstillstheideaofmoralneutralityinsoftwaredevelopment.

正確答案：A

參考解析：Thisisaproposalthatdeservesseriousconsideration:ifit

achievesnothingelse,itwillhelptodispeltheideathattechnologieslike

softwaredevelopmentareinthemselvesmorallyneutral,sothatethics,

ormorality,canbedealtwithbysomeoneelse.Thosewhosendthe

rocketsupneedtothinkcarefullyaboutwheretheymightcomedown.

漢娜?弗萊的提議是時(shí)刻提醒自己的研究工作會(huì)帶來(lái)的道德倫理后果，對(duì)自己研究

成果使用的道德性保持高度關(guān)注才不致危害社會(huì)，所以發(fā)射回見(jiàn)的人需要認(rèn)真思

考火箭可能會(huì)下落的地點(diǎn)。因此,選項(xiàng)Itremindsscientiststokeepthe

consciousnessofresponsibility."它提醒科學(xué)家時(shí)刻意識(shí)到自己的責(zé)任”為

正確答案。

23［單選題JNcanbelearnedfromParagraph2that

A.scientistshavedifferentviewsabouttheuniversalcodeofethics

B.manyscientistswereforcedtomakeweaponsduringWorldWar團(tuán)

C.noconsiderationwasgivenfortheethicsofresearchinearlydays

D.KarlPopper'sactionsmatchedwithhisstatementofmoralresponsibility

正確答案：A

參考解析：Thereisnosingle,universalcodeofethicstowhichallscientists

aroundtheworldsubscribeandthewarsofthe20thcenturyshowhow

quicklymanycouldberecruitedtoweaponsresearchinthenameof

defendingcivilisation.世界上并沒(méi)有一條所有科學(xué)家們一致贊同的、統(tǒng)一且普

遍的道德準(zhǔn)則，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選項(xiàng)只有scientistshavedifferentviewsaboutthe

universalcodeofethics"科學(xué)家們對(duì)普遍的道德準(zhǔn)則有不同的看法"符合題意。

24［單選題］'heAsilomarconferenceismentionedinthetextto

indicate

A.thehardefforttoimplementageneticengineeringproject

B.thenec