首字母閱讀專項突破

?知識點：首字母填空的基本要求和特點

首字母填空類短文題是近幾年中考試題經(jīng)常采用的題型之一，因為它有非常好的信度和效度，又能拉開

考生間的分差、提高區(qū)分度。這種題型屬于能力測試的范疇，它考查的范圍極廣，可以是英語知識的方方

面面，還可能涉及其它學(xué)科。它要求考生在充分理解短文的基礎(chǔ)上將單詞拼寫出來，并且單詞形式合理，

符合語法規(guī)范，符合短文需要。這種試題的首字母已給，所填的就必須是該字母開頭的單詞。這既是一種

限制，又是一種提示。這種題型因難度相對較大，考生失分現(xiàn)象比較嚴重。學(xué)生要仔細閱讀全文，利用上

下文提供的有關(guān)信息，再仔細閱讀相關(guān)句子，判斷所缺單詞的句子成分，才能完成練習(xí)。首字母填空類短

文題是中考試卷中最難的題型，最能測量考生實際運用語言的能力。要做好此類題目，考生不但要有較強

的語感，善于體會上下文的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，而且要有扎實的語言知識儲備和較大的詞匯量0

?知識點：首字母填空的考查范圍和中考趨勢

從近幾年的考題來看，短文填空題所考查的單詞涉及的詞性范圍較廣，幾乎涉及到了十大詞類；文中所

涉及的語言知識面較寬，學(xué)生需運用已學(xué)過的詞法、句法及常用詞組、短語、慣用法等知識進行具體分析

后再答題，有一定的難度。文章短小、精致，字數(shù)通常在100?150之間。短文的體裁不一，有記敘文、說

明文、議論文等。短文題材豐富，內(nèi)容通俗易懂，與現(xiàn)代生活緊密相關(guān)，如：英國人分期付款購房；度假

回來的路上買家具的小故事；食物對不同年齡段的人的不同影響；被馴化的動物可以為人們做事情等，可

讀性、趣味性強，符合初中生的認知特點。

?知識點：首字母填空的解題基本步驟

1.通讀短文全文，抓住高頻詞，把握大意

短文中雖有一些詞未知，但不影響對文章主要內(nèi)容的理解。在初步閱讀中，可以跳過空格，盡量捕捉文章

所提供的內(nèi)容信息，以及語法結(jié)構(gòu)方面的提示，有助于下一步的分析與判斷。因此，我們在做題時，一定

要先掌握文章的中心大意。從中獲取文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)、體裁、主題及所使用的時態(tài)等相關(guān)信息。為正確而

高效答題提供堅實的基礎(chǔ)與保障。

2.確定詞性，縮小選詞范圍

通讀全文、掌握大意后，瞻前顧后，結(jié)合空格前后的內(nèi)容，從語法、句法及固定搭配等方面，確定空格所

填詞性。從文意中找出句與文、句與句、詞與句、詞與詞之間的關(guān)系，尤其是一些不易察覺的、隱含的微

妙關(guān)系，用已知信息去獲取未知信息，以便初步確定詞性。

如（money）n.,處可能填寫的詞性？

具體到文章，聯(lián)系上下文，結(jié)合句子成分等語法可得：

處可以填寫V./prep./adj./n./art.

earnmoney

formonev（workformoney）

以此類推，要縝密的分析，然后確定詞性；

3.仔細推敲，判斷題目類型并選出正確詞匯

詞性判斷正確，大大縮小選詞范圍，重要的一步是分析題目類型。所謂題目類型指的是題目的考察能力及

內(nèi)容。

1）語法題:考查學(xué)生的語法技能，如theboyaskedmeloudlywhewouldbeofferedthejob.賓語從句

的引導(dǎo)詞,whether；

2）句法題:句法題，主要從句子成分的角度判定所填詞匯；

如theboytellsmeloudlywhethinksisthekeypoint.賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞,what；

3）邏輯題:考查學(xué)生的邏輯推理及理解能力；

Amonthlater,Christopherhadn'theardfromJefforreceivedanymoney,shephonedhim.

注意句子前后句間的邏輯關(guān)系，這里是因果關(guān)系，所以填so；

4）上下文語意題:主要從句子成分的角度判定所填詞匯；

5）常識題：如BerlinisthecoftheunitedGermany.

依常識可知柏林是德國的首都，因此答案為：capital；

6）固定搭配題：如iof;空格出應(yīng)填寫instead?

4.確定詞匯的正確形式

詞選對了，并不代表正確答案，而要再次確定是否是填寫的正確形式。

如果是名詞，應(yīng)注意其數(shù)的變化及所有格的變化；

如果是動詞，需注意根據(jù)其在句中的語法功能確定其正確的時態(tài)、語態(tài)及非謂語動詞形式；

如果是形容詞、副詞，要注意其級的變化；

如果是代詞，要注意其主格與賓格、形容詞性與名詞性物主代詞、反身代詞等的變化：

如果是連詞，要注意其在并列句、狀語從句、賓語從句中的用法等。

5.注意首字母填空中的關(guān)鍵性小詞or/and/but

or/and前后的詞性一致，詞義相反或相近；happyandcheerful;sadnessandhappiness；

but前后的詞性一致，詞義相反。

6.復(fù)讀全文，全面檢查

答題完畢后復(fù)讀全文，進行核查是必不可少的。做完題后，一定要認真檢查，盡量減少粗心所致的筆誤或

拼寫錯誤，對有疑問的地方，更要根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容、上下文的語法結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯發(fā)展進行反復(fù)斟酌，這樣才

能盡量避免失分。填完所有單詞后，不可孤立地逐個詞檢查，而應(yīng)復(fù)讀全文，仔細檢查自己所填的詞是否

符合文章的情景內(nèi)容，讀起來是否順暢，是否合乎句法，單詞拼寫是否有誤，單詞形式是否正確等，發(fā)現(xiàn)

問題及時更正?

?知識點：首字母填空之解題技巧

1.依據(jù)習(xí)慣用法與固定搭配，填出簡單項

例1：Houstonpasseda____onFebruary11,2012.Thecauseofherdeathisstillunknown.

例2：Insomecultures,h,receivingmoneycanmakepeopleuncomfortable.

例3：Ionlyhopetyouhaveenoughloveandfriendsthatyouwillhaveashouldertocryon

whenyouneedit."

例4：Often,yourheadacheisfromyourtoomucha81paidtoonething.

2.依據(jù)詞性填寫：注意詞性變化，時態(tài)，語態(tài)

名詞：要點注意名詞單復(fù)數(shù)和屬格

判斷填寫名詞的基本方法：名詞區(qū)別于其他此類的基本特征即是：名詞前可以加上冠詞.

例1：Shedidn'tfeelhappywithherhusband.Thecoftenquarreledorevenfoughtwitheachother

andshebegantotakedrugs（毒品）.

例2：Ifsomeonehasthoughtaboutagforme,italwaysmakesmehappy.”

例3：Carrotsaregrownonfarmsandinsmallfamilygardensallovertheworld.Itisoneofthemostpopularsweet

v.

例4：LiFengquicklypickedituptoanswerthecall.Itwasfromagoodfriendofhism.

動詞：需要注意時態(tài)、語態(tài)及非謂語動詞

判斷是否是動詞的基本方法：不管句子的類型如何，英語中每個句子都有一個核心動詞，去掉充當句子修

飾部分的“枝葉”，留下的骨干部分，看是否為一個完整的句子，是否缺少一個核心骨動詞。其他諸如助動詞

后加動詞原形，情態(tài)動詞須和動詞等小的知識點不再贅述，在講解動詞專題時帶著詳述。

例1：HoustonbegansingingwithNewJerseychurch'schoir（唱詩班）atage11.Later,shebegan

performingwithhermotherintheNewYorkCity,shewasdbyCliveDavis——headoftheAristaRecords.

例2：Drinkabottleofwarmwater.Manypeopledonotrthatthedryairintheirworkingplacecan

beadangerbecauseofthelack（缺少）ofwater.

例3：Therapyanimalsgointoh74andnursinghomes.Theseanimalslowerthestresslevelsof

peoplewhoareverysickorwhohavejusthadoperations.Theyalsoencouragepeopletorecover.

形容詞，副詞：需要注意比較級和最高級

形容詞用來修飾名詞，位于名詞前，代詞，位置可前可后，或者出現(xiàn)在系動詞后，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)；若出現(xiàn)the

—+名詞，even—或—than…一般可認為是形容詞，根據(jù)是形容詞區(qū)別于其他詞類的特性（比較級或最

高級）。

副詞和形容詞相似，也有比較級和最高級，一般用來修飾動詞。但是程度副詞，頻率副詞等往往也是考查

重點。?？嫉母痹~有：表強調(diào)的副詞only,even,especially,stilbalso,always,almost,already；表否定

的hardly,never,seldom,rarely等；句中用逗號隔開的however,句后的again,together,altogether,instead,

soon,anywhere等，句前的sometimes,usually等。平時同學(xué)們在做題時多留心，多總結(jié)高頻出現(xiàn)的詞，對

增加做題的信心很有幫助。

例1：Thewomanexplainedthatshewasb68andthatthedogHamptonactedashereyes,helping

hernavigate（弓I導(dǎo)）herwaya69thecity.

例2：Hamptonism71thanapet.HehelpsmedothethingsthatIneedtodointhecity,“thewoman

explained.

例3：Warmdaysandcoolnightsarethebtimetogrowgreattastycarrots.Thequickestwayto

knowifacarrotisreadytobeharvested（收獲）istoseeitscolor.（2012年南京白下區(qū)一模）

例4：Alanawasonthedietortwomonths.Herdoctorwaspleasedwithher."Youhavebeenvery

good,^^hesaid“Youcaneatsomeofthefoodsyoulikebest.Butonlyalittle.Don'teattoomanysweets....Ifyou

do,youwillgetalotofweighta.

...“Butwhenyoueatit,itmakesyousick.It'snotagoodfoodforyou.”"Youareright,"saidFrank.46Well,

rileatmorecakei?

代詞：注意人稱代詞，物主代詞，和反身代詞

在首字母填空中常填的是不定代詞和反身代詞，我們?nèi)绻軌蛘_地分析句子所缺成分，這類填詞很容易

得分。另外，代詞的填寫主要集中在人稱代詞，物主代詞以及反身代詞。

例1：“Whensomeonegivesmemoney,itjustmakesmethinkthey'rebeinglazy,“saysJohnWilson."In

England,wehaveasaying:It'sthethoughtthatcounts.Whensgivesmemoney,itjustmakesmethink

they5rebeinglazy,“saysJohnWilson.

例2：Ewentwrongatthestation.Peoplewerelateandtheywerepanicking（驚恐）!

例3：Ifyoucan'tgettosleepafterhalfanhour,getupanddosquiet,likereading.

連詞：注意在復(fù)合句中的用法

連詞在首字母填空中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，是用來連接一個從句的，在分析確定填連詞后，翻譯一下上下句，連詞就

可以確定了。?？嫉倪B詞有b開頭的but,because,before；u開頭的until和unless；wh.的賓語從句的連接

詞；以及although,though,so等。判斷是否為連詞，看兩個句子是否為完整的句子，若完整，再看兩個句

子之間的關(guān)系：并列，轉(zhuǎn)折等，從而選擇相應(yīng)的連詞；有些既是副詞又是連詞的詞（如：when），注意平時

整理此類詞在首字母填空中的?？荚~性。

例1：TsomepeoplewerenotsatisfiedwithHouston'sacting,thefilmwasagreatsuccess,

makingmorethan$410millionworldwide.

例2：However,helostheartwalovelyyoungwomanopenedthedoor.

例3：Amonthlater,Christopherhadn'theardfromJefforreceivedanymoney,shephoned

him.

例4：Andevenifyouaren'tveryrich,youwantpeopletothinkthatyouare.Thatisw

“KeepingupwiththeJoneses^^isabout.

近三年九年級上期末首字母匯編

年份/區(qū)域主題文章類型

2017-2018玄武Athree-daycommunicationfor議論文

ChineseSpringFestival

2017-2018鼓樓SpringFestival夾敘夾議類

2016-2017玄武Shyness記敘文

2016-2017鼓樓Honestyordishonesty議論文

2015-2016玄武Tolerance議論文

2015-2016鼓樓Waterorfoodforastronauts議論文

[2017-2018學(xué)年南京市玄武區(qū)九年級上學(xué)期期末】

Athree-daycelebrationforthecomingChineseSpringFestivalstartedlastSaturdayincentralJapanesecityof

Nagoya.

Thecelebrationwash66onHisayaSquareindowntownNagoya,whereredlanternsand

f67werehunghighandpeoplecheeredinafestivalatmosphere.

Arecordhighof78booths（展臺）weresetuparoundthesquare,sellingtraditionalChinesefoods,i____68

dumplings,sugar-coatedhawsandothers.

An69___ofChineseandJapaneseartistsperformed（表演）onanamazingstagesetupatoneendof

thesquare,suchasface-changingstuntofSichuanopera,acrobaticsandliondances.

“SpringFestivalisatraditionalh70inChinatocelebratetheLunarNewYear.Itishopedthatthe

festivalcelebrationsherewouldimprovebothunderstandingandf71betweenpeopleinChinaand

Japan,“saidDengWei,ChineseconsulgeneralinNagoya.

IchiroHirosawa,vicemayorofNagyacity,saidtheSpringFestivalcelebrationsherehaveattractedplentyof

v72fromNagoyaandneighboringareasandhavep73greatchancesforJapanesepeopleto

getintouchwithChineseculture.

OverseasChinesehavebeenholdingChineseLunarNewYearcelebrationsinNagoyas742007.

Thecelebrationhasbecomeanimportantplatform（平臺）for175peopletolearnmoreaboutChinese

cultureandimprovebothunderstandingandculturalexchangesbetweencentralJapanandChina.

[2017-2018學(xué)年南京市鼓樓區(qū)九年級上學(xué)期期末】

Teachersandstudentsareveryhappy.Why?Becausethewinterholidayiscomingandthemostimportantt

86festival,SpringFestivalisalsoontheway.Atpresent,moreandmoreChinesefocusonthetraditional

festivals,whichbelongtoallChinesepeoplewithstrongChinesecolor.A87them,SpringFestivalisthemost

important.

Itfallsonthef88dayinthelunarcalendar.Sinceitisattheendofwinterandthebeginningofspring,

peoplecallitSpringFestival.Chinesehavemanytraditionalcustomsrelatingtoit.Since23rdDecemberinlunar

calendar,peoplestarttop89fortheevent.Everyfamilywilldosomecleaning,dotheirSpringFestivals90

insupermarkets,decoratetheirhouses,putupSpringFestivalcoupletsandalsogetreadyallkindsoffoodforthe

bigfarewelldinneronNewYear'sEve.

NewYear'sEveisthetimeforallthefamilymemberstog91tohaveabigdinner,talkingandlaughing

untildaybreak,whichiscalled"stayinguptoseetheyearout”.Everyyear,theSprijigFestivalGalaonCCTVis

covered192.Manypeoplelookforwardtowatchingit.Peoplecantakepartintheguessinggamesthrough

WeChat,sendingtextm93andsoonwhentheyarewatchingthegala.S94offfireworksoncewasthe

favouriteactivityofchildren.Accordingtothelegend,thiscoulddriveoffevilmonstercallednian.Withthe

developmentofthetimes,sojnechangeshavetakenplace.Forexample,topreventenvironmentalp95,

fireworksarenotallowedinmanybigcities.

ForChineseathomeandabroad,theSpringFestivalisalwaysthemostimportant.

[2016-2017學(xué)年南京市玄武區(qū)九年級上學(xué)期期末】

You'restandingwithyourclassmates.E￡6istalkingexceptyou.Perhapsyou'reafraidtheywilllaughat

whenyousay.Maybeyoujustaren'tb67enoughtospeak.

Shynessislikeasnakethatcrawls（爬進）intoourmouthands68usspeaking.Butweshouldn'tletit

staythere.

