2022-2023年山東省棗莊市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)真題(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

ThereasonwhyDomino'swithdrewtheirpromotionwasthattheysufferedlegallyfrom______.

2.

Itisadvocatedthatyoushouldunderstandthesituationsbeforeyoumake______.

3.

Itmaybe______inyourbodythatmakesyourunquicklyafteryouareshockedbyadanger.

4.

Alargepriceincreaseofsomegoodswillstimulatethegrowthoftheir

5.HowWindEnergyWorks

Harnessingthewindisoneofthecleanest,mostsustainablewaystogenerateelectricity.Windpowerproducesnotoxicemissionsandnoneoftheheattrappingemissionsthatcontributetoglobalwarming.This,andthefactthatwindpowerisoneofthemostabundantandincreasinglycost-competitiveenergyresources,makesitaviablealternativetothefossilfuelsthatharmourhealthandthreatentheenvironment.

TheHistoryofWindPower

Windpowerisbotholdandnew.FromthesailingshipsoftheancientGreeks,tothegrainmillsofpre-industrialHolland,tothelatesthigh-techwindturbinesrisingovertheMinnesotaprairie,humanshaveusedthepowerofthewindforthousandsofyears.

IntheUnitedStates,theoriginalheydayofwindwasbetween1870and1930,whenthousandsoffarmersacrossthecountryusedwindtopumpwater.Smallelectricwindturbines(葉輪機(jī))wereusedinruralareasasfarbackasthe1920s,andprototypesoflargermachineswerebuiltinthe1940s.WhentheNewDealbroughtgrid-connectedelectricitytothecountryside,however,windmillslostout.

Interestinwindpowerwasrebornduringtheenergycrisesofthe1970s.ResearchbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy(DOE)inthe1970sfocusedonlargeturbinedesigns.Whilethese2-and3-MWmachinesprovedmostlyunsuccessfulatthetime,theydidprovidebasicresearchonbladedesignandengineeringprinciples.Intheearly1990s,improvementsintechnologyresultinginincreasedturbinereliabilityandlowercostsofproductionprovidedanotherboostforwinddevelopment.

Inotherpartsoftheworld,particularlyinEurope,windhashadmoreconsistent,long-termsupport.Asaresult,Europeancountriesarecurrentlycapableofmeetingmoreoftheirelectricitydemandsthroughwindpower.Denmark,forexample,alreadymeetsabout20percentofitselectricitydemandfromwindpower.WindgenerationalsoaccountsforaboutsixpercentofthenationalpowerneedsinSpain,andfivepercentinGermany.Seriouscommitmentstoreducingglobalwarmingemissions,localdevelopment,andthedeterminationtoavoidfuelimportshavebeentheprimarydriversofwindpowerdevelopmentinEurope.

TheWindResource

Thewindresourcehowfastitblows,howoften,andwhenplaysasignificantroleinitspowergenerationcost.Thepoweroutputfromawindturbinerisesasacubeofwindspeed.Inotherwords,ifwindspeeddoubles,thepoweroutputincreaseseighttimes.Therefore,higherspeedwindsaremoreeasilyandinexpensivelycaptured.

Windspeedsaredividedintosevenclasseswithclassonebeingthelowest,andclasssevenbeingthehighest.Awindresourceassessmentevaluatestheaveragewindspeedsaboveasectionofland(usually50metershigh),andassignsthatareaawindclass.Windturbinesoperateoveralimitedrangeofwindspeeds.Ifthewindistooslow,theywon'tbeabletoturn,andiftoofast,theyshutdowntoavoidbeingdamaged.Windspeedsinclassesthree(6.7-7.4meterspersecond(m/s))andabovearetypicallyneededtoeconomicallygeneratepower.Ideally,awindturbineshouldbematchedtothespeedandfrequencyoftheresourcetomaximizepowerproduction.

Severalfactorscanaffectwindspeed,andtheabilityofaturbinetogeneratemorepower.Forexample,windspeedincreasesastheheightfromthegroundincreases.Ifwindspeedat10metersoffthegroundis6m/s,itwillbeabout7.5m/sataheightof50meters.Therotors(旋翼)ofthenewestwindturbinescannowreachheightsupto70meters.Inadditiontoheight,thepowerinthewindvarieswithtemperatureandaltitude,bothofwhichaffecttheairdensity.

Themorethewindblows,themorepowerwillbeproducedbywindturbines.But,ofcourse,thewinddoesnotblowconsistentlyallthe

A.YB.NC.NG

6.

ApartfromCO2,whichtrapsthesun'sradiation,othergreenhousegaseslike______arealsoinvolvedinwarming.

7.

Bysaying______theauthormeantthatwithacollegedegree,onecanexpectmorechancesofemploymentandsuccess.

8.CryosatshouldhelpfigureoutwhatishappeningattheWestAntarcticfringebecauseitsradaraltimetersshouldbeableto______.

9.

ThereareseveralfactorsresponsibleforthedramaticdecreaseintheGiantPanda'spopulation:poaching,______,thepanda'slowreproductiverateandbambooflowering.

10.

In1935,______ofHarlem'sfamilieswereunemployed.

11.

Aftershegotanewjob,LisaPerezregrettedthatshehad.notdonevolunteeringworkearlier.

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

Theright-handcontroloftheMollerSkycarisusedtocontrolthevehicle'smovingpath,velocityandbreaks.

A.YB.NC.NG

13.

All-PointsBulletinoftenappearsintrue-crimedocumentaries,sopeoplearequitefamiliarwithit.

A.YB.NC.NG

14.

Whatkindofanimalaffectedbyman-madechemicalsisnotreferredinthepassage?

A.Polarbears.B.Mammals.C.People.D.Birds.

15.

Therearethousandsofspeechvarietiesintheworld.

A.YB.NC.NG

16.WhydidQueenElizabethwanttoestablishtheEIC?

A.Becauseshewantedtolearnthecorporationstyle.ofFrance.

B.BecauseshewantedtofollowVascodaGama'sroute.

C.BecausesheneededfortunestoconquerotherEuropeancountries.

D.BecauseshewantedtosharefortuneswithotherEuropeancountries.

17.

Somepsychologistsinsistthatdreamscontainimageswithuniversalmeanings.

A.YB.NC.NG

18.

Theloud,distinctivenoisesofgenuinelaughteroftenmakeitspreadmorequicklyto______.

19.

Thekeyadvantagesoffuelcellsincluderaisingthe__________________andreducingairpollution.

20.

Whatcanalifeinsurancedotoachild?

A.Itcanprovideprotectionfortheirhealth.

B.Itoffersmoneyonthefuneralwithoutdelay.

C.Itsupportsthedallylifeofotherfamilymembers.

D.Itcompensatesfortheparents'careforthechild.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.聽(tīng)力原文：Backinthoseprimitivetimesitwasunnecessarytohaveaspecialform.ofexchangevalueforeverything,likeaprice.Intheetimestheonlythingsthatwerereallyvaluableweretheskillstosatvive.Butassocietybecamemorecomplex,peopledependmoreonotherswhowerelivingfaraway;thenitbecameimportantforpeopletodevelopsomemethodforexchangingvaluewithouthavingtoexchangetheactualgoods.

Thisneedtodevelopamethodforexchangingvaluewaswhatledtotheuseofmoney.Moneywasameansofexchangingvaluewithouthavingtoactuallyexchangethespecificthingsyouwanted.Beforetheuseofmoney,peoplehadtotradethingswitheachother,anditwasusuallyverydifficulttodecidewhateverythingwasworthinrelationtoeachother.Ifyouhadthreeanimalsskinsandyourfriendhadtwopotsofdriedbetas,howdidyouknowhowmanyskinswereequivalenttoapetofbeansiftheydidn'thaveaprice?Withtheintroductionofmoney,allthingscouldbegintohateacommonvaluethateverybodycouldknowabout.Thisledtoastandardizedsetofvaluesamongpeople.Asthepowerofmoneyincreased,valuesthatweredifferentfromthemajoritywerenolongerrecognized.Thevalueofsomethingintermsofmoneybecametheultimatevalue.Inorderformoneytofunction,thewholesocietyhastoagreeonthesamevalues.

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A.Lifewaseasyandfoodwaseasytofind.

B.Peoplecaremoreabouthowtosurvive.

C.Thepeopletookcareofeachotheroutoflove.

D.Therearemanydevelopedindividualmonetarysystems.

22.(35)

A.Theylearnedtomakeafire.

B.Theylearnedtomakeclothes.

C.Theylearnedtoappreciatethebeautyofhumanforms.

D.Theylearnedtodigtunnels.

23.聽(tīng)力原文：Nowadays,thereisagrowthandapparentsuccessofaspecializedservice,whichoffershelptoconstructresumesandtoprovideinformationtojobhunters.Ofcourse,thisisareflectiononthecurrenthighlevelsofunemployment.Itisalsoanindicationofthegrowingimportanceofthecurriculumvitae,withthesuggestionthatitmaynowqualifyasanartform.initsownright.

Therewasatimewhenjobseekerssimplywrotelettersofapplication."Justputdownyourname,address,ageandwhetheryouhavepassedanyexams",wasabouttheaveragelevelofadviceofferedtoyoungpeopleapplyingfortheirfirstjobswhenIleftschool.Theletterwasreallyjustforopeners,itwasexplained,everythingelsecouldandshouldbesavedfortheinterview.Andinthosedaysoffullemploymentthetechniqueworked.Theletterprovedthatyoucouldwriteandwereavailableforwork.Youreagerfaceandintelligentrepliesdidtherest.

Later,asyoumoveduptheladder,somethingslightlymoresophisticatedwascalledfor.Theadvicethenwastoputsomethingintheletterwhichwoulddistinguishyoufromtherest.Itmightbetheaggressiveapproach."Yoursearchisover.Iamthepersonyouarelookingfor",wasawidelyusedtrickthatoccasionallysucceeded.Oritmightbesomespecialfeaturespeciallydesignedforthejobinterview.

Thereisnodoubt,however,thatitisincreasingnumberofapplicantswithuniversityeducationatallpointsintheprocessofengagingstaffthathasledtothegreaterimportanceofthecurriculumvitae.

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A.Itinformsjobhuntersoftheopportunitiesavailable.

B.Itoffersusefuladviceandwritesresumesforthoselookingforemployment.

C.Itdividesavailablejobsintovarioustypes.

D.Itinformsemployersofthepeopleavailableforwork

24.聽(tīng)力原文：Sciencefictionisoneofthemostpopularbookstoday.Hundredsoftitlesarepublishedeveryyearandarereadbyallkindsofpeople.Furthermore,someofthemostsuccessfulfilmsofrecentyearshavebeenbasedonsciencefictionstories.Sciencefictionisnotafairlynewdevelopmentinliterature,itsancestorscanbefoundinbookswrittenhundredsofyearsago.Modernsciencefictionwritersdon'twriteaboutmenfromMarsorspaceadventurestories.Theyaremoreinterestedinpredictingtheresultsoftechnicaldevelopmentsonscienceandthehumanmind;orinimaginingfutureworldswhichareareflectionoftheworldwhichweliveinnow.Becauseofthistheirwritinghasobviouspoliticalundertones.Inanagewheresciencefactfrequentlyovertakessciencefiction,thewritermayfinditdifficulttokeepaheadofscientificadvances.

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A.Sciencefictionisnotafairlynewinliterature.

B.Sciencefictionisverypopularwithpeopletoday.

C.Sciencefictiononlydealswithterribleideas.

D.Manysuccessfulfilmsarebasedonsciencefictionstories.

25.聽(tīng)力原文：America'snationalsymbol--theBaldEagle--almostwentextinct20yearsago.Butithasmadeacomeback.Infact,theUSFishandWildlifeServiceisconsideringthepossibilityoftakingitofftheendangeredspecieslist.Once,morethan50000pairsofbaldeaglesnestedacrossthecountry.Butby1960,thatnumberhadfallenbelow400.ThechiefkillerwasthewidelyusedDDT.FishsoakedupDDTdiedandwerewasheduponshoreswherebaldeaglesfeastedonthem.(29)DDTpreventedeagleeggshellsfromthickening.Theshellsbecamesothinthattheyshatteredbeforethebabieshatched.Fortunately,in1972,alawwaspassedtobanDDT,whichsavedthebaldeaglefromtotalwipeout.(30)Andsincethen,wildlifebiologistshavereintroducedbaldeagleeggsfromCanadatoAmerica.TheresultwasthatlastyearUSbirdwatcherscounted11610baldeaglesinthecountry.Ifitweredroppedfromtheendangeredlist,thebaldeaglewouldstillbeathreatenedspecies.Thatmeansthebirdwouldcontinuetogetthesameprotection--nohuntingallowed,andnodisturbingofnests.(31)Butbaldeaglesstillfacetoughtimes.ThedestructionoftheirnaturalhomescouldbethenextDDTcausingeaglenumberstodropquickly.

(30)

A.Itlimitedtheirsupplyoffood.

B.Itmadetheireggshellstoofragile.

C.Itdestroyedmanyoftheirnests.

D.Itkilledmanybabybaldeagles.

26.聽(tīng)力原文：W:George,canyouhelpme?Icouldn'tworkoutthismathproblem.

M:I'msorry.Youcanhardlyexpectmetodothat.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(17)

A.Hedoesn'tthinkhe'lldothat.

B.Hefindsiteasytodothat.

C.Hehasnotimetodothat.

D.Hecanhelpher.

27.聽(tīng)力原文：M:HowareweevergoingtofinishthisprojectbyWednesday?

W:Well,we'lljusthavetorollupoursleevesandhopeforthebest.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(19)

A.Theyhavetofinishitquickly.

B.Theyhavetousewhattheyhave.

C.Theyhavetoworkhardanddotheirbest.

D.Theymustredotheprojectandhopeitimproves.

28.聽(tīng)力原文：W:Hey!Ifyoucan'tenjoythatatasensiblevolume,pleaseuseearphones.I'mtryingtostudy.

M:Oh!I'msorry.Ididn'trealizeitwasbotheringyou.

Q:Whatisthemanprobablydoing?

(13)

A.Singingloudly.

B.Listeningtomusic.

C.Studying.

D.Talkingonthephone.

29.(15)

A.Itisquiteunexpected.

B.Shehasalreadygotthenews.

C.Shehasconfidenceintheman.

D.Itisnotexcitingtolearnaboutit.

30.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽(tīng)力原文：Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilityforlearninglieswiththestudents.Ifalongreadingassignmentisgiven,instructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththeinformationinthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassoronagivenexamination.Theidealstudentisconsideredtobeonewhoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeoflearning,nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighmarks.

Whenresearchisassigned,theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotaketheinitiativeandtocompletetheassignmentwithminimalguidance.Itisthestudent'sresponsibilitytofindbooks,periodicals,andarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplainhowauniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents,particularlygraduatestudents,tobeabletoexhaustthereferencesourcesinthelibrary.

Professorswillhelpstudentswhoneedthem,butpreferthattheirstudentsnotbeoverlydependonthem.IntheUnitedStates,professorshaveotherdutiesbesidesteaching.Oftentheyareresponsibleforadministrativeworkwithintheirdepartments.Inaddition,theymaybeobligedtopublisharticlesandbooks.Therefore,thetimeaprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassislimited.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomwork,thestudentshouldeitherapproachaprofessorduringofficehoursormakeanappointment.

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A.Forthecompletionofrequiredassignments.

B.Forpassinggivenexaminations.

C.Forthegoodofgainingknowledge.

D.Forthesakeofhighgrades.

31.聽(tīng)力原文：M:It'ssocoldnow,butthismorningitwassohotandsunny.IwishtherewasawayIcouldalwaysbewearingthemostsuitableclothesforthetemperature.

W:Irecentlyreadthatintenyearswe’llbewearingclothesthatchangewiththeweather.Sowhenit'scold,ourclotheswillwarmup,andwhenit'shot,ourclotheswillcooloff.

M:Oh,veryfunny!Sowe'llbewearinggiganticclotheswithbuilt-inairconditionersandheaters.

W:I'mbeingserious!Researchershavediscoveredamethodoftreatingfiberswithplasticcrystalscapableofstoringandreleasingheatasthetemperaturefluctuates.Thesetreated'fibersabsorbmoreheatthanuntreatedfibers.Researchersarestillworkingwiththis,butsoonthisprocesswillbewidespread.

M:That'sfascinating.Ididn'tknowthatfibershadthecapabilityofstoringheat.Howdoesthatwork?

W:Thesefibersworkwiththeheatbyrearrangingtheirstructures.Thetreatedfibersmovebackandforthbetweentwosolidshapes.

M:Idon'tunderstand.Whatkindofshapesdotheychangeinto?

W:Whentheweathergetswarmer,thecrystalstakeoncubeshapesandabsorbheat.Whentheweathergetscooler,thecrystalsbecomecoolerandevenbacktotheiroriginaltetragonalstructure.

M:That'strulyunbelievable.Yousaidthatit'llbeadecadebeforethistypeofclotheswillbeavailable.Whatashame!Idon'tthinkIcanwaitthatlong.

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A.Heissurprised.

B.Heisskeptical.

C.Heisdisgusted.

D.Heisalarmed.

32.(24)

A.Hetookatourofthecity.

B.Hereadaboutit.

C.Hewroteanarticleaboutit.

D.Heworkedthereasaguide.

33.(31)

A.Becausemanyoldhousesinthebadpartofthetownarenotinhabited.

B.Becauseoldhousesaremuchcheaper.

C.Becausemanyoldercouplesselltheirhousesaftertheirchildrenleave.

D.Becausemoreandmorepeoplearechoosingtorentcomfortableapartments.

34.聽(tīng)力原文：M:Itmusthaveatleasttwobathroomsandalargekitchen.

W:Andatwo-cargarageandahalf-acregarden.

Q:Whatarethetwospeakersdiscussing?

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A.Healwayssayswhathewantstosay.

B.Henevercomestothepoint.

C.Hecanhardlyexpresshimselfclearly.

D.Hespeakstoofast.

35.聽(tīng)力原文：Faces,likefingerprints,areunique.Didyoueverwonderhowitispossibleforustorecognizepeople?Evenaskilledwriterprobablycouldnotdescribeallthefeaturesthatmakeonefacedifferentfromanother.Yetaveryyoungchildorevenananimal,suchasapigeoncanlearntorecognizefaces.Wealltakethisabilityforgranted.

Wealsotellpeopleapartbyhowtheybehave.Whenwetalkaboutsomeone'spersonality,wemerethewaysinwhichheorsheacts,speaks,thinksandfeelsthatmakethatindividualdifferentfromothers.

Likethehumsface,humanpersonalityisverycomplex.Butdescribingsomeone'spersonalityinwordsissomewhateasierthandescribinghisface.Ifyouwereaskedtodescribewhata"niceface"lookedlike,youprobablywouldhaveadifficulttimedoingso.Butifyouwerekedtodescribea"niceperson,"youmightbegintothinkaboutsomeonewhowaskindconsiderate,friendly,ware-hearted,andsoon.

Therearemanywordstodescribehowapersonthinks,feelsandacts,AnAmericanpsychologistfoundnearly18,000Englishwordscharacterizingdifferencesinpeople'sbehavior.Andmanyofususethisinformationasabasisfordescribing,ortypinghispersonality.Bookworms,conservatives,militarytypes:peoplearedescribedwithsuchterns.

Peoplehavealwaystriedto"type"eachother.ActorsinearlyGreekdramaworemaskstoshowtheaudiencewhethertheyplayedthevillains'ortheheroes'role.Infact,thewords"person"and"personality"comefromtheLatinpersona,meaning"mask".Today,mosttelevisionandmovieactorsdonotwearmasks.Butwecaneasilyfromthe"goodguys"fromthe"badguys"becausethetwotypesdifferinappearanceaswellasinactions,

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A.Howtodistinguishpeople'sfaces.

B.Howtodescribepeople'spersonality.

C.Howtodistinguishpeoplebothinwardandoutward.

D.Howtodiffergoodpersonsfrombadpersons.

36.(22)

A.Delegationisatickettoforeigntrade.

B.Managersshouldn'tmerelybea"doer".

C.Leadershipisabornability.

D.Delegationisthemostimportantthinginmanagement.

37.(21)

A.Ascarcityofjobsintheirfield.

B.Inadequatetraininginmethodsofbiologicalresearch.

C.Difficultiesinclassifyingallofthevarietiesofowls.

D.Alackoffundingfortheirworkwithendangeredspecies.

38.(39)

39.聽(tīng)力原文：AuniquelaboratoryattheUniversityofChicagoisbusyonlyatnight.Itisadreamlaboratorywhereresearchersareatworkstudyingdreamers.Theirfindingshaverevealedthateveryonedreamsfromthreetoseventimesanight,althoughinordinarylifeapersonmayremembernoneoronlyoneofhisdreams.

Whilethesubjects--usuallystudents--sleep,specialmachinesrecordtheirbrainwavesandeyemovementsaswellasthebodymovementsthatsignaltheendofadream.Surprisingly,allsubjectssleepsoundly.

Observersreportthatapersonusuallyfidgetsbeforeadream.Oncethedreamhasstarted,hisbodyrelaxesandhiseyesbecomemoreactive,asifthecurtainhadgoneuponashow.Assoonasthemachineindicatesthatthedreamisover,abuzzerwakesthesleeper.Hesitsup,recordshisdream,andgoesbacktosleep--perhapstodreamsomemore.

Researchershavefoundthatifthedreameriswakenedimmediatelyafterhisdream,hecanusuallyrecalltheentiredream.Ifheisallowedtosleepevenfivemoreminutes,hismemoryofthedreamwillhavefaded.

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A.Contentofdreams.

B.Dreamerswhiletheydream.

C.Themeaningofdreams.

D.Theprocessofsleeping.

40.聽(tīng)力原文：Someofthemostpracticallessonscomingoutofresearchinpsychologyareintheareaofmemory.Peopleask,whycan'tIrememberthattermfromthephysicschapterorthatthelibrarybooksaredue?

Manypeople,memorymaybeweak,becausetheydon'tuseitenough.It'slikeamuscle.Ifyoudon'texerciseit,itwon'tgetstrong.That'swhyit'simportanttokeepourmindactive,tokeeponlearningthroughoutourlife.Wecandothisbyreading,playingmemorygamesandseekingoutnewexperiences.It'smyguess,though,thatthelackofstimulationisn'taproblemforstudentslikeyou.Morelikely,thelivesyoulivearesobusyandstimulatingthatthisinitselfmaysometimesinterferewithlearning.LateronIwilldiscusshowinformationisrecalledfrommemory.But,first,theinformationneedstoberecorded,inotherwords,learned.Andforbusypeoplelikeyouandme,thatiswheretherealproblemoftenlies.Ifwearedistracted,orwearetryingtothinkwhatwearegoingtodonext,theincomingmessagejustmightnotbegettingrecordedeffectively.Andthatleadstothefirsttipforstudentswhowanttoimprovetheirmemories.Giveyourfullattentiontotheinformationyouhopetoretain.Researchclearlyshowstheadvantagesofthis,andalsoofactivelearning,ofconsciouslytryingtovisualizeanewfact,perhapstomakeamentalpicture,evenawildridiculousone,sothenewfactwillstickinourmemory.Letmeillustratethatforyouherealittlemoreconcretelythisevening.

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A.Factorsthataffecttheabilitytomemorize.

B.Theinfluenceofchildhoodmemoriesonadulthood.

C.Aproposalforfuturepsychologicalresearch.

D.Benefitsofabusylifestyle,

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Thescientificestablishmentisplayingakeyroleinresearchanddevelopmentofgeneticengineeringbiotechnologyandinactivelydefendingtheindustryunderthebannerof"soundscience"and"scientificprogress".Scientificadvicetothegovernmentisheavilybiasedinfavoroftheindustry.LordSainsbury,currentMinisterforScience,wasformerchairmanoftheSainsburyfamily'ssupermarketchain,closelyinvolvedwiththedevelopmentofGEfoods.Anotherprominentscientist,DerekBurke,advisortotheParliamentaryCommitteeonScienceandTechnologyandformerchairoftheAdvisoryCommitteeonNovelFoodProducts,wasakeyparticipantintheUKGovernment'sTechnologyForesightexercises,andinafollow-upgroupthatdeterminedthepro-biotechfundingpolicyoftheBBSRC.DerekBurkeisanoutspokenandstaunchdefenderoftheindustry.ThepublicarebeinginformeduncriticallybyscientistslikeBurkeandothers,consciouslyorunconsciouslyservingcommercialinterests,andlegitimateconcernsaboutsafetyarecaricaturedasirrationalfeararisingoutofignorance.

Thecredibilityofscienceandscientistshasbeensteadilydiminishingovertheyearsassciencehasbecomemoreandmoreabsorbedintothecommercialsector.Scienceeducationateverylevelisbeingsubvertedtdcorporateaims:itschiefpurposeistoprovideskilledbutuncriticalworkersforindustry.TheUKGovernmenthasevenrun,acompetitionforsciencestudentsonhowtocommerciallyexploitscientificresearch.Therehasbeennomajoropendebateongeneticengineeringwithinacademicinstitutionsthathasbeenorganizedbytheacademicstaff.Withveryfewexceptions,studentsarenotencouragedtoaskquestionsabouttheethicsorthehazardsofgeneticengineeringoneithersideoftheAtlantic.

Scientificevidenceofactualandpotentialhazards,whichhasbeensteadilybuildingupoverthepasttenyears,isbeingignoredanddismissed.Moreseriously,independentscientistsreportingfindingsdamagingtotheindustryaregaggedandvictimized.WithintheUK,Dr.ArpadPusztai,seniorscientistofthepublicly-fundedRowlettInstitute,andhiscollaboratorswereawardeda1.6millionpoundgranttocarryoutsystematicsafetytestingofGEfood.TheyfoundthattheGEpotatolinestestedweretoxictoyoungrats,andPusztaiinformedthepublicinabriefinterviewwhichwaspartofaTVdocumentary.Afewdayslater,hewasremovedfromhisjob,deniedaccesstohisdata,andforbiddentospeakonthesubject.

Thesuppressionofscientificfindingsisnothingnew;ithasbeenhappeningmoreandmorewithinthepastdecade.Sincethe1970s,scientificfraudhasbeenincreasing,ashastheproportionofpeer-reviewedscientificpapersretracted.Wehavemovedfarawayfromthetraditionalidealsofscienceassciencelosesinnocenceandindependence.

Towardstherolethescientificestablishmentisplayingtheauthor'sattitudeisthatof______.A.criticismB.approvalC.toleranceD.apprehension

42.

Whichofthefollowingisclearlytheauthor'sownopinion?

A.Thelesserofthetwoevilsisnotdeflationbutinflation.

B.People'sincomeisinfluencedbybothinflationanddeflation.

C.Investmentisgoodintimesofdeflationandunemployment.

D.Privateandpublicinvestmentcancauseinflationduringdeflation.

43.

Studiesoffriendshipshaveindicatedthatinseekingfriendswe______.

A.wanttobeflattered

B.arelookingforsympathy

C.thinktheyresembleusmorethantheyreallydo

D.insistonthemhavingsimilarattitudestoourselves

44.

Sleepisdescribedas______.

A.agradualpartingfromtherealworld

B.undisturbedbytensionorproblems

C.drowninginanoceanofdarkness

D.dependentonlyUponindivid