經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！1/11Task-2常用論據(jù)素材1.環(huán)境類話題1-1.Economic/socialdevelopmentandenvironment1-1-a.theinfluencesofeconomic/socialdevelopmentuponenvironmentobtainconvenience:electricalfacilities+vehicleswithtraditionalenergies=theemissionsoftoxicsubstancesandgreenhousegasespursueeconomic:governmentrevenue=taxincome=theconstructionsoffactoriesorlow-endindustries=chemicalwastes1-1-b.thesolutionstoenvironmentalcontaminationTechnologicalapproaches:Theresearchanddevelopmentofalternativeenergies(solarpower,hybrid,wind,hydropower)Theinventionandpromotionofenergy-efficientfacilities(efficientlightbulb,circulatingwatersystem)Economic:GernmentsresponsibilityLegislative:FormulatestrictlawsandharshpunishmentsforthosewhogeneratepollutionEconomic:Levyheavytaxesonthosepolluters+grantsubsidiesonthosewhoareenvironmental-friendly1-2-b.individualsresponsibilityEndeavorstoreduce:Choosealternativemodesoftravel,includingwalkingorpublictransportation,insteadofprivatecarsTakeanactivepartintheclassificationofgarbage,reusingandrecyclingthewastematerials2.教育類話題2-1.thepurposeofschooling2-1-a.thesignificanceofacademicknowledgeAchievethefundamentalobjectiveofschooling:Advancementofboundariesofknowledge+buildingupthinkingpatternstoproblem-solvingBebeneficialtojob-hunting:Acquireprofessionalknowledgeandskillsassociatedwithaspecificfield=morecompetitiveandcompetentinjob-seeking2-1-b.thesignificanceofmoralandethicaleducation2/11Beconducivetopersonaldevelopment:EnableindividualstodistinguishthegoodfromtheevilandensurethemontherighttrackintermsofmoraldevelopmentAvoidrunningcountertothelawsFundamentalresponsibilityof:Beresponsibleforimpartingstudentswithpositivemorals,valuesandethicstoensurestudentshealthygrowth2-2.learningstyle(traditionalVs.modern)2-2-a.thesignificanceofteacherImplementindividualizededucation:Cancarryoutstudent-orientedteachingpattern,inwhichteacherscaninvestigatestudents’needsandformulatecurriculumdesignsonthebasisofstudents’distinctsituationsReliabilityand:Expertbackgroundinteaching=moreprofessionalteachingpattern+morereliableinformationsource2-2-b.thesignificanceofotherresourcesThediversityofinformation:ObtaininformationandupdatedknowledgefromavarietyoffieldsMotivation:Avoidtediouslearningprocess+renderlearningprocessmorevividandvigorous2-3.academicsubjectsandarts/sports2-3-a.thesignificanceofacademicsubjectsNational:Academicsubjects=achievementsinscientificresearch=benefitsinvariousfields,suchasmilitaryandmedicalareas+higherinternationalstatusandreputationBebeneficialtojob-hunting:Professionalknowledgeinspecificfields=morecompetitiveandcompetentinjob-seeking2-3-b.thesignificanceofarts/sportsEnrichspirituallifeandenhancephysicalhealth:Arts=beconducivetoself-cultivation=relievepressureSports=physicalexercises=reducethepossibilityofdiseaseBringhighergovernmentrevenue+national:Protectandpromotetraditionalarts=attractmoreattentionsworldwide=tourism=economicprofitsSuccessinsportscompetition=highernationalreputation2-4.sandschools’responsibilities2-4-a.s’responsibilitynsurechildren’sthygrowth;impartchildrenwithfundamentalknowledge,skillsandvalues;teachchildrenhowtodistinguishthegoodfromtheevil;3/11guidechildrenonthebasisoftheirpersonalitytraitsandstrong/weakpoints2-4-b.schools’responsibilityhaveanabundanceofeducationalresources(professionalteachingstaff+educationalfacilities);implementindividualizededucation;impartindividualswithknowledgeandvalues3.媒體類話題3-1.violent/obscene/disasterimagesinTVprogramsandmovies3-1-a.thereasonswhyviolentimagesshouldbebannedAdverseimpactsuponchildrenand:Childrenareimmature=limitedrecognitionandstrongcuriosity=imitateviolentimagesThreatensocial:Imagesofdisaster=immerseindividualsindepressionandfrustration=adverseimpactsuponstudyandworkImagesofviolence=renderindividualsfeelfrightenedandanxious=psychologicalpressure=adverseimpactsuponstudyandwork3-1-b.thereasonswhyviolent/obscene/disasterimagesaredisplayedEconomicprofitsformass:Imagesofdisasterandviolence=higheraudiencerating=moreadvertisements=morerevenueGovernmentsnegligenceof:Theformulationoflawstosupervisemassmediaisinsufficient.Theimplementationoflawsisundemanding.4.犯罪類話題4-1.themethodstodealwithcriminals4-1-a.theimpactsofharshpunishment/penaltyDeterpotentialcriminalbehaviors:Harshpunishment=thosewhotendtomakeadesperateattemptwillreconsidertheirdecisions=thestuneffectConsolevictims+representthejusticeof:Harshpunishment=consolationforvictimsandtheirfamilymembers+representationofjusticeoflawsAvoidsocial:Harshpunishment=increaseindividuals’senseofsafety4-1-b.theimpactsofreeducationBebeneficialtosocialharmonyandstability:Reeducation=acquireknowledgeandskills=surviveandbeindependentinsociety=avoidcommitcrimesagainReeducation=triggerthemtorepentandmakeafreshstart,comparedtoharshpunishment,suchasimprisonment,whichbringsaboutdesperationandevenhatred4/114-2.juveniledelinquency4-2-a.thereasonsofjuveniledelinquencySocialfactor:Massmediaspursuitofprofits=obsceneandviolentimages+youths’imitationPersonalfactor:AdolescentpsychologicalinversionDomesticfactor:Domesticviolence+single-parentfamily=threatenpsychologicalhealth(apathy,lossandloneliness)ThesolutionstojuveniledelinquencyGovernments:Censorshipandsupervisionovermassmedia(grading,’discretion)’affinityanddialogue:ReclaimyouthsStrictruleswillfostertheintractability’senseof:Avoiddisputeandviolentbehaviorinfrontofchildren5.政府類話題5-1.governmentandeducation5-1-a.thereasonswhygovernmentshouldfinanceeducationReliabilityoffinancial:Thegovernmentauthorityisofabilitytoofferstrongandcontinuousfinancialsupport.Governments:Governmentadministrationhasdutytoprovidetaxpayerswithopportunitytobeeducatedandensurecitizens’rightofacquiringeducation.5-1-b.thereasonswhyindividuals/NGOsshouldfinanceeducationRelievegovernmentsfinancial:Moreurgentproblemsaretheretobesolvedespeciallyindevelopingcountries,includingmedicalcare,infrastructure,pensionplanandpoverty,allofwhichneedgovernmentsfunding.Triggerstudentstovaluetheopportunityof:Sernmentandculture/arts5-2-a.thereasonswhygovernmentshouldfinanceculture/artsEconomic:Governmentseffortstoprotectandpromotetraditionalarts=tourism=moreincomeforlocalresidentsandmoregovernmentrevenueEnsurecultural:seffortstoprotectcultureorartsofethnicminorities=maintainsocialharmonyandstability5/115-2-b.thereasonswhyartists/NGOs/individualsshouldfinanceculture/artsRelievegovernmentsfinancial:Moreurgentproblemsaretheretobesolvedespeciallyindevelopingcountries,includingmedicalcare,infrastructure,pensionplanandpoverty,allofwhichneedgovernmentsfunding.Avoidcomplexbureaucraticprocedure:Thecomplexbureaucraticprocedureofthegovernmentneedsalongtimewhichmaydelaytheprotectionofminorityculture.6.建筑類話題6-1.theimportanceofthefunctionofabuilding6-1-a.practicabilityCapacity(howmanypeopleitcanaccommodate)+safety(resistanceagainstearthquakeandfire)6-1-b.beingenvironmental-friendly+energysavingWhethertheexteriorandinteriormaterialsareenvironmental-friendlyisahugeconcernofthepublic.6-2.theimportanceoftheappearanceofabuilding6-2-a.economicprofitsUniqueandindividualizedarchitecturaldesign=attractindividuals’attentions=tourism=economicprofitsforlocalresidentsandthegovernment6-2-b.representationofthecultureofacityUniqueandindividualizedarchitecturaldesign=representacitysculturalidentity=distinguishitfrommanyothers7.就業(yè)類話題7-1.thereasonswhyunemploymentrateishigh7-1-a.insufficiencyofpracticalskillsTraditionaleducation=theoreticalandacademicorientedstuff=practicalskillsareinadequate+employers’expectation(seekthosewithpracticalskillstoreducetrainingcost)7-1-b.laborsupply>labordemandUniversities’enlargementofenrollment=ahugenumberofgraduateenterthelabormarkettoseekemploymentopportunity+labordemandremainslimited=unemployment7-2.thesolutionstoreducingunemploymentrate7-2-a.opportunityofpracticumandinternshipforgraduatesUniversitiesareexpectedtoofferinternshippositionsforthoseyounggraduates,whichcanfacilitatethetransitionbetweengraduationandemployment.7-2-b.economicincentivesfromthegovernmentTax-cutpolicy+subsidy=encourageenterprisestohireyounggraduates8.家庭類話題8-1.theadvantagesoflivingtogether6/118-1-a.exertpositiveimpactsuponchildrensdevelopmentSeniors,withhealthylifestyles,habitsandregularschedules,asavividexample,canexertpositiveeffects,motetheclosenessandharmonyoffamilyLivingtogethercontributestofacilitatingmutualunderstandingandrespectamongfamilymembers,dispellingbarrierandmisunderstanding.8-2.thedisadvantagesoflivingtogether8-2-a.conflictsGenerationgap(differenceinthinkingpatternandlivinghabit)=conflictEducationalmethods(adifferenceexistsamongindividualsofoldgenerationintermsofthestrategytoeducatetheyoungsters.)8-2-b.lossofprivacyLifeisundermomentarymonitorandsupervision.9.社會發(fā)展與全球化類話題9-1.theimpactsofsocialprogress9-1-a.thepositiveinfluencesofsocialprogressHigherliving:Duetothepromotionofmedicalcare,education,pensionplan,publicservices,publictransportandinfrastructure,thegeneralpubliccangaineasieraccesstohigherqualityoflife.Moregovernmentrevenue:Socialprogress=superioreducation=individualswithoutstandingeducationalbackgroundcanobtainbetteremploymentopportunity=higherincome=moreincometax9-1-b.thenegativeinfluencesofsocialprogressEnvironmental:Emissionsoftoxicsubstanceandgreenhousegases+exhaustiveexploitation(energyshortage)=sustainabledevelopmentpathisfacedwithchallenge.hinder/impede/dampenhumans:Aernationalaids9-2-a.thesignificanceofinternationalaidsImmediateeffectonunderdeveloped:Financialandtechnologicalaidscontributetosolvingaseriesofproblemsinpoorcountries,includingfoodshortage,spreadofdiseaseandpoorinfrastructure,allofwhichareattributedtotheinsufficiencyoffunding.Humanitarianism:Humanbeingslivinginthesameglobalvillagehelponeanother,providingindividualsinpoorcountrieswithachancetoenhancetheirqualityoflife.=globalharmony9-2-b.theproblemsofinternationalaidsLossofmotivationtodevelopthemselves:7/11Thegovernmentsofunderdevelopedcountriesarereluctantor,tobemoreaccurate,lazytotakeanactivepartinmakingprogress,duetothefactthattheygetaccustomedtoobtainingaids.Complaintsfromtaxpayersofdeveloping:Domesticaffairsareequallyurgentandappealfinancialsupporteither,suchasmedicalcare,infrastructureandunemploymentinsurance.9-3.theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthemovementofpeople9-3-a.theadvantagesofthemovementofpeopleEnhancequalityoflifeandwell-being:Movingtoanewplaceforworkingorstudyingisoftendrivenbyadesiretofulfillpersonalneedsinacademicorcareerlayers,suchasobtainingsuperioreducation,betterworkingenvironmentandhigherpayment.Narrowregionaldifference(balanceregionaldevelopment):Themovementoftalentsfacilitatesfillingthegapbetweendevelopedandunderdevelopedregions,onaccountofthefactthattheybringadvancedknowledge,extensiveexperienceandprofessionalskillstotheunderdevelopedarea.9-3-b.thedisadvantagesofthemovementofpeopleProblemsinmajor:Populationexplosion,energyshortage,difficultyinemployment,trafficcongestionandcontaminationProblemsin:Insufficiencyinabilitytoadapt=senseoflonelinessandhomesickness10.廣告類話題10-1.thepositivelayersofadvertisements10-1-a.forenterprises:Commercialadvertisingservesasacrucialmediumforenterprisestopromoteandpopularizetheirideasandproducts,bywhichpotentialmarketcanbedeveloped.10-1-b.forconsumers:Thegeneralpubliccangainaccesstotheinformationregardingtheproducts,includingprice,functionandsuitablecrowd.Simultaneously,informationwithrespecttodiscountandpromotionisalsoinvolved.10-2.thenegativelayersofadvertisements10-2-a.improperimagesToattractmoreattentions,someadvertisementscontainobsceneandviolentimages,whichexertadverseimpactsuponyouthswhopossiblyimitatethemandcommitcrimes.10-2-b.misleadconsumersSomeadvertisementsmaycontaininformationthatisfakeorexaggerated,whichmisleadsconsumersandthusrenderthemmakewrongpurchasingdecisions.8/1111.旅游類話題11-1.motelocalandnationaleconomyMakingconsumptionsinshoppingmalls,restaurants,hotelsandscenicspots,visitorsbringconsiderablebusinessopportunitiesforlocaleconomy,whichleadstoaconsequencethattaxincomegetsincreasedforlocalgovernment,equallyimportant,morejobpositionsareavailable.11-1-b.enhancecross-culturalcommunicationTourismfacilitatesindividualswithdistinctbackgroundstocommunicatewithoneanother,bywhichmutualunderstandingandrespectcanbesetupandprejudiceandmisunderstandingcanbeeliminated.11-2.thedrawbacksoftourism11-2-a.environmentalproblemsfortourdestinationsGarbagedisposalandexhaustemission11-2-b.preservationofculturalrelicsAnexcessivenumberoftouristssetanawkwardquestionforthosetourdestinations,erruptnormallifeoflocalresidentsMoredemandsfortransportationandaccommodationcausedbytouristsdisturbthenormallifeoflocalresidents.12.健康類話題12-1.thereasonsforhealthyproblems12-1-a.unhealthyhabitssmokingandexcessivedrinking+stayingupallnight+irregularlifestyle12-1-b.pressurefromworkandstudyTheintensecompetitionimmersesindividualsinaconditionoftension,leadingtolesstimeandmotivationtodophysicalexercises.12-1-c.contaminationAirandnoisepollution(exhaust+greenhousegases)12-2.thesolutionstohealthyproblems12-2-a.correctimproperhabitsMediashouldshouldertheresponsibilitytopopularizehealthyhabits.12-2-b.relievepressureMaintainanoptimisticmood+keepphysicalexercises12-2-c.dealwithpollutionGovernemntsefforts+individuals’endeavors(refertoNo.1)13.食品類話題13-1.theadvantagesoftransporting(importing+exporting)food13-1-a.importingfood:Domesticconsumerscanbenefitfromimportingfood,duetoavarietyoffoodavailableforselecting.13-1-b.exportingfood:9/11Itbringsaboutconsiderableeconomicprofitsforcountrieswhichexportfood,especiallyforthosewhoworkintheindustryoffoodexport.13-2.thedisadvantagesoftransporting(importing+exporting)food13-2-a.importingfood:Onaccountoflowerpriceandhigherquality,importingfoodformsathreattodomesticfood,whichimpliesthatworkersindomesticfoodindustrymaybefacedwithunemployment.(withouttariff)13-2-b.exportingfood:Withtariff,exportingfoodisexpensiveforimportcountries=lessdemand=workersproducingexportingfoodwillhavelessincome.13-2-c.environmentalproblemsFrequenttransportationoffoodbyair=moreemissionofgreenhousegas=globalwarming14.性別差異類話題14-1.theadvantagesofhiringfemaleemployees/allowingfemaletojoininarmy14-1-a.equalityofrightFemalesandmalesshouldbegrantedequalrighttohaveemploymentopportunityorservingfortheircountry.Genderdiscrimination,however,motefemales’economicandsocialstatusMoreemploymentopportunitiesforfemalesgiverisetosuchaconsequencethattheirincomewillwitnessarise,whichleadstotheirstrongervoiceintheirfamilyaswellasthesociety.Putanotherway,theireconomicandsocialstatusisraised.14-1-c.theneedofcertainfieldsFemaleshaveimpressiveperformancesincertainfields,includingnursingandaccounting,whichrequirepatienceandmeticulousness.14-2.thedisadvantagesofhiringfemaleemployees14-2-a.physicalweaknessFemales’physicalweaknessdisallowsthemtocarryoutthoseworkswhicharephysicallydemanding.14-2-b.sexualharassmentFemalesmayfacesexualharassmentinworkplacesfromtheirsupervisorsandcolleagues.15.科技類話題15-1.mote/optimizeproductivity/efficiency=enhanceindividuals’well-being15-1-b.contributetoenergyconservationandenvironmentalprotection(sustainabledevelopmentcanbeachieved)15-1-c.facilitatethespreadofknowledge(theinternet)15-2.thenegativeeffectsoftechnologicalprogress10/1115-2-a.hinder/impede/dampenhumanbeings’creativity:Advancedtechnologymayrenderpeoplesatisfytheexistingstateanddevotelessendeavorstomovingforward.15-2-b.generatepollution/toxicsubstance/greenhousegas15-2-c.challengetraditionalcraftsmanshipandskills15-2-d.encroachonpeople’sprivacy(surveillance)16.文化習(xí)俗類話題16-1.motemutualunderstandingandrespectamongdifferentcultures=thetoleranceofculturaldifference16-1-b.enrichlocalcultureValentinesDayandChristmasDayrenderlocalculturebecomemorediversified.16-2.thenegativeaspectsofculturalcommunication16-2-a.underminetheindividualityanduniquenessoflocalcultureValentinesDayandChristmasDay,toalargeextent,corrodepeoplespassionoftheirtraditionalandethnicholidays.17.語言類話題17-1.theadvantagesoflearningforeignlanguages17-1-a.beconducivetogettingfamiliarwithothercult