PAGEIIAnTraitsAndStyleAnalysisofHanHan’sWorksAndTheUsageOfRhetoricInHisWorksSubmittedbyShiQiuchangStudentIDnumber:311201116摘要韓寒是當(dāng)代中國(guó)最有名氣的作家也是“80后”作家中的領(lǐng)軍人物。自2000年出版其第一部作品《三重門》涉足文壇以來至今已有十年，期間成績(jī)斐然。他因作品中批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和針對(duì)社會(huì)的犀利言辭聲名鵲起。韓寒敢于揭露社會(huì)陰暗?；蛑苯踊蜷g接的，韓寒在其作品中通過運(yùn)用多種修辭如暗喻、夸張、引用和反語等來進(jìn)行批判。他在作品中摻雜著冷幽默并表明自己的立場(chǎng)。這些寫作特征在其小說和雜文中比比皆是。本文的目的在于分析韓寒雜文和小說的寫作風(fēng)格特點(diǎn)以及其如何在運(yùn)用修辭手法的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行批判的。關(guān)鍵詞：韓寒；特征和風(fēng)格分析；修辭；批判和諷刺。ContentsAcknowledgements………….…….…I摘要IIAbstractIII1. Introduction 12. Writingstyle 12.1Languagestyle 12.2logicturningmethods 43. Featuresofsentencestructureandwordsusage 43.1featuresofsentencestructure 43.2featuresofwords 54. Theusageofrhetoricinhisworks 64.1Usageofsimile 64.2Usageofpersonification 84.3Usageofmetonymy 85. Impliedmeaningofsentences 96. Conclusion 10Bibliography11PAGE1AnTraitsAndStyleAnalysisofHanHan’sWorksAndTheUsageOfRhetoricInHisWorksIntroductionIhadreadseveralbooksofHanHanforbothessaysandnovel.Actually,Iamnotonlyoneofhisreaders,butoneofhisfansinsomeways.Asawriterwhodarestospeakevilsoutloudly,HanHankeepshiseyesonwhathappeneveryday.Otherscallhimoneoftheso-called“thepublicintellectual”buthedeniesit.Hanhasahabitofwritingblog.Thosearticles,astheyalwaysare,easyandshortbutsharpandpowerful.Excepttothearticlesoressays,HanHanhadwrittensevendifferenttopicnovels.InthesenovelshehadcriticizedthebadsideofChineseeducationalsystem,thedarknessofsociety,someofficials’wrongusageofpower,people’shardnessoftheirlives,ect.HanHanhassetupauniqueliteraturestyleofhisown.Totally,thisuniquestylecanbegeneralizedinthesewordsstraightforward,frank,ironicandhumorous(moreofteniscoldhumor).Hehasawaywithironicwordsandalwaysgoesstraighttotheheartofthematter.Becauseofthese,HanHanwinshisfamealsogetsrumors.Writingstyle2.1LanguagestyleIfyouhadeverreadoneofHanHan’sbooksyouwouldfindhiswritingstyleisdifferentfromotherwriters.Hiswouldbemorestraightforward,sharp,andprovocative.Heiscarefultodeliverhisbarbsthroughsarcasmandhumorousanecdotesthatobliquelytakeoncorruption,censorshipandinjustice.Takethisparagraphasanexample.“數(shù)理化語文英語全很好，音樂體育計(jì)算機(jī)都零分，連開機(jī)都不會(huì)，我還是一個(gè)優(yōu)等生。但如果我音樂體育計(jì)算機(jī)好得讓人發(fā)指，葡萄牙語說得跟母語似的，但是數(shù)學(xué)英語和化學(xué)全不及格，我也是個(gè)差生.”(YoucanbecalledasanexcellentstudentaslongasyouaregoodatMathematics,Physics,Chemistry,ChineseandEnglish.Knowingnothingaboutmusic,sportoroperatingacomputerisok.ButyouwillnotbecalledasangoodstudentifyoucannotpassyourMathorEnglishorChemistryexamevenifyoucanspeakPortugueseasfluentasanativespeakerorevenifyourcomputerskillsarebrilliant).Inthisparagraph,Hansatirizessociety-wildopiniononexcellentstudentandinfluencesonpeoplebydrawbacksofChineseeducationalsystem.Ironyshowsupinhisnovelstoo.Thefollowingparagraphexcerptsfromthenovel1988Iwanttotalktothisworld.“醒來的時(shí)候我已經(jīng)在審訊室。我的左側(cè)臉頰挨了一腳，位置靠近太陽穴我伸手抹去，發(fā)現(xiàn)是血跡，血跡怎么能從我的眼角流出？我要了一張餐巾紙。坐在我對(duì)面的是一個(gè)總在冷笑的人我說，有沒有什么辦法不勞教。他說，辦法只有一個(gè)，就是你簽署一個(gè)合同，說你身體一切正常，以后如果出任何問題，和我們這次行動(dòng)都無關(guān)。要不然就是勞教半年，但你如果出了任何問題，和我們這次行動(dòng)也無關(guān)。簽吧。這個(gè)是合算你了，你利用了我們執(zhí)法中的漏洞。以后就沒有這么幸運(yùn)了?！盜nthatmissionthepolicehurttheactorwhichwasnotallowed.Butthenthepolicemadeitabargainingchipfortheactorandtheprostitutewouldbeinjailifhedidnotsignthedocument.Thenarrationheredisclosedtheuglinessinthepolice.Astrongironyformed.Anotherprominentfeatureisthecoldhumorofhisworks.Coldhumorisakingofhumorthattheintentionofhumorisnotsoclear.Itissimilarwithblackhumorbutdifferentfromit.Qianzhongshu,wastheso-called“themountofChineseliterature”wasagoodusagerofcoldhumor.HanHanissoinfluencedbyQianandalsoimitatedQian’swritingstyle.Solettakealookatthecoldhumorinthenovel1988,Iwanttotalktothisworld.“氣氛終于平靜了下來，我又聽到哎呀一聲，周圍取證的人們一陣騷動(dòng)，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)是攝影師在叫喚。攝影師尷尬地看著大家，說，不好意思，剛才光顧著舉過頂拍攝內(nèi)容了，鏡頭蓋沒有開，只錄到了聲音，你們看行嗎？一個(gè)男子到他身邊面露不悅，低聲說了幾句，轉(zhuǎn)而對(duì)我說道，剛才我們這里取證發(fā)生了一點(diǎn)問題，現(xiàn)在我們要重新進(jìn)來一次，你就保持這個(gè)姿勢(shì)不要?jiǎng)樱掷飽|西呢，你剛才手里東西呢？喏，在這里，保持這個(gè)姿勢(shì)不要?jiǎng)??！盩hisisthescenethemaletittleroleofthebookwascaughtinamotelroombythepolicewhenheandaprostitutenamedNana.Becausageofthecameramandidnottakethescenerysuccessfullythepoliceaskedtheactortocooperatewiththemforscenetaking.ThroughthisfunnyandironicsceneHanHansatirizedhypocrisyofthepolice.Wecanfindmanyoftheseexamplesinhisworks.Infact,wecanfigurethatallhisworksareofthisstyleandfullofironyandmock.2.2logicturningmethodsHanHanusesalotoflogicturningmethods(includingacuteturningandslowturning)tonarratehisstories.Usually,aturningwouldtransferwithwordslike“...isnotwrong,butwrongat...”“...thisisnotunfortunate,theunfortunateis...”.InHanHan’sarticle,visibleturningwordsareseldomused.Instead,hisusesinvisibleturningmethodstomakethechangesofsubjectsothattocreateaneffectofironyandhumor.Takethefollowingsentenceasanexample.“那年我的確比較悲觀，覺得這個(gè)世界上的確都是愛的蹤影，愛騙人，愛吹牛，愛貪便宜，等等”.