語(yǔ)法專題復(fù)習(xí)----被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)----（ThePassivevoice)英語(yǔ)的兩大語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)A.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的發(fā)出者。賓語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象。B.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的承受者(動(dòng)作的對(duì)象)。

(把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也就是把主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，這是最關(guān)鍵的著眼點(diǎn)，同時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作相應(yīng)的變化。)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成:助動(dòng)詞be＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞什么時(shí)候要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)呢？在下列三種情況之一要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：①不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。②沒(méi)有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。③需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的發(fā)出者由by引出，作為by的賓語(yǔ)，也可以省略。請(qǐng)看以下主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):例：We

clean

ourclassroomeveryday.（主動(dòng)）

[注意]①把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，句子的時(shí)態(tài)不能變。如上例，所給的主動(dòng)句子是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。②如果主動(dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞，改為被動(dòng)句時(shí)作介詞by的賓語(yǔ)，要用賓格。如上例中的主語(yǔ)we改為us。主語(yǔ)＋＋by+賓語(yǔ)be+過(guò)去分詞Ourclassroomiscleanedbyuseveryday（被動(dòng)）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成:“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中be在各時(shí)態(tài)中的具體形式：

1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成,am,is,are+PP(過(guò)去分詞)。

注:助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成，willbe+PP或begoingtobe。例句:I/She/WewillbetaughtJapanesenextterm.2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成，was,were+PP.

例句:I/shewascriticizedbytheheadteacher..Wewere

criticizedbytheheadteacher例句:SilkisproducedinSuzhouandHangzhou.BicyclesarewidelyusedinChina.5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成:

is/am/arebeing+pp.例句:Newbridgeisbeingbuiltnearourschool.

6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成:was/werebeing+pp.Thisroadwasbeingbuiltthistimelastyear.4.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：

wouldbe+pp或was/weregoingtobe+ppThemanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedsoon.=Themanagersaidtheproject

wasgoingtobecompletedsoon.7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成:have/hasbeen+pp.8.過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成:hadbeen+pp.WhenIgothome,thefishhadbeeneatenupbythecat.例句:Theworkhasbeenfinished.Alotofrivershavebeenpolluted9.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成:

can/may/must/should+be+done+（bysb）例句：Theclassroommustbecleanedrightnow.

Cantheworkbedoneintwodays.Don’tplaywiththeknife.Yourfingersmaybehurt.8.BytheendoflastJuly,Ihadfinishedallthehomework.

---BytheendoflastJuly,allthehomeworkhadbeenfinished.Youmustdesigntheposterbeforelunch.

---Thepostermustbedesignedbeforelunch.10.Allofusshouldprotecttheenvironment.

---Theenvironmentshouldbeprotectedbyusall.11.Wecan’tlearnEnglishwellinsuchashorttime.

----Englishcan’tbelearntwellinsuchashorttime.12.I’mnotsuretheymightaskTomtospeakatthemeeting.

----I’mnotsureTommightbeaskedtospeakatthemeeting.在學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中要注意的問(wèn)題

在上面我們已經(jīng)初步了解了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成和主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)的方法。下面我們接著學(xué)習(xí)在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中要注意的問(wèn)題。

I:

一些使役動(dòng)詞(let,have,make等)或感觀動(dòng)詞(see,hear,watch,notice等)在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中后面接的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to，但改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要補(bǔ)上to。如：Thebossmakestheworkerswork18hoursaday.---Theworkersaremadetowork18hoursadaybytheboss.Isawhimenterthehouse.---Hewasseentoenterthehouse（byme）.Theteacherletthemleavetheclassroomafterclass.---Theywerelettoleavetheclassroombytheteacherafterclass.Wehearhersingintheroomeveryday.---Sheisheardtosingintheroomeveryday.[注意]當(dāng)使用see/hear/watch/noticesbdoingsth的句式變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，

doing保持不變。如：

Isawhimrunningontheplayground.(主動(dòng))---Hewasseenrunningontheplayground.(被動(dòng))I使役動(dòng)詞和感觀動(dòng)詞主被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)對(duì)照表主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使役動(dòng)詞makesbdosthsbbemadetodosthhavesbdosthsbbehadtodosthletsbdosthsbbelettodosth感觀動(dòng)詞seesbdosthsbbeseentodosthwatchsbdosthsbbewatchedtodosthhearsbdosthsbbeheardtodosthnoticesbdosthsbbenoticedtodosthgo3.有些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)也沒(méi)有有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)因?yàn)樗鼈円蚕喈?dāng)于一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)的有belongtotakeplacecomeoutgeton/offcomeabout(發(fā)生）breakout(爆發(fā))showup(露面）如：Thisbookwasbelongedtome.（wrong)

