經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁(yè)眉頁(yè)腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！英語(yǔ)作文段落的寫(xiě)作段落發(fā)展的手段基本句法掌握之后，接下來(lái)就要訓(xùn)練段落寫(xiě)作，這是因?yàn)槎温涫俏恼碌幕窘M成部分，要寫(xiě)出好文章，必須在段落寫(xiě)作上多下功夫。段的基本組成是句子，好的段落應(yīng)該是該段中所有的句子都圍繞著一個(gè)主題展開(kāi)，且句與句之間應(yīng)該是緊密相連，形成統(tǒng)一的整體即unifiedandcoherent。那么怎樣將一個(gè)段落展開(kāi)呢？下面介紹英語(yǔ)中幾種常用的方法。1．?dāng)⑹龇?narration)敘述法發(fā)展段落主要是按照事物本身的時(shí)間或空間的排列順序，通過(guò)對(duì)一些特有過(guò)渡連接詞的使用，有層次分步驟地表達(dá)主題句的一種寫(xiě)作手段。用這種方法展開(kāi)段落，能夠清楚連貫地交待事物的本末，從而可以使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含義，例如：Intheflatopposite,awomanheardthenoiseoutside.Whenshelookedoutthroughthewindow,shediscoveredthatherneighborwasthreatenedbysomeone.Sheimmediatelycalledthepolicestation.Inanswertothecall,apatrolpolicecararrivedatthesceneofthecrimequickly.Threepolicemenwentinsidetheflatatonce,andothersguardedoutsidethebuildingtopreventanyonefromescaping.這段是按照事物發(fā)展的先后順序，敘述從發(fā)現(xiàn)案情、報(bào)警、到警察趕到、包圍現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的過(guò)程。全文脈絡(luò)清晰，敘述的層次感強(qiáng)，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。常用于敘述法中的過(guò)渡連接詞有：first,atthebeginning,tostartwith,afterthat,later,then,afterwards,intheend,finally等。2.舉例法(example)通過(guò)舉出具體事例來(lái)闡述、說(shuō)明主題句的內(nèi)容，嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過(guò)舉出典型事例來(lái)解釋觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。我們來(lái)看下面這個(gè)用舉例法展開(kāi)的段落。Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportsthataresuitabletothem.本段采用了三個(gè)事例來(lái)說(shuō)明主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組differentformsofexercises，這三個(gè)例子分別由連接詞forexample,foranotherexample和besides全段內(nèi)容。舉例法中常用的連接詞有：forexample(instance),oneexampleis,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition等。3．列舉法(details)運(yùn)用列舉法，是通過(guò)列舉一系列的論據(jù)對(duì)topicsentence中擺出的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋?zhuān)信e的順序可以按照所列各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的相對(duì)重要性、時(shí)間、空間等進(jìn)行。YesterdaywasoneofthoseawfuldaysformewheneverythingIdidwentwrong.First,Ididn'thearmyalarmclockandarrivedlateforwork.Then,Ididn'treadmydiaryproperlyandforgottogettoanimportantmeetingwithmyboss.Duringthecoffeebreak,Idroppedmycoffeecupandspoiltmynewskirt.Atlunchtime,Ileftmypurseonabusandlostallthemoneythatwasinit.Afterlunch,mybosswasangrybecauseIhadn'tgonetothemeeting.ThenIdidn't1noticeasignonadoorthatsaid"WetPaint"andsoIspoiltmyjackettoo.WhenIgothomeIcouldn'tgetintomyflatbecauseIhadleftmykeyinmyoffice.SoIbrokeawindowtogetinandcutmyhand.根據(jù)本段主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組everythingIdidwentwrong，列舉了8點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，分別由first,then,duringthecoffeebreak,afterlunchtime絡(luò)分明、內(nèi)容連貫。常用于列舉法的過(guò)渡連接詞有：foronething,foranother,finally,besides,moreover,oneanother,stillanother,first,second,also等。4．對(duì)比法或比較法(comparison&contrast)將同類(lèi)的事物按照某種特定的規(guī)則進(jìn)行比較分析是一種常用的思維方法。通過(guò)對(duì)比，更容易闡述所述對(duì)象之間的異同和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，例如：Theheartofanelectroniccomputerliesinitsvacuumtubes,ortransistors.Itselectroniccircuitsworkathousandtimesfasterthanthenicercellsinthehumanbrain.Aproblemthatmighttakeahumanbeingalongtimetosolvecanbesolvedbyacomputerinoneminute.在這段文字上，為了突出電子計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)行速度之快，首先將它與人腦進(jìn)行了比較，"--athousandtimesfasterthan--";而后，又將這一概念具體到了"aproblem"上，通過(guò)對(duì)比使讀者從"--alongtime--inoneminute"上有更加直觀的認(rèn)識(shí)。常用于對(duì)本法或比較法上的過(guò)渡連接詞有：then,comparedwith等。5．分類(lèi)法(classification)在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類(lèi)法。通過(guò)對(duì)概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門(mén)別類(lèi)，分別加以敘述，使讀者有更為清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)，如：Eversincehumanshavelivedontheearth,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech.Whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters,wordsandideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividandexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.Otherformsofnonlinguisticlanguagecanbefoundinsignalflags,Morsecode,andpicturesigns.在該段中為了說(shuō)明topicsentence中的"variousformsofcommunication"，將其分為oralspeech,signlanguage,bodylanguage及otherformsofnonlinguisticlanguage采用這種方法的段落并沒(méi)有標(biāo)志突出的連接詞，所述各項(xiàng)均為平行并列關(guān)系，所以沒(méi)有明顯的主次之分。6．因果分析法(causeandeffect)在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如：Theroleofwomenintoday'ssocietyischanging.Onereasonisthatwomenhavebeguntoassertthemselvesasindependentpeoplethroughthewomen'smovement.Also,womenareawareofthealternativestostayingathome.Anotherreasonisthatincreasingnumbersofwomenwhoenternewfieldsandinterestsserveasrolemodelsforotherwomen.Moreover,menarebecomingmoreconsciousoftheabilitiesofwomenandhavebeguntoviewtheirindependencepositively.本段中，主題句提出了一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，推展句則對(duì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因作出各種解釋。常用于因果分析法的連接詞有：because,so,asaresult等。7．定義法(definition)2在科普文章的寫(xiě)作中，定義法是必不可少的。通過(guò)下定義，可以使讀者對(duì)該事物有一個(gè)更直接的認(rèn)識(shí)。Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomationoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysical,inproduction,andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledthe"SecondIndustrialRevolution".這一段文字使我們了解了"automation"和"SecondIndustrialRevolution"別由"refersto"和"beencalled"引出。常出現(xiàn)在定義法中的詞語(yǔ)有：referto,mean,call等。8．重復(fù)法(repetition)句子的一部分反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在段落中，這就是重復(fù)法。它往往造成一種步步緊逼的氣氛，使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，有感染力。比如：Sincethattime,whichisfarenoughawayfromnow,Ihaveoftenthoughtthatfewpeopleknowwhatsecrecythereisintheyoung,underterror.Iwasinmortalterroroftheyoungmanwhowantedmyheartandliver;Iwasinmortalterrorofmyinterlocutorwiththeironleg;Iwasinmortalterrorofmyself,fromwhomanawfulpromisehadbeenextracted;--該段中反復(fù)應(yīng)用了Iwasinmortalterrorof…我經(jīng)常處于恐怖之中。以上，我們結(jié)合具體文章討論了展開(kāi)段落的幾種方法。在實(shí)際寫(xiě)作中，我們往往不必拘泥于一種寫(xiě)作方法，而是將若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有聲有色。段落寫(xiě)作的三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)整個(gè)段落必須緊扣這個(gè)主題(stickorholdtothetopic)，這就是段落的統(tǒng)一性(unity)。其次，一個(gè)段落必須有若干拓展句，使主題思想得到充分展開(kāi)，從而給讀者一個(gè)完整的感覺(jué)，這就是完整性(completenessoradequateness)句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯，從一個(gè)句子到另一個(gè)句子的過(guò)渡必須流暢(smooth)，這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對(duì)這三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別加以說(shuō)明。1．統(tǒng)一性一個(gè)段落內(nèi)的各個(gè)句子必須從屬于一個(gè)中心，任何游離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請(qǐng)看下例：JoeandIdecidedtotakethelongtripwe'dalwayswantedacrossthecountry.Wewerelikeyoungkidsbuyingourcamperandstockingitwithallthenecessitiesoflife.Bellabakesthebestrhubarbpie.WestartedoutinearlyspringfromMinneapolisandheadedwestacrossthenorthernpartofthecountry.Webothenjoyedthosepeoplewemetatthetrailerpark.Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner.Tooursurprise,wefoundthatwelikedthewarmsouthernregionsverymuch,andsowedecidedtostayhereinNewMexico.本段的主題句是段首句，controllingidea（中心思想）是takethelongtripacrossthecountry。文中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)irrelevantsentences，一個(gè)是Bellabakesthebestrhubarbpie，這一段是講的是JoeandI，中間出現(xiàn)一個(gè)Bella是不合適的。還有，Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner這一句更是與主題句不相關(guān)。考生在作文上常常因?yàn)樵斐鰅rrelevantsentences（不相關(guān)語(yǔ)句）而丟分，值得引起注意。再看一個(gè)例子：MynameisRoseanna,andIliketokeepphysicallyfit.Iusedtoweightwohundredpounds,butIjoinedtheYMCAforanexerciseclassanddietprogram.InoneyearIlosteightypounds.Ifeelmuchbetterandneverwanttohavethatmuchweightonmyfive-feetframeagain.Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek.EverydayIpracticejoggingthreemiles,swimmingfifteenlaps,3liftingtwenty-poundweightsandplayingtennisforonehour.Mymotherwasaprematurebaby.本段的controllingidea是liketodeepphysicallyfit，但段中有兩個(gè)irrelevantsentences，一個(gè)是Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek，另一個(gè)是Mymotherwasaprematurebaby。從上面兩個(gè)例子可以看出，nativespeakers同樣會(huì)造出來(lái)irrelevantsentences。卷面上如果這種句子多了，造成偏題或離題，那問(wèn)題就更嚴(yán)重了。2．完整性正象我們前面說(shuō)得那樣，一個(gè)段落的主題思想靠推展句來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，如果只有主題句而沒(méi)有推展句來(lái)進(jìn)一步交待和充實(shí)，就不能構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的段落。同樣，雖然有推展句，但主題思想沒(méi)有得到相對(duì)圓滿(mǎn)的交待，給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺(jué)。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如：Physicalworkcanbeausefulformoftherapyforamindinturmoil.Workconcentratesyourthoughtsonaconcretetask.Besides,itismoreusefultowork----youproducesomethingratherthanmoreanxietyordepression.“amindinturmoