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ReadSomepeopleobjectthatinorderfortheeyetomodifyandstillremainausefulinstrumenttoitsowner,manychangeswouldhavehadtotakecesimultaneously.However,itisnotnecessarytosupposethisifthemodificationswereextremelyslightandgradual.Health- Curriculum/與健康有關(guān)的課Thecurriculumenhancesthegeneralmanagementprogramwithhealth-relatedcourses,Dr.Schulmansays.Requiredcoursesincludehealthcareinthe21stcenturyandtheeconomicsandstrategyofhealth-sectormanagement.Studentsmayalsotakeelectivessuchasmedicaldevicecommercialization,healthcaremarketing,andtheeconomicsandmanagementofthepharmaceuticalindustry. Revolution/英國TheEnglishRevolutionhasbeeninterpretedinseveralwaysbyhistorians:asafightbetweenthearistocraticCavaliers,whowereopentolife,andtheseriousPuritans;asabattleforpowerbetweenparliamentandthemonarchyovertherightsofEnglishmenthathadbeengoingonforcenturies;andasaclasswarsimilartotheFrenchRevolution,ofwhichitwasaforerunner.第第5Supernova/超Thetermsupernovawascoinedinthe1930sbyamemorablyoddastrophysicistnamedFritsZwicky.BorninBulgariaandraisedinSwitzerland,ZwickycametotheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinthe1920sandthereasoncedistinguishedhimselfbyhisabrasive alityanderratictalents.Hedidn'tseemtobeoutstandinglybright,andmanyofhiscolleaguesconsideredhimlittlemorethan"anirritatingbuffoon".Non- Culture/非物質(zhì)文化Incomparingmaterialwithnone-materialculture-thefirstbeingtheobjectsandwecreate,andthesecondourcustoms,beliefsandattitudes-thespeakergivesgreateremphasistothematerialculture.Hegivestheexampleofthedevelopmentofgeneticscienceandthebenefitsithasbroughttomankind,despiteafairamountofopposition. lThebrainisbasicallybuiltfromthebottomup.First,thebrainbuildsbasiccircuitsthatareresponsibleforbasicskills.Andthenmorecomplexcircuitsarebuiltontop第第PAGE10ofthosebasiccircuitsaswedevelopmorecomplexskills.Biologically,thebrainispreparedtobeshapedbyexperience.It'sexpectingtheexperiencesthatayoungchildhastolillyinfluencetheformationofit'scircuity,it'sbuiltintoourbiology.Theinctionbetweengeneticsandexperiencethatshapesbrainarchitectureisembeddedinthereciprocalrelationship,therelationshipsthatchildrenhavewiththeadultsintheirlives.Andbythat,wemeanwhatwerefertoastheserveandreturnthenatureofchildren'sinctionwiththeirinadultsdevelopmentandtheimpactofexperienceondevelopmentisnotaone-waystreet,it'sabackandforthinction.Thebrainisahighlyintegratedorganwhichhasmultiplesectionsthatspecializedindifferentkindsofprocesses.Sowehavepartsofthebrainthatareinvolvedmoreincognitivefunctionandotherpartsthatareinvolvedinprocessingofemotionandpartsinvolvedinsceneandhearing.So,ifachildisemotionallykindofwellputtogetherandsociallycompetent,thatwillaffectmorepositiveandproductivelearning.Andifachildispreoccupiedwithfearsoranxietyorisdealingwithconsiderablestressnomatterhowinlectuallygiftedthatchildmightbe,hisorherlearningisgoingtobeimpairedbythatkindofemotionalinterference.Thelectureisabouthowthebrainisbuiltfromthebottomup.Thebrainfirstbuildsbasiccircuitsresponsibleforbasicskillsbeforebuildingmorecomplexcircuits.Itisshapedbythereciprocalrelationshipbetweengeneticsandexperience.Thebrainalsohasmultiplesectionsthatspecializesindifferentprocesseslikecognitivefunctionoremotion.Achildwhoissociallycompetentwillaffectmoreproductivelearningwhileachildpreoccupiedwithfearsoranxietywillhaveimpairedlearning.Haussmann'sRenovationofParis/對巴黎的改Citiesareinterestingces.Somecitiesarecarefullynned,thoughforareasonandreflecttheneedsofpeopleasitgrows.Othersarelessconscientiouslydesigned.Paris,forexample,wasoriginallyfoundedinthethirdcenturyasasmallvillage.Andwitheverypassinggeneration,itgrewinsizeandimportance.Itgrewfromamedievalcitytoamoderncity.Butthetransitionwasnotalwayssmooth.EmperorNapoleonIIIhadtohiresomeonetooverseetherebuildingofParis.ThemanhechosewasGeorgeEugeneHaussmann.In1853,HaussmannbegantheprocessofrenovatingFrance’scapitalcity.Hisbasicinstructionsweretobringlightandairintothecentraldistricts,improvethesanitationandlivingareas,andmakeParisamoremodernbeautifulcity,notyouraverageweekendrenovation.Haussmann’sprojectsincludedthedestructionoftheoldmedievalneighborhoods,wideningofstreets,buildinglargeparksandpublicsquaresandadditionoffountainsandsewerlines.Toaddtoallofthis,thesizeofParishadtobeincreased,doubledactually.AndNapoleonIIIissuedofficialdecreeannexingnearbysuburbstomakethempartofthecity.Oneofthemainpriorityofthismassiverenovationwastoconnectallofthedistrictstogether.IfwethinkofParislikeahouse,eachdistrictwasitsownroom,existingessentially,independentlyoftheotherdistricts.NapoleonIIIwantedittobeeasiertotravelbetweenthemostimportantdistricts.Andtocreateasenseofthisbeingoneunifiedcity,notaseriesofindependentneighborhoods.SoHaussmanncreatedlargeavenuesthatconnectedthedistricts.Morethanthat,hemadealltheavenueslookroughlythesame.Buildingsonamajoravenuewererequiredtoberoughlythesameheightandstyle,andevenhadtousethesamecreme-coloredstoneforthefacade.TheresultwastoremoveanylocalcharacteristicsandcreateauniformParis.Forthefirsttime,thecityhadaspecificlook,astylethatpeoplebegantoassociatenotwithadistrictbutwithParisitself.ThelectureisaboutHaussmann'srenovationofParis.SincePariswasoriginallyfoundedasasmallvillage,EmperorNapoleonIIIhiredHaussmanntooverseeitsrebuilding.HisbasicinstructionsweretobringlightandairintothecentraldistrictsandmakeParisamoremodernbeautifulcity.Haussmannalsocreatedlargeavenuesthatconnectedthedistrictsandmadealltheavenueslookroughlythesame.TheresultwastoremoveanylocalcharacteristicsandcreateauniformParis.TheimpactonyoungAustralianswhoareinterestedinbuyingahomeoftheirownhasbeenverysignificant.Australia'shousingaffordabilitynowshapesthetypicalhousingcycleorhousingcareerassomepeoplecallit.MostAustraliansinthenormalcourseofeventsarepeoplewhomovethroughthehousingcycleinawaythatmatchesthestagesoflifethatthey'reat.So,theymoveoutofthefamilyhomeintheirlateteensorearly20sastheygaintheirindependencefromtheirfamilies,thentheyrentsaveforahometheycanaffordaseitheragroup,ormaybeacouple.Andmaybetheycanupgradeitwhentheyhaveafamilyintheirmiddleage,theyaremorethanlikelytohavepaidofftheirmortgage.Andthatmeanstheyhavehousingsecurityintheiroldage.That'snolongerthetypicalhousingcycleforAustralians,youngpeoplegenerallyliveathomeformuchlongerthantheyoncedid.Theygenerallyrentforlongerandthey'remorelikelytobesaddledwithamortgagenotjustintotheirmiddleagebutmoreoftenthannotintotheirretirementaswell.Infact,in2006,65,000retireehouseholdswerestillpayingoffthemortgage.AffordablerentisalsoanelusiverightaroundAustralia.Wehaveverylowrentalvacancies,weseehighturnoveraslandlordswantto intightmarket,andweseelesslong-termorlifelongrental,asweseeinothercountriesandothereconomies.ThespeakerdiscusseshowhousingaffordabilityinAustraliahasdisruptedthetypicalhousingcyclewherepeoplemoveoutoftheirfamilyhomesasyoungadultsandhavehousingsecurityinoldage.Youngpeoplenowgenerallyliveathomeformuchlongerandtheygenerallyrentforlonger.They'realsomorelikelytobesaddledwithamortgageintotheirretirement.Affordablerentisalsoanelusiverightaswehaveverylowrentalvacanciesandhighturnover.TechnologyErodePrivacy/技術(shù)侵蝕隱私Sothatcreatestensionsandthat'swhatIwanttotalkabout.BecauseIthinkit'simportantthatweare,asasociety,abletohaveaninformeddebateabouthowmuchprivacyisenoughbutnottoomuch,howmuchsecurityisenoughbutnottoomuch.Privacy,asahumanright,that'ssimplyquotingtheUniversalDeclaration.Inthephysicalworld,we'vegotallkindsofprotections.Thereisevidencethatwecareaboutourprivacy.We'vegotlocks,we'vegotobscuredglass,we'vegotlots,wewearclothes,weputupshutters.Andtechnologycontinuestoerodetheprivacythatexistsintherealworld,inthethreespatialdimensions.Securitycameras,automaticnumber,terecognitiontakeawayanonymity.Longlenses,paparazzi,takeawaydistanceandtheprivacythatusedtocreate.Andbodyscannersareincreasinglybeingusedtoseethroughforexample.Thisprocessisn'tgoingtoslowdownandthenewquantumareactuallybeingabletodogravitationalsensing.Andthat'sadvancingataremarkablerate.Andyoucan'tshieldgravity.Sosomeofthenewquantumareablealreadytoseethroughwalls.Andtherearealsoforseeingroundcornersnowusingscatteredlightfromlasers.Technologycontinuestoerodeprivacy.Thelectureisabouthowtechnologycontinuestoerodeprivacy.Privacyisahumanright,aspertheUniversalDeclaration.Locksandobscuredglassprovideevidencethatwecareaboutourprivacy.However,technologicaladvancessuchassecuritycamerasandbodyscannerstakeawaydistance,anonymityandprivacy.Thisprocessisn'tgoingtoslowdownasnewquantumarenowabletodogravitationalsensingandseethroughwalls.Biology/etoyourveryfirsttutorialinbiology.Now,inthis serieswhatIwanttodoisIwanttotalktoyouguysaboutmanydifferenttopicsconcerningbiology.Forexample,IwanttotalktoyouguysaboutDNAandgeneticsincells,inbacteria,inlifeandawholebunchofinterestingstuff.Butsincethisistheveryfirst,Ithinkwhatweshoulddointhis isjuststickwiththeverybasics.AndthefirstthingIwanttodoistalktoyouguysaboutwhatisbiology.So,let'sgoaheadandanswerthatquestion.Andthedefinitionofbiologyisthis:thestudyoflifeinlivingAllright,thatmakessenseuptoacertainpointupuntilorganismsbecauseyoumayhaveheardoforganismsbefore.Andyoumayhaveyourowndefinitionbutthescientificdefinitionofanorganismisalivingthing.Well,that'seasy.Weknowwhatlivingthingsare.I'malivingthing,nts,grassisalivingthing.MypuppynamedoldDan,cutestpuppyever,bytheway,isalivingthingbutwheneverwetalkaboutlivingthings.Believeitornot,thingsgetridofcomplicatedbecausethenyouhavetoaskyourself'whatislife'.Well,ofcourse,ifyouaskyourgrandmaoryourbestfriendorevenifyouaskaphilosopher'whatislife',everyoneisgoingtogiveyoukindofadifferentdefinitionoftheiroutlookonlife.However,wheneverscientistandbiologistswerefirstdeciding,youknowwhat,whatislife?That'stheproblemthattheyhadeveryonehadtheirownseparatedefinitionoflifeitself.So,whattheyneedtodobeforebiologywaseveninvented,whichis,ofcourse,thestudyoflifeisscientistsneededtoagreeonthedefinitionofThelecturediscussesthebasicsofbiology.Biologyisdefinedasthestudyoflifeinlivingorganisms.Anorganismisalivingthing,suchasntsandpuppies.However,thingsgetcomplicatedwhenyouaskyourself'whatislife?’.Everyonehastheirownseparatedefinition.So,beforebiologywasinvented,scientistsneededtoagreeonthedefinitionoflife.第第PAGE13DescribeTemperatureVariation/Thislinegraphmeasurestemperaturevariation(measuredin°C),carbondioxide(measuredinppmv)anddustconcentration(measuredinppm)overthousandsofyears.Highertemperaturesseemtocoincidewithhighercarbondioxidelevels.Forinstance,temperaturevariationrosetoalmost4°Caround325,000yearsago,coincidingwithhighcarbondioxidelevelsof300ppmv.Ontheotherhand,higherlevelsofdustconcentrationscoincidedwithlowertemperatures.Overall,temperaturevariation,carbondioxideanddustconcentrationvariedgreatlyoverthousandsofyears. Size/企業(yè)規(guī)模Thepicturegivesinformationaboutpercentageofdifferentsizesofenterprises.Wecanseethatmediumbusinesswithnumberof50-149hasthelargestpercentage,whichis36%;followedbythat,smallbusinesswithnumberof0-49hasthesecondlargestpercentage,whichis34%;inaddition,wecanseethatlargebusinesswithnumberofover150hasthesmallestpercentage,whichis30%.Overall,thispictureisveryinteresting. Satisfaction/工作滿意度Thispicturegivesinformationabouttheoveralljobsatisfaction.Somewhatsatisfiedandverysatisfiedarerepresentedinblueandgreenrespectively,andtheysharethesameproportionsat47%.Theyoccupymajorityofthepopulation.Followedbythesetwocategories,somewhatdissatisfaction,whichisrepresentedinpurple,andindifferent,whichisrepresentedinred,sharethesameproportionat6%.Verydissatisfiedsharestheleastproportionat2%,anditrepresentedyellow.Overall,itisveryinteresting.TotalMSWGeneration/固體廢物循環(huán)再造ThepicturegivesinformationaboutthetotalMSWgenerationbymaterialin2009in243milliontonsbeforerecycling.Aswecanseethelargestproportioncanbefoundinpaperandpaperboardwhichis28.2%.Afterthatyardtrimmingshastakenupthesecondlargestamountwhichis13.7%.Nextwecanseeothersoccupiesthesmallestamountwhichis3.5%.Apartfromthat,woodhasmadeupfor6.5%andmetalshavetakenupfor8.6%.Overall,itisveryinte