Acidsand酸是在水溶液中能電離出H+的物質(zhì)酸是能給出質(zhì)子(proton)的物質(zhì)，堿是能與質(zhì)子(proton)結(jié)合的物質(zhì)酸是能接受電子(electron)的物質(zhì)(Arrhenius(H+能電離并釋放氫氧根(OH-)的物質(zhì)叫做堿。HClHNaOHNaOH為質(zhì)子給體(protondonor)；堿是能與質(zhì)子結(jié)合的分子或離子，稱為質(zhì)子受體HClHNH3

HNH4OHH3NHNH3 (Lewis(Lewisacid(Lewisbase) AgAg3Ag(NH HH2O(l)HO(aq)OH3 KKw H1.010Ka

。KaCHCH3COOH(aq)CHCOO(aq)H3 aCHCOOH3CH3醋酸（CH3COOH，也可寫做HAc）(ionizationordissociation)CHCH3H(aq)CHCOO3 HCH3aCH3弱堿的解離常數(shù)Kb

NHNH3(aq)H2O(l)NH(aq)OH4KKeqb NH3

(hydrolysis)CHCHCOO(aq)H32CHCOOH(aq)OH3KKb CHCOOHOHCH34KaKbCH3COOH的解離常數(shù)Ka與其共軛堿CH3COO-KbKK HCH3CH abCH33CHw3(Strong0.1MHCl(aq)的pHpHpHlog(Strong(Li，Na，K0.1MNaOH(aq)的pOHlogpOHlog(Weak衡量。例如醋酸(CH3COOH)的Ka值為1.75×10–5。 2．弱酸的Ka例如：計算0.5MCH3COOH(aq)pH值（醋酸的Ka值為1.75×10–5）CH3COOHCHCOO(aq)H3 HCH3aCH300xxKa Ka 0.51.751051.75105pH=(Weak 2．弱堿的Kb計算0.5MNH3(aq)的pH值（NH3的Kb值為1.8×10–5）。NHNH3(aq)H2O(l)NH(aq)OH4 4bNH3+00xx bNH3 21.81021.8105 pH14pOH11.5NHClNHClNH444，NH+4 3Ha 3Ha4KKaKw1.0K5.6b1.8 3HNH 3H

a緩沖溶液是一種由弱酸及其共軛堿（或弱堿及其共軛酸） pHpHpKalogpOHpKblo(Amphoteric SO2H2OSO2H2O(equivalencepoint)，也叫化學(xué)計量點或平衡點，titrationpHpKapHpKalgpH= HKaKa(indicator)pH=pKa(Indicator)，此時稱為指示劑的變色點。[In-]/[HIn]≤1/10時，看到的是酸式色，甲基橙為紅色，酚紅紫藍紅橙黃8.2-紅例題(HOCl(Ka=2.9×10- KKa a0.2 pH將2g的次氯酸鈉(NaOCl)固體加入到50ml的0.5M的HOCl溶沖溶液(HOCl/NaOCl)的pH值。nnmM74.5g/cV0.5M0.05LpHalogn(NaOClnlog(2.9108)logOCl(aq)H HOCl(aq)OHKbKbKbKwKaK