Iam29yearsold.Eventoday,thatsnakestillsometimesv69me.WhenIwasinhighschool,Iwassoshy

thatIwouldn'ttalktoanyonee70myparentsandbestfriends.Ifastrangeraskedmethewaytoalocalshop,

itwasasifI'dforgottenhowtotalk.Onesummer,Igotaj71inarestaurantandthathelpedalot.ItmeantI

hadtotalkto

customers（顧客）.Ihadtotellthemhowm72theirmealcost.IhadtoaskthemiftheywanttodrinkCoke

orSprite.Thisjobtaughtmehowtospeakwithpeople.

Youmaybetooyoungtofindapart-timejob.Butyoucanlookforotherc73tospeakwithpeople.You

canoffertohelpanoldwomancarryherheavybag.O74youcangotogetanewspaperforyourfamily.

Ifyoudothesethingsforawhile,the'shyness'snakewillsoonbeginto175youalone.】t'Hlookfor

anothermouthtocrawlinto.

[2016-2017學(xué)年南京市鼓樓區(qū)九年級上學(xué)期期末】

InatowninFrance,therewasafarmerwholivedalone.Everydayhes___86___apoundofbuttertohis

neighbour,whowasabaker.Onedaythebakerdecidedtoweighthebuttertoseei___87___hewasgettinga

pound.Afterheweighedit,hefoundthathewasn't.Thebakerthentookthefarmertothejudge（法官）.

Thejudgewantedtoknowthefarmer'swaystoweighthebutter.Thefarmerreplied,uFmsop88thatI

donothaveenoughmoneytobuyanythingtoweighit.H___89___,Idohaveakindofscale（天平）Thejudge

OcSked,"Thenh___90___doyouweighthebutter?^^Thefannerreplied,"Beforethebakerstartedbuyingbutter

fromme,Ihadboughtbreadfromhim.SonoweverytimewhenIb___91___homethebreadfromthebaker,Iput

itonthescaleandgivehimthesamew___92___

Wealwaysgetbackwhatwegivetoothers.Wheneveryoutakeaction,askyourselfthisquestion,“AmI

honest?；'

Honestyordishonestycanbecomeahabit.Somedishonestpeoplecanliew___93___aredface.Otherslieso

m___94___thattheydonotevenknowwhatthetruthisanymore.Butwhoisitbadfor?Infact,thosewholiewill

hurtt___95___,bytheirowndishonestbehaviour.

[2015.-2016學(xué)年南京市玄武區(qū)九年級上學(xué)期期末】

Youmaynotrealizeit,butyouaredoingmuchmorethanjuststudyingwhenyouareatschool.Schoolisalso

thep_76___yousocializeandlearntogetalongwithpeople.Butthisisnotalwayseasy.Whatcanyoudoifyou

justdon'tJikeoneofyourclassmates?

Ifyoud77___thatyouhaveproblemsgettingalongwithyourclassmatesorfriends,themost

importantthingtolearnistolerance（寬容）.Toleranceistheabilitytorecognizeandrespectthedifferencesin

others.Wecannotchangethew_78_thatotherpeopleact,itisimportanttolearntoliveh___79___with

them.

Tolerancewillmakeeveryonegetonb_80___witheachother.Knowothersconstantlymakesusunderstand

others'differences.

Somethingisdifferentdoesnotmeanthatitisbad.Tolerancet_81_ustokeepaneventemperandopen

mind.

Youhavetorememberanoldsaying,"Treatothershowyouwanttobetreated".Youwouldliketobetreated

kindlybyyourclassmates,s___82itisimportanttotreatthemwithequalkindness.Ifyoutoleratesomething,

itdoesnotmeanthatyouhavetolikeit.Nox>neisaskingyoutochangewhoyouareorw83____you

believein.Tolerancejustmeansthatyoushouldrespectthedifferencesinothersandnottrytomakethem

change.

Itisimportanttopracticetolerance^becauseitwillmakee___84___liveseasier.Learntoacceptpeoplefor

theirdifferentabilitiesandi____85___.Theworldisaverydifferentplace,andpracticingtoleranceinyourown

schoolandcitycanhelpmakethingsbetter.

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