自考英語詞匯學(xué)00832Chapterl【單詞的角度】l.Invisualterms:wordisameaningfulgroupoflettersprintedorwrittenhorizontallyinthepeaceofpaper.2.Inspokenlanguage:wordisasoundandcombinationofsound.3.Insemanticists:awordisaunitofmeaning.4.Ingrammarians:awordbeafreeformthatcanfunctioninthesentences.【單詞的定義】Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.aminimalfreefromofalanguage;asoundunity;aunitofmeaning;aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.【音和義的關(guān)系】Theconnectionofthesoundandmeaningisarbitraryandconventional,and\*thereisno.logicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning.E.gwoman-femme-funu【音和形不同的原因】SoundandformMorephonemesthanlettersinEnglish.Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspelling.Someofthedifferencesarecreatedbytheearly.scribes.識(shí)［己u二o\.deliberatelychanged'notended/n,v'+e)(printing&dictionary選擇題).Borrowing.【詞匯的定義】Vocabularynotonlycanitrefertoatotalnumberofwordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsuseinaparticularhistoricalperiod.(1,000,000)Vocabularyisthemostunstableelementofalanguageasitisundergoingconstantchangesbothinformandcontent.填空題【詞匯的分類】①Usefrequentlybasicwordstock：ductivity4.polysemy5.collocability選擇題多/記例子*)nonbasicvocabulary：(1.terminologyconsistoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas.E.gphotoscanning.(2.jargonreferstospecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,science,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves.E.ghypo.(3.slang:belongstothesub-standardlanguage.(colourful,blunt,impressive,expressive)e.gbear.(4.argot:jargonofcriminals.E.gdip.(5.dialectalwords:usedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestion.E.gcoo(cow)(6.archaisms:wereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse(7.neologisms:arenewly-createdwordsorexpression,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.E.gE-mail.*(選擇題)Allnationalcharacter:naturalphenomena/namesofplantandanimal/humanbodyandrelations/action,domain,size,state/num,pron,conj,prep)②Notion(多為選擇題)contentwords=notionalwords(n/v/a/adj/num)：denotesclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.functionalwords=emptywords=formwords(prep/conj/aux/art/人稱代詞)數(shù)量小且穩(wěn)定③Originnativewords(Anglo-Saxonwords5萬-6萬,)[5+2]6.neutralinstyle.(neitherformalnorinformal)E.gbegin7.frequentinuseborrowedwords=loanwords=borrowing:wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguage.(1.denizens：wordsborrowedearlyinthepastandwellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.E.gcup-cuppa./2aliens:areborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.E.gkowtow./3.translation-loans:wordsandexpressionformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguageandmodelledonthepatternsfromforeignlanguage.E.glongtimenosee/4.semantic-loans:arenotborrowedwithreferencestotheform,buttheirmeaningsareborrowed.E.gdream)

Charter2【詞匯時(shí)期分類】Indo-Europeanfamily(Europe+theNearEast+India選擇題)因Aneasternset(BIAA)[inBwithPPBLCRS][inIwithPBHR] 二/^選擇題多因Anwesternset(CIHG)[inGwithNLDS.北歐語言.scandination+GDFE]OldEnglish/450-1150/fullendings+Anglo-SaxonOldEnglish/450-1150/fullendings+Anglo-SaxonleveledendingsMiddleEnglish/1150-1500/leveledendingsModernEnglish/1500-1700-now/syntheticlanguagetoanalyticlanguage(0現(xiàn)代英語發(fā)展來源1.therapiddevelopmentofmodernsciencesandtechnology.2.social,economicandpoliticalchanges.3.influenceofotherculturesandlanguage.這兩貨容易混淆!簡答題0現(xiàn)代英語發(fā)展模式:1creation:referstotheformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.2semanticchange:meansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.3borrowing主要貢獻(xiàn)語言e,l,G,f,s).4.revivingarchaicorobsoletewords.?？糃hapter3【詞素】Morphemes:isthesmallestfunctionalunitinthecompositionofwords.E.g.Denationalization.can.broken,intode-,nation,-al,-ize,-ation,eachhavingmeaningofitsown,thesefragmentscan’tbefurtherdivided,otherwisetheywouldnotmakeanysense.【單詞素】monomorphemicwordsaremorphemesthatcanstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence.(少考)【詞素變體】Allomorph:realizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtheirpositioninaword.(Freemorpheme=freeroot“boundrootBoundmorphemeJ _prefixLaffixderivationalaffix-suffixLInflectionalaffix【自由詞素】Freemorpheme:morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree,thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeuseasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.(freemorphemearefreeroots.)【復(fù)合詞素】Boundmorpheme:isamorphemethatoccurswithatleastoneothermorphemes.【復(fù)合詞根】Boundrootcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikefreeroot,unlikefreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.【詞綴】Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction./accordingtothefunction,affixescanbegroupedintothe《答題技巧【曲折詞綴】Inflectionalaffixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional.【派生詞綴】Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.【詞根】Arootisthatpartofword-formthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.E.gnation【詞干】Astemcanbedefinedasaformthataffixesofanykindcanbeadded.E.ginternationalChapter4.【詞綴法】Affixation:definedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostem.Thisprocessalsoknowasderivation.Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostem.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestem,butonlymodifyitsmeaning.E.gex-boyfriend(9個(gè)*見表格)Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostem,theymainlychangethewordclass.E.ghappy-happiness (4個(gè)*見表格).【復(fù)合法】Compounding:position,istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.【復(fù)合詞】Compoundisalexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.E.g.silkworm,hQney-bee,.easychair(compoundcanbewrittensolid,hyphenated.andopen)Compound和freephrase的區(qū)別/不同phoneticfeatures.E.ga/fathead(c)afat’head(p)Semanticfeatures..E.gagreenhand當(dāng)做一個(gè)單詞的意思用，意思和短語不一樣grammaticalfeatures.E.gbad-mouthcanusedasaverb'hebad-mouthedme”短語不能用作動(dòng)詞.【轉(zhuǎn)類法】Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Alsoknownasfunctionalshift.【零派生】Zero-conversion:conversionisgenerallyconsideredtobeaderivationalprocesswherebyanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordwithouttheadditionofanaffix.E.gsimplesingle；paper；round【形轉(zhuǎn)名】Adjectiveconvertstonouns:unlikeverbs,notalladjectiveswhichconvertedcanachieve..a.full.noun,status.（全部轉(zhuǎn)類）Fullconversion:anounfullyconvertedfromadjectivehasallcharacteristicsofnouns.E.gawhite;finals.（部分轉(zhuǎn)類）Partialconversion:nounspartiallyconvertedfromadjectivedonotpossessallthequalitiesanoundoes.Theymustbeusedtogetherwithdefinitearticles,what'smore,theyretainsomeoftheadjectivefeatures.E.gthepoor=poorpeople,thepoorer=【形轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)】Mostverbsconvertedfromadjectiveshavebothtransitiveandintransitivefunctions.E.gwet='make...wet’/yellow='becomeyellow’【零派生和后綴法的區(qū)別】書本P56最后一段simple和single為例Bothareadjectives,butsinglecanbeusedasaverbwithoutchangingtheform.Incontrast,simplecannotfunctionasaverbwithoutaddinganaffix.ThefirstinstanceisZero-conversionwhichanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordwithouttheadditionofanaffix.ThesecondisSuffixation,theformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostem,theymainlychangethewordclass.【轉(zhuǎn)類其他三種變化】Insomecase,conversionisaccompaniedbycertainchangeswhichaffectpronunciationorspellingorstressdistribution重音. ’E.guse/s/n-/z/v,shelf/f/n-shelve/v/v,'conduct（n）-con,duct（v） （少考）VAnouncanbeconvertedtoaverbwithoutanychange.Theuseoftheverbconvertedisbotheconomicalandvivid.Conciseandimpressive（選擇題）e.gelbow.【拼綴法】Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.E.gsomg=smoke+foghead+tail/head+tail/head+word/word+tail（記例子^）答題技巧bination.ofmedical+care.【截短法】Clippingistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.E.gbusfromomnibus,exam,plane(tosavetime;economicalinwriting)Frontclipping/backclipping/frontandbackclipping/phraseclipping(選擇題/填空題)答題技巧flujs.the.shortened,from,ofinfluenza.【首字母拼音法】Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitialletters.(首字母拼寫法)Initialismsarewordspronouncedletterbyletter.E.gUFOBBCCCTV.(首字母拼音法)Acronymsarewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.E.gAIDSBASICB-day..【逆生法】Back-formationisthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes,isconsideredtooppositeprocessofsuffixation.E.gbegfrombeggar.(informal).【專有名詞】Wordsfrompropername:sandwichWordsthatarecommonizedfrompropernounshaverichculturalassociationsandthusstylisticallyvivid,impressiveandthought-provoking.Chapter5【詞義的三層含義】Themeaningof/meaning,選擇題多Reference:istherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.(thereferenceofawordtoathingoutsidethelanguageisarbitraryandconventional,thisconnectionistheresultofgeneralizationandabstraction)Concept:whichisbeyondthelanguage,istheresultofthehumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Sense:denotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.(itisalsoanabstraction.Everywordthathasmeaninghassensenoteverywordhasreference.E.gbut,if)-meaningWordform-pronunciation.Spelling【四大理據(jù)】Motivationaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.(選擇題)Onomatopoeticmotivation：inmodernEnglishsomewordswhosesounds,suggesttheir,meaning,forthesewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.E.gbangMorphologicalmotivation:concernedthewordswhose,morphologicaJ,structuressuggest,theirmeaning,forgenerallyspeaking,themeaningofaderivedwordoracompoundisbasedonthemeaningofword-buildingelements.E.gairmailSemanticmotivation:referstothementalassociationsuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.E.gpen-swordEtymologicalmotivation:themeaningofmanywordsoftenrelatedirectlytotheirorigins,inotherword,thehistoryofawordexplainthemeaningoftheword.E.glaconic(所有專有名詞都是詞源理據(jù))【詞義的類型】?？济~解釋&填空題/8個(gè)Grammaticalmeaning：referstothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicatesthegrammaticalconceptandrelationship.(suchaspartofthespeechofword,singularandpluralmeaningofnuns,tensemeaningofverbsandtheirinflectionalforms.Grammaticalmeaningofawordbecomeimportantonlywhenitisusedinaactualcontext.)Lexicalmeaning.isthatpartofwordmeaningwhengrammaticalmeaningisremoved.Itembracetwocomponents:conceptualandassociativemeaning.①Conceptualmeaning:(knowasdenotativemeaning)isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreoftheword-meaning.Beingconstantandrelativelystable,conceptualmeaningformsthebasicforcommunicationasthesamewordhasthesameconceptualmeaningtoallthespeakersofthesamelanguage.E.gsun太陽②Associativemeaning：isthesecondarysupplementedofconceptualmeaning.Itdiffersformconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminate.Connotaivemeaning:referstotheovertoneorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning.E.ghome,motherStylisticmeaning:manywordshavestylisticfeatures,whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentcontext.E.gcharger戰(zhàn)馬/horse[formal-neutral-informal]Affectivemeaning:indicatesthespeaker,sattitudetowardspersonorthinginquestion.E.gdog[appreciative:famous/pejorative:notorious]Collocativemeaning:consistsofassociationsawordacquiresinitscollocation.E.g.pretty/handsome,green-grammaticalmeaningmeaningLlexicalmeaning「conceptualmeaning一 「connotativemeaning-associativemeaning stylisticmeaningaffectivemeaning一collocativemeaningChapter6詞與詞的關(guān)系一.【一詞多義】Polysemy：wordsthathavetwoormorethantwosense..【歷時(shí)法】Diachronicapproach:fromthediachronicpointofview,polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofthegrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsomeword.'primarymeaning:istheonlyfirstmeaningthatawordhadwhenitwascreated.'derivedmeaning:withtheadvanceoftimeandthedevelopmentoflanguage,ittookmoreandmoremeanings.E.gface.【共時(shí)法】Synchronicapproach:synchronically,polysemyisviewedasacoexistenceofvariousmeaningofthesamewordinthecertainhistoricalperiodoftime.'secondarymeaning選擇題'centralmeaning:thebasicmeaningofawordE.ggay【一詞多義G發(fā)展方法】常考！.【輻射型】Radiation：itmeanseachofthederivedmeaningsisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning.E.gneck,face.【連鎖型】Concatenation：itreferstoaprocesswhereeachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.E.gtreacle【1和2的不同點(diǎn)和關(guān)系】unlikeradiationwhereeachofthederivedmeaningsisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning,concatenationitreferstoaprocesswhereeachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Thoughthelatestsensecanbetracedbacktotheoriginthereisnodirectconnectioninbetween.Radiationandconcatenationarecloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofdevelopmentleadingtopolysemy.Generally,radiationprecedesconcatenation.Inmanycase,thetwoprocessesworktogether,complementingeachother.(分析題)二.【同形同音異義】Homonymy :worddifferentinmeaning,buteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.【類型】perfecthomonyms:arewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning.E.gbear熊,bear忍受homographs:arewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinbothsoundandmeaning.E.gbow/ba。/鞠躬,bow/bso/弓h(huán)omophones:arewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinbothspellingandmeaning.E.gdeer鹿,dear親愛的【來源】ChangeinsoundandspellingBorrowingshortening【區(qū)別】homonyms和polysemantsThefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerrefersto.differentwordswhich.happ.en.to.sharethe.sameformandthelatteristheoneandsame,wordwhichhasseveral.distinguishable.meanings?①Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesource.②Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaning,ontheotherhand,meaningofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.③Indictionaries,」polysemanthasitsmeaningalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistasseparateentries.三.【同義詞】synonymy:oneoftwoormorewordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavethesameorverynearlythesameessentialmeaning.E.gend/final【類型】Absolutesynonyms:arewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.(highlyspecializedvocabulary).e.gcomposition/compoundingRelativesynonyms:aresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferent9shadesofmeaningordifferentdegreeofgivenquality.E.gchange/alter/vary【來源】Borrowing:help-aid.DialectsandregionalEnglish:railway-railroad.Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords.Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions.【同義詞的差別】☆☆☆☆☆Differenceindenotation①Synonymsmaydifferintherangeandintensityofmeaning.E.gextend/increase/expand②synonymsmaydifferindegreeofintensity.E.gwant/wish/desireDifferenceinconnotation:byconnotationwemeanthestylisticandemotivecolouringofwords.E.gpolice/constable/bobby/cop, [appreciate/neural/derogatory貶義]little/small/tiny背答題方式Thethreeadjectiveslittle,small,tinyalldescribethesmallnessoftheboy.Butlittlesuggests/attractiveness,,tinyimpliestheabnormalgrowthofthechildandsmallsimplyconveystheideaofbeingnotbig.Therefore,littleisappreciative,smallisneutralandtinyisderogatory.Differenceinapplication.Manywordsaresynonymousinmeaningbutdifferentinusageinsimpleterms.Theyformformdifferentcollocationsandfitintodifferentsentencepatterns.E.gallow/let四.【反義詞關(guān)系】Antonymy:isconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Canbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.