(Iwasoptimisticthoseyears.Theworldwasfulloffavorinfavoroflies,boastandgreed.)Theturningofthisexamplewasmanifestedintheword“favor”.Thewordclassof“愛”(thatisfavorhere)changedfromanounintoaverbthenleadtoachangeofmeaning.Thisacuteturningcreatedahumorouseffectontheword“favor”andcreatedhugepsychologicalpunchofreading.Featuresofsentencestructureandwordsusage3.1featuresofsentencestructureGenerally,essaysarewrittenwithsimplesentences.HanHan’sessays,insomeways,thesentencestructureisfreerandinformal.Usually,heseldomusescomplexsentences.Besides,Sentenceshewritesarecolloquial.LikehewroteinReleaseofShifan:“村民們的生活和福利狀況比起以前沒有多大改變，但我們?cè)俸粑坏叫迈r空氣了老百姓選擇忍，因?yàn)榄h(huán)境部門的檢測(cè)報(bào)告顯示，一切合格。是的，做人做事，如果沒有了下限，可不是什么都合格嗎？”(Thelivingconditionandwelfareconditiondidn’tchange.Meanwhile,wewouldneverenjoyfreshairaspasttimebuteveryonechoosestobearitsincethereportbythedepartmentofenvironmentshowsallfiguresareuptostandard.Yes,everythingwillbeokifthereisnorestriction.)Nocomplexsentencestructure,nodifficultwordsareused,usingthemostsimplesentencestructureandoralwordstostateopinion.Anotherexample:“...你領(lǐng)導(dǎo)四年換一屆，以對(duì)環(huán)境的破壞換一些漂亮的紙面業(yè)績(jī)，干好了升遷，干砸了入獄，最好的移民，最差的槍斃...”(Theleaderclasschangeseveryfouryears.Officialscanbepromotedorputtedinjailaccordingtotheirwork.Theluckyonemightimmigrantbutthehaplessonemighthasabullet.)Inthiscasethesentenceiscolloquial.ReadHan’sarticleisliketalktoanlivingmanratherthananinanimatearticle.3.2featuresofwordsWordsinHan’sworksarenoteitherthoseobscurewordsorthosewordsthewriterwantstoshowhisliteraturecapability.Heusageseasywordsweusageinourdailylifeevensomeofpetphrasesthatarekindsofvulgar.Butthesemakehisworkseasytoreadandeasytounderstand.HanHanwroteaparagraphasfollowinhisessayLifeasIundertand.“我承認(rèn)在這個(gè)社會(huì)，很多人覺得你只要不說臟話，說點(diǎn)假話、空話、套話，造謠，大肆地造謠，瘋狂地造謠都不算是道德敗壞。但我覺得反之，并且要對(duì)道貌岸然的傻逼們加一個(gè)‘操’字”.(Iadmitthatinthissocietypeoplewillnotthinkyouareimmoralaslongasyoudon’tsaydirtywordseventhoughyoulie,yousaymalarkey,speakinsoundbitesorstartarumor.ButIthinkitactuallyonthecontraryandneedtosay“fuckyou”tothosesanctimoniousidiots).Usingthesewordslike“fuck”isnotatabootoHan.Hisusageofwordsisbriskratherthanvivid.Soshouldn’thavetobesurprisedwhenreadhisarticlesforthefreeusageofwordsishismostarrestingtrait.TheusageofrhetoricinhisworksRhetoricorfiguresofspeecharewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.HanHanusesplentyofrhetoricinhisworkstomock,criticize,satirizeandexpressopinions.Thispartisgoingtoanalyzethosefiguresofspeechusedinhisworks.4.1UsageofsimileSimileisacomparisonbetweentwodifferentthingsthatresembleeachotherinatleastoneway.Informalprosethesimileisadevicebothofartandexplanation,comparinganunfamiliarthingtosomefamiliarthing(anobject,event,process,etc.)knowntothereader.Simileisoneofthemostfrequentlyusedrhetorictodescribethecharacteristicofsomething.Itcanpresentthingsvividlyandcreatemoreboundlessassociationandimagination.Besides,ausageofsimilecanmakethoseabstractthingseasiertounderstand.Ashasmentionedintheprecedingpartofthetext,HanHanwasinfluencedbyQianZhongshugreatly.NotonlywritingstyleofQianZhongshuwasimitatedbyHan,butalsosomewritingskills.Usesimilecanstrengthentheironyandhumoreffect.ThefollowingexampleextractsfromanessayReleaseofShifang.“中國(guó)的老百姓和小龍蝦很像，最能忍最能抗?！?Chinesepeopleareastoughascrayfish.)HereHanHancomparedChinesepeoplewithcrayfish(orcalledchickenlobster)toshowChinesepeople’scharacteristicofsubmittingtohumiliation.Crayfishisakindofcreaturethatcanliveinabadaquaticenvironment.Theauthorconsiderthisfeatureastough(butofapejorativesense).Thereadercanbuildalinkbetweenthepeopleandthecrayfishwhichmakethecharacteristicofpeoplemorespecific.Also,thissimileheightentheeffectofironysatirizethefaintheartednessofpeople.AnotherexamplefromessaynamedOurGeneration.“...我們今天所經(jīng)歷的一切，都是頭皮屑?！保‥verythingweexperiencenowisdandruff）.Dandruffissomethingunimportantbutdifficulttocleanup.Theauthoruseddandrufftocomparewiththeexperienceofpeopleaimedtoexplainthatwhatpeopleexperiencetodayaresomethingunimportantbutsomethingdifficulttobesolvedandmightbotherusforlongtime.Theauthorlendsforcetohisideasbyusingsimile.UsageofpersonificationPersonificationisarhetoricthatgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributestoinanimateobjects,ortoideasandabstractions.TherewasanarrationasfollowinginHanHan’snovelTripleGate.ThisparagraphactuallyimitatedtheexpressioninQianZhongshu’sFortressBesieged.“經(jīng)過慢慢的等待，菜終于上來了，四個(gè)人各有一碗面，有所不同的是Susan的面根根士氣飽滿，也是一副‘君子’的樣子；相形之下，其余三人的面條都像歷盡了災(zāi)難，面黃肌瘦”。（Afteralongtimewaitingtheirdishesfinallybeenordered.TheyallhadabottleofnoodleeachbuteachbottleofnoodlewasnotthesameNoodleinSusan’sbottlewaslikeacorpsofsoldierswhowerefullofenergy;however,theotherthreebottlefullofrefugeeswhohadexperiencedadisaster.）Theauthorgavenoodleahumanformasdescribingnoodle“fullofspirit”,“hadafaceofgentlemen”and“hadexperienceddisaster”.Theinterestingpersonificationmakesthesubjectvividandsuccessfullyshowsusthescenewherethefourpeopleatenoodle.4.3UsageofmetonymyMetonymyisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.Thebasisofmetonymyisassociation.Objectsshouldhaveconnectiontoeachother.InHanHan’scriticalessaysespeciallythosecriticizethebadsideofsocietyheusedmetonymytosharpentheexpressions.HereisanexampletakenfromReleaseofShifang.“愿扛住了八級(jí)地震的人們，能扛得住追打；也愿扛住了八級(jí)地震的政府大樓，能扛得住追打。”(Ihopethosepeoplewhowentthroughtheearthquakecangothroughthequestioning.Sodoesthegovernmentbuilding.)Thisisobviouslyametonymythegovernmentbuildingsubstitutesforthegovernment.Metonymyusedherewitharidiculesense.However,theauthorexpresseshishopeaboutthe