---Thisbookbelongstome.(right)

GreatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinChina.(wrong)

---GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.(right)

III:要保持動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的完整性

極大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞都可以有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)如：

takecareof、payattentionto、makeuseof但它們是不可分割的整體，在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不可丟掉構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的副詞或介詞。

如：1）OurschoolwillputofftheTeachers’Sportsmeeting---TheTeachers’Sportsmeetingwillbeputoff.2）Youshouldpaymoreattentiontoyourstudythisyear.---Yourstudyshouldbepaidmoreattentiontothisyear.

帶有介詞或副詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，在改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不能把介詞或副詞拆開(kāi)。IV:帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)在句中的使用。

有些動(dòng)詞可以帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即指人的間接賓語(yǔ)和指物的直接賓語(yǔ)?？梢詫⑵渲幸粋€(gè)賓語(yǔ)提到前面做主語(yǔ)，另一個(gè)留在后面。如①Herparentsboughtheranewcomputeryesterday.---Shewasboughtanewcomputeryesterday.----Anewcomputerwasbought

forheryesterday.②Theyhavegivenmesomegoodadvice.---Ihavebeengivensomegoodadvice.---Somegoodadvicehasbeengiven

tome.③ShewillwritealonglettertoDavidSmith.---DavidSmithwillbewrittenalongletter.---AlongletterwillbewrittentoDavidSmith.buysthforsbgivesthtosbA:動(dòng)詞need.require.want.beworth.

后加v+ing的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)常表示被動(dòng)含義e.g.:1）Mywatchcan’twork,itneedsrepairing.

=（…needstoberepaired)2)Thesechildrenrequirelookingafter.

=(….Requiredtobelookedafter.)2）Thisfilmisreallyworthseeing.

=(….worthytobeseen)V:一些特殊的情況B:當(dāng)動(dòng)詞wash,write,sell,buy,等表示主語(yǔ)的某種屬性時(shí)，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：1)Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.2)Thispenwriteswell.3)Thiskindofbookssellsquickly.

還有幾個(gè)特殊的句型也必須用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)如：

It’ssaidthat…..(據(jù)說(shuō)。。。）

It’sreportedthat…..（據(jù)報(bào)道。。。）

It’sthoughtthat….（據(jù)認(rèn)為。。。）

It’shopedthat…It’sknownthat…..虛擬語(yǔ)氣

SUBJUNCTIVEMOODGRAMMER

語(yǔ)法3/9/2023虛擬語(yǔ)氣的概念

虛擬語(yǔ)氣主要用于虛擬條件句

,它表示與事實(shí)相反,或?qū)崿F(xiàn)可能性極小的一種猜測(cè),假設(shè)和愿望.Ifwehadwings,wecouldfly.Iftherewereheavysnowoutsidetoday,wecould/mightplaywithsnowafterclass..虛擬條件句表示條件是無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)或幾乎無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的,采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣.

IFSentenceStructure‘IF’虛擬條件句的結(jié)構(gòu)IF虛擬條件句根據(jù)條件所處時(shí)態(tài)分為三類.

a.表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反

的假設(shè).

b.表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反

的假設(shè).

c.表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反

的假設(shè).Note:表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反

的假設(shè),暫時(shí)不作要求1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè).

IfJayChoucameherenow,whatwouldyoudo?IfI

were

you,Iwouldtrytogethisautograph.Imaginewhatwouldhappenifthesunwentdim.時(shí)態(tài):if條件句:did(were)主句:would(should,could,might)do(be)

be動(dòng)詞在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中從句中一般用were,很少用was.PRACTICE12.表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè).Ifhehadcomeyesterday,hewouldhavegonewithus.(Hedidn'tcomeyesterday,sohedidn'tgowithus.)Ifyouhadbeenmorecarefulinthe1stmonthlyexam,youwouldnothavemadesuchamistake.Ifithadnotbeenfortheterrorists,thetwintowerwouldnothavebeendestroyed.時(shí)態(tài):條件從句:haddone(been)主句:would(should,could,might)havedone(been)

PRACTICE2:Fillintheblanks

a.IfTom_(be)morecarefulin

theexam,he______________(pass)italready.b.Ify