【類型】^^Contradictoryterms矛盾反義詞aresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem.E.gdread/alive.(Antonymsarenon-gradable.Theycannotbeusedincomparativedegree.)Contraryterms對立反義詞antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.E.gbig/smallRelativeterms關(guān)系反義詞consistofrelationalopposite.E.gman/woman10【反義詞的特點(diǎn)】☆A(yù)ntonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition,manywords,thoughhavingsynonyms,donotfindtheirsemanticopposites,forexample,read,house.Therefore,inaalanguage,thereareagreatmanymoresynonymsthanantonyms.Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.e.gfast/dullAntonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion.E.gman/woman,tall/shortContrarytermsaregradableantonyms,differingindegreeofintensity,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.E.ghot/warm--cold/cool因somewordscanhavetwodifferenttypesofantonymatthesametime,onebeingthenegativeandtheotheropposite,e.ghappy-unhappy-sad【反義詞的運(yùn)用】少考/選擇題DefiningthemeaningofwordsEnablingustoexpresseconomicaltheoppositeofaparticularthought.E.ghereorthere對偶和對比的方式。E.geasycome,easygoWritersarefondofusingantonymstoservetheirstylisticpurpose.E.gCharles口(1<0門$雙城記.【上下義關(guān)系】Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipof^semantic.inclusion.Superordinateterms：specificwordSubordinateterms:generalword(Thesenseofrelationofhyponymyisveryhelpfulinbothreceptiveandproductiveprocessingoflanguage.)因itnotdifficulttojudgethatsentence[a]isbetterthans[B],causein[a]thewriterusessubordinates,whichare.concreteand.precise,.presentingavivid.verbal.picturebefore,thereaderwhereasin[b]thewordsusedaresuperordinateswhich.conveyonly.ageneral,andvague,idea.Ho.wever,thi.s.does.notm.ean.hy.ponymsare.better.thansuperodinates,.a.goodpieceofwritingoftenneedsbothworkingmutuallytoachievethedesiredeffect.一答題技巧.【語義場】semanticfieldWordsoflanguagecanbeclassifiedintosemanticallyrelatedsetsorfields.Wordsineachfieldaresemanticallyrelatedanddefineoneanother.Chapter7【詞義變化的5個(gè)方式】Extension(generalization):isaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralized.Inotherwords,thetermhasextendedtocoverabroaderandoftenlessdefiniteconcept.E.gpicture/milk/barn［詞義擴(kuò)展的來源］選擇題①polysemicwords:think,business,matter?technicalterms:alibi,allergic,feedback(術(shù)語)③propernouns:lynch,sandwich,vandalNarrowing(specialization):istheprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningwhichusedtohaveamoregeneralsensebecomes.restrictedinitsapplicationandconveysaspecialmeaninginpresent-dayEnglish.E.gdeer,meat,wife,City,glassElevation(amelioration)：referstotheprocessbywhichwords.risefromhumblebeginningtopositionsofimportant.E.gnice,angel,fond,successDegradation(pejoration):itistheoppositeofsemanticelevation,oillreputationor.non-affective-words中性詞cometobeusedinderogatory貶義sense.［相比從好變壞，從中性變壞更多］e.g:boor/sillyTransfer:wordswhichwereusedtodesignateonethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer.E.gpaper?Associativetransfer:atermusedinrelationtochangeinwordmeaninginwhichthemeaningistransferredthroughassociation.E.gpurseformoney,dishforfood,thenoseofaplane.?abstracttoconcrete:hope③Subjectivetoobjective:pitiful,hateful客觀④Transferofsensations：clear-sounding,sweetmusic【詞義變化的原因】語言比文化要更加保守，比物質(zhì)更保守Extra-linguisticfactors選擇題?historicalreason(themeaninghaschangedbecausethereferenthaschanged)e.gpen/car/computer;(increasedscientificknowledgeanddiscovery)sun/atom②classreason：(elevation,degradation'attitude')king'sEnglish?psychologicalreason(theassociatedtransferofmeaningandeuphemisticareoftenduetopsychologicalfactors):copperhead毒蛇.(slang:inarmy/inprison/lowjobs/religiousinfluence)12Linguisticfactors?shortening：goldmedal--gold/coalgas--gas/privatesoldier--private（剩下的都是名詞作用）?borrowing：deer-animal/sheep-mutton/pig-pork（porc）③analogy類推：?？迹ù痤}思路，背背背!）/Fortuitous,formerly一denotes'happybychance,and.latertookonthemeaning“fortunate”probablyby.analogy.because.the.twowordsJook.sjmilar.Itissamewith“fruition〃,the.original,meaning.being'apleasureobtainedfromusingorpossessingsomething,which.hadnothing.to.do.withfruit.Jtsmeaningof'thebearingoffruit,was.duetothelater.associationwith.thewordfruit.答題技巧Chapter8【語境內(nèi)類型】——.Extra-linguisticcontext:inabroadsense,itincludesphysicalsituationwhichembracesthepeople,time,placeandeventhewholeculturalbackground.E.gquick,lookout,tradeunion,landlord,weekend二.Linguisticcontext:inanarrowsense,itreferstothewords,clausesandsentencesinwhichawordappears,itmaycoveraparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook.exicalcontext:referstothewordsthatoccurstogetherwiththewordinquestion.Themeaningofthewordisofteneffectedanddefinedbytheneighbouringwords.e.gpaper,do2.grammaticalcontext:insomecases,themeaningsofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.E.gbecome+adj/n變得become+pron適合become+of發(fā)生;遭遇e.g'THE，Theword'THE，appearedtwiceinthepassage.Butthe.immediate.verbal.contextdoesnotcontainadequatecluesforinferringthemeaningoftheword,dictionarymayproveofnouseeither,infactonehastoreadalmosthalfofthebookbeforecomingtounderstandthewordthe'【語境G作用】1.eliminationofambiguity.（背例子）Ambiguityoftenariseduetopolysemyandhomonymy.Alsogrammaticalstructure選擇題）2.indicationofvisionofcluesforinferringword-meaning選擇題）^definition一般跟在那個(gè)單詞后②explanation…那個(gè)單詞很難且含有專業(yè)術(shù)語時(shí)③examp叵④synonym⑤antonym⑥hyponym上下義詞⑦relevantdetails⑧wordstructure復(fù)合詞派生詞?relevantdetails答題技巧：Relevantdetailsareusedascontextinthissentence.Thekeywordsasprovidesdetailsthatgivesufficienthintsfortheword Chapter9【習(xí)語】idioms:strictlyspeaking,idiomsareexpressionsthatcannotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningofindividualelements.Inabroadsense,idiomsmayincludescolloquialism,catchphrases,slangexpression,proverbs.(idiomsarecolourful,forcible說服力的,thought-provoking)【習(xí)語特征】選擇和填空semanticunity(semanticallyinexpUcabJe;illogicalrelationship)e.graincatsanddogs.Structuralstability(unchangeable)①Theconstituentsofidiomscannot_bereplaced.E.ginabrownstudy/kickthebucket.②thewordordercannot_be_inverted_orchanged.E.gbytwoorthree/thelionsshare.③theconstituentsofanidiomcannoibe.deletedoraddedto,notevenanarticle.E.goutofthequestion(idiomaticitywillbelost習(xí)語性).④manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunanalysable.e.gdiamondcutdiamond/likecureslike.☆Trueidioms'themeaningoftheidiomcannotbededucedfromthoseoftheIndividualconstituents.E.gintheraw裸/.Semi-idioms '、本身的詞義就不是很明了，約定俗稱的/ \E.gdrawthecurtain結(jié)束；掩蓋/turnoveranewleafRegular-combinations ^\^themeaningofwhichareunderstoodfromtheliteralmeaningoftheconstituents.E.makefriendswith習(xí)語性IdiomaticityisgradableThefixityofidiomsdependsontheidiomaticity14【習(xí)語的分類】按grammaticalfunctions來分Idiomsnominalinnature:idiomsofthisclasshave.a_n.ounas_the±ey.wordineachandfunctionasanouninsentences.(whiteelephant/jackofalltrades)Idiomsadjectivalinnature:functionasadjectivesbuttheconstituentsarenotnecessarilyadj.(cutanddried/aspoorasachurchmouse)Idiomsverbalinnature:☆①phrasalverbs短語動(dòng)詞areidiomswhichcomposedofaverbplusaprepand/oraparticle.E.glookinto/goon/getawaywith(多介詞)②verbphrases動(dòng)詞短語e.gmakeit/givesbthebag/keepthepotboiling/chopandchangeIdiomsadverbialinnature.E.gtoothandnail/intheclover;incloverSentencesIdioms.E.ghowareyou?uponmyword!(mainlyproverbsandsayings)因itshouldbepointedoutthatformsandfunctionofidiomsarenotnecessarilyidentical.Pepperandsalt由名詞組成，但用作形容詞/nightandday(adv)/bagandbaggage(adv)Highandlow即可作adj也可作adv【習(xí)語的運(yùn)用】選擇題多因Despitethefact,idiomsaregenerallyfelttobeinformalandsomeareslangandcolloquialism,thereforeinappropriateforformalstyle (簡答題分析題)一.Stylisticfeatures①colloquialisms②slang③literaryex