#/13一、單詞精講opinion/ /n.想法，看法，意見(jiàn)詞組：inone’sopinion e.g.Inmyopinion,thesecondviewisone-sidedandpartial.responsibility/ /n.責(zé)任拓展：adj.beresponsiblefor 對(duì) 負(fù)責(zé)e.g.MyfatherisresponsibleforabigstoreinShanghai.responsen. death//n.死，死亡拓展：v.dieofdiefrom die(died,died)v.死；凋零deadadj.無(wú)生命的，呆板的dyingadj.臨終的，垂死的respect//v.尊重，慎重對(duì)待拓展：respectableadj. faithfully//adv.忠實(shí)地，忠誠(chéng)地拓展：faithn.信仰，信任adj.e.g.Faiththatjusticewouldprevailimpelledusforward.譯： Wearefaithfullistenerstotheprogram.譯： mess//n.雜亂，糞便e.g.Thehouseisamess.這個(gè)房間又臟又亂。拓展：amessof一大堆…；把…弄糟inamess亂糟糟，一團(tuán)糟e.g.I'vemadesuchamessofmylife.Therearemanyreasonswhytheeconomyisinsuchamess.extremely/ /adv.極其，非常拓展：extremeadj.極端的，偏激的n.極端，極其偏激的事物unhappy//adj.不快樂(lè)的，悲傷的拓展：反義詞： 副詞： happinessn. 否定前綴un,加在名詞，形容詞，副詞之前如:unfinished（未完成的）。undoubted（無(wú)疑的）。unhappy（不快樂(lè)的）否定前綴in,加在形容詞，名詞之前如：incorrect（不正確的），inability（無(wú)能，無(wú)力），inaccurate（不準(zhǔn)確的）im一加在字母m，b，P之前如：impossible（不可能的），impolite（不禮貌的）surprised/ /adj.感到驚訝的拓展：besurprisedat因 感到驚訝同義詞：amazed，shockedsurprising令人驚訝的同類(lèi)的詞： shocked//adj.震驚的e.g.Thelittleboywasshockedbythefall.certain//adj.一定（量）的拓展：becertainof/aboutsth.becertainofdoingsthbecertainthat/if/whethere.g.Areyoucertainaboutthat?Ourteamiscertainofwinning.I’mcertainthatit’snotyourfault.goldfish/ /n.金魚(yú)合成詞：n.+n.=n.舉例： apologize//v.道歉搭配：apologizeforapologizetosb.詞轉(zhuǎn)：n. Makeanapologyforsth.因某事而道歉e.g.Hemadeanapologyforwhathesaid.review//n.（書(shū)刊、電影等的）評(píng)論；v.回顧，檢查二、Phrases詞組fromsidetoside從左到右sidebyside肩并肩地；一起growup成長(zhǎng)；長(zhǎng)大accordingto據(jù)（ 所說(shuō)）…同義句：It'ssaidbycarefor關(guān)愛(ài)拓展：takecareof照顧。100kaftercareabout喜歡asaresult因此；結(jié)果拓展：resultfrom起因于stop...from阻止某事發(fā)生stoptodosth.stopdoingsth.rightnow立即；馬上同義詞：immediatelyadv.atoncee.gWeshouldstartworkrightnow.Whenheheardthenews,herushedoutoftheroomimmediately.What'smore而且e.g.What'smore，mostpeopleinmoderncitiesliveinflats.payfor為 付錢(qián)e.g.Ihavetopay150dollarsforthesewingmachine.其他表示“花費(fèi)”的詞spend的主語(yǔ)通常是人，往往用于以下句型：(sb)spendsomemoney／sometimeonsth．(sb)spendsomemoney／sometime(in)doingsth．e.g.Ispentfiftyyuanonthecoat=Ispentfiftyyuan(in)buyingthecoat．(2)take常用于“占用、花費(fèi)”時(shí)間，其主語(yǔ)通常為形式主語(yǔ)“it”或物。句式是：Ittakes／tooksb．sometimetodosth=Sth．takessb．sometime．e.g.Ittookmethreeyearstodrawthebeautifulhorses．Theworkwilltakemetwodays．(3)pay為“付款、賠償”之意，主語(yǔ)通常是人，往往是sb．payssomemoneyforsth或paysb.(somemoneyforsth)e．g.IpaidfiftyyuanforthecoatHowmuchdidyoupayhim?(4)cost的主語(yǔ)必須是某物。sth.cost(sb.)somemoney。e.g.Thedictionarycostme$20.10.notonly…butalso…不但 而且 連接主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)和鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。相似的有：neither…nor…。either…or…例句：Heisnotonlyascientistbutalsoaphotographer.Noonlyhebutalsohisparentslikecollectingstamps.三、課文精講1.lt'snicetopickthemupandholdtheminoararms，andit'swonderfultoseethemgrowingup.e.g.It’snicetoknowthatsomebodyappreciateswhatIdo.【知識(shí)拓展】it作形式主語(yǔ)主要用于下列兩種情況1.It+is/was+adj./n.(形容詞或名詞)+todosth.e.g.Itisagoodideatothinkthisway.Itisverykindofyoutogivemeahandintime．2．It+v．+todosth．e.g．Ittookusthreeyearstocompletetheproject．2．Youngpeoplecanlearnhowtocareforothersandhowtorespectalllivingthingsbykeepingapetdog.e.g.Pleaseshowushowtodothat．Asmallnumberofpetdogsevenbitepeople.anumberof“許多”；asmallnumberof“一小部分”；alargenumberof“許多；大量”例句：AnumberofpeoplehavealreadyvisitedtheExpoSite.【辨析】anumberof與thenumberofAnumberof表示“一批；一些；許多”；是不定數(shù)量詞，如同alotof,lotsof,several,some一樣。因此，“anumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例句：Therewerealargenumberofpeopleintheroom.Thenumberof表示“……的數(shù)（目）"，thenumber是中心詞，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用單數(shù)。例：Thenumberofpeopleintheroomislarge.Thismaymakethedogsfeelextremelyunhappy.1）make…feel"使……感到”，這種結(jié)構(gòu)是動(dòng)詞后跟不帶to的不定式。相同用法的表示使、令、讓、幫、叫等意義的不完全及物動(dòng)詞（使役動(dòng)詞）主要有：例句：Letmeintroducemyself.2）feel，look，sound，smell，taste等連系動(dòng)詞后面跟形容詞。例：Annlooksbeautiful.payingfordogfoodandvisitingthevetcanbeexpensive.1）payfor“支付”，常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)為：somebodypaymoneyforsomething例句： 2)canbe表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的可能性。例句： 3)【辨析】canbe,maybe,mightbe,mustbe它們都可以用來(lái)表示可能性，但語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)弱有所不同。mustbe語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，表示可能性最大；其次是canbe和maybe；mightbe語(yǔ)氣最弱，表示可能性最小。鞏固練習(xí)選擇合適的單詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)代替劃線部分。A.AssaidbyB.wentawayC.veryD.departforE.pleasureF.said()1.Itwasclaimedthatsomedoctorswereworking80hoursaweek.()2.Wewereextremelybusybeforetheexamination.()3.Itisfullofenjoymenttogoskatingonrealice.()4.Accordingtotheweatherreport,itisgoingtorainthisafternoon.()5.A:Whenwillyoubeback?B:I'llleaveforhomeinthreedays.用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。Theplanelanded atlastafterflyinginthestormforaboutonehour.(safe)Pleasereadthepassage andthenfinishtheexercises.(care)Somethingiswrongwithmyfoot.Ihavetowalk .(slow) ,weweren’tcaughtintheheavyrainlastnight.(luck)Look!Thefamousactressisdancingvery attheparty.(beautiful)Georgefeltverysadattheofhisfather.(die)Thestormlastnightwasquite(fright)。 wewereallgreatly(fright)byit.Studentsshouldspendsometimedoingathomeeverydayafterschool.(review).“Doyouhaveany?”askedthesalesmanager.(complain).Everyonewastodeathinthebigfire.(shock).Madam,doyoumindmysmokinghere?not.(certain).Tothevisitors’greatsurprise,thepeoplethereshowdisagreementbytheirheads.(nod).Youspeaktoo(loud).Wouldyousayitalittlemoresoftly?.It’ssaidthatperhapsthereusedtobethingsonMars.(life).Thechildrenenjoyedatthepartylastnight.(they)四、語(yǔ)法一)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)I、定義：含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用來(lái)說(shuō)明某人或某物被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作所反映出的感情和態(tài)度。例：1.Manytreesshouldbeplantedinthemountains.應(yīng)該在山上種許多樹(shù)。Youcantakethisbookhome.(改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))fThisbookcanbetakenhome(byyou).Thisproblemcan’tbeworkedoutveryeasily.這道題輕易算不出來(lái)。Musttheworkbedoneatonce?這項(xiàng)工作必須立即完成嗎？II、含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成根據(jù)上述例子填寫(xiě)下列空格含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ +及物動(dòng)詞的 。含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的 變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。變?yōu)榉穸ň鋾r(shí)只需要在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加 。變?yōu)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句時(shí)只需把 提到句首。III、句式變換含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的疑問(wèn)句、否定句的變化均需借助于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞來(lái)完成。一般疑問(wèn)句。直接將被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的陳述句中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提到句首。例如：Thisworkmustbedonerightnow.—Mustthisworkbedonerightnow?Hishomeworkshouldbefinishedbeforesix.—Shouldhishomeworkbefinishedbeforesix?特殊疑問(wèn)句。由疑問(wèn)詞加上含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成。例如：Wherecanthebookbefound?這本書(shū)在什么地方能被找到呢？Whenmustmyhomeworkbehandedin?我的作業(yè)必須什么時(shí)候交？反意疑問(wèn)句。附加問(wèn)句部分要用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”。例如：Thisbookshouldn'tbetakenoutofthelibrary,shouldit?這本書(shū)不應(yīng)被帶出圖書(shū)館，是嗎？否定句。在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加上not即可。例如：Fourteen-year-oldsshouldnotbeallowedtodrive.十四歲的孩子不應(yīng)該被允許開(kāi)車(chē)。【Note】對(duì)于含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句的回答，一般應(yīng)保留原句中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，但must表“必須”時(shí)，其否定回答應(yīng)用needn't。例如：一Shouldmyhomeworkbefinishedtoday?我的作業(yè)應(yīng)在今天完成嗎？—Yes,itshould./No,itshouldn’t.是的，應(yīng)在今天完成。/不，不應(yīng)在今天完成?！狹usthisexercisebookbehandedinrightnow?他的練習(xí)本必須立即上交嗎？一Yes,itmust./No,itneedn't.是的，必須立即上交。/不，不必立即上交。二）、副詞副詞主要用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。I、副詞的位置：1）在動(dòng)詞之前。2）在be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后。3）多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后。注意：a.大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾，但賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，副詞可以提前，以使句子平衡。Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.b.方式副詞well，badly糟、壞，hard等只放在句尾。HespeaksEnglishwell.II、副詞的排列順序：1）時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在后。2）方式副詞，短的在前，長(zhǎng)的在后，并用and或but等連詞連接。Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.3）多個(gè)不同副詞排列：程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。?副詞very可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。（錯(cuò)）IverylikeEnglish.（對(duì)）IlikeEnglishverymuch.?副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。Idon'tknowhimwellenough.Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.III、副詞的構(gòu)成方法：大多數(shù)副詞都是由“形容詞+后綴-ly”構(gòu)成的，例如：slowly,heavily,truly,terribly等。形容詞變副詞規(guī)則：.在形容詞詞尾直接加-ly。如:real-really。helpful-helpfully。careful-carefully。slow-slowly。quick-quickly。quiet-quietly.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞要變y為i,再加-ly。如七成丫上成“丫。 angry-angrily。easy-easily.某些以輔音字母加不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾和以-ue結(jié)尾的形容詞要先去掉e,然后再加-y或-ly。如:terrible-terribly。true-truly。gentle-gently注意：friendlyomotherly。lovely,weekly,lively等詞是形容詞而非副詞。.英語(yǔ)中還有少數(shù)與形容詞同形的副詞，例如：daily,early,fast,hard,high,long,near,straight,well等。判斷下列單詞的詞性：thehighjump跳高工程（）tojumphigh跳得高（）afastcar行得快的汽車(chē)（）todrivefast開(kāi)快車(chē)（）anearlyriser早起的人（）togetupearly起得早（）astraightline直線（）Gostraightahead.一直朝前走。（）.副詞還可以由形容詞加前綴a-得來(lái)，如:1。口~(adj.)-aloud(adv.).部分名詞加后綴也可變成副詞，如:partpartly。例:Itispartlyherfault.有部分是她的錯(cuò)。注:friendly。motherly。lovely等詞是形容詞而非副詞。練習(xí)鞏固一、選擇題treesusuallyinApril?A.Have,plantedB.Are,plantedC.Do,plantD.Were,plantedWhenwegotthere,thebrokenroadrepaired.A.isbeingB.wasbeingC.hasbeenD./Thewindowsoftheroomonceaweek.A.hasbeencleanedB.iscleanedC.arecleanedD.arecleaningIn1620,abouthalftheUSAforests.A.wascoveredB.wascoveredbyC.werefilledwithD.coveredwithTheyoungtreethestick.A.shouldbetiedtoB.mustbetiedbyC.shouldtietoD.canbetiedwithApresentmebymyfriendonmybirthday.A.isgivingB.wasgiventoC.isgivenforD.willgivetoBywasthebook?A.who,wroteB.whom,writeC.whom,writtenD.whom,writingFilmsaboutcrimeandviolence（暴力與犯罪）byyoungchildren.A.shouldnotsee B.shouldbenotseenC.shouldnotbeseen D.shouldbeseenInwarmweatherfruitandmeatlong.A.can’tbekeptB.don’tkeepC.isnotkeptD.aren’tkeepingHalftheworld’stelephonecallsinEnglish.A.aremadeB.aremakingC.makeD.ismadeThatbuildingnow.A.isbuildingB.isbuiltC.isbeingbuiltD.buildsThetreesinourschooleveryFridayafternoon.A.arewateredB.arewateringC.havewateredD.waterMore“GreatGreenWalls”mustallovertheworld.A.buildB.arebuiltC.bebuildingD.bebuiltHisschoolbagbyawomantenminutesago.A.tookawayB.wastakenawayC.wastakenoffD.istakenItthatsheveryclever.A.wassaid,isB.wassaid,wereC.issaid,isD.issaid,isbeingYesterdayavisitorsomethingabouthishometown.A.wasaskedB.wasaskingC.isaskedD.askedIfyouarenotfreetoday,comeanotherday .A.tooB.soC.insteadD.yetHecan'ttellus ,Ithink.A.importantanythingB.anythingimportantC.importantsomethingD.somethingimportant.Thelightintheofficewasn't forhimtoread.A.enoughbrightB.brightenoughC.brightlyD.enoughbrightlyYoumustkeepyoureyes whenyoudoeyeexercises.A.closeB.openC.closedD.openedDon'tworry,sir.I'msureIcanrun tocatchupwiththem.A.slowlyenoughB.enoughslowlyC.fastenoughD.enoughfastThetextisveryeasyforyou.Thereare newwordsinit.A.afewB.alittleC.fewD.littleMingminggotupvery ,sohecametoschoolhalfanhour .A.late。latelyB.lately。lateC.lately。latelyD.late。lateIam worriedaboutyparents'healthyconditions.A.sometimesB.sometimeC.sometimesD.sometimes"A accidenthappenedat7:30a.m."saidthepoliceman .A.serious,seriousB.seriously,seriouslyC.seriously,seriousD.serious,seriouslyThecakesmells .Pleasethrowitaway.A.goodB.badlyC.badD.wellWhatwastheweatherlikeyesterday?Itwasterrible.Itrainedso thatpeoplecould goout.A.hardly…h(huán)ard B.hardly…h(huán)ardlyC.hard…h(huán)ardlyD.hard…h(huán)ardDad,whenwillyoubefree?Youagreedtogototheseasidewithmefourdaysago.Iamsorry,Jean.ButIthinkIwillhavea holidaysoon.A.four-daysB.four-dayC.fourdaysD.fourday二.用正確的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)填空Nearlyeverybodyhere（know）whentheoldmuseum（build）.Thebuildingcan（see）fromeverypartofthecity。It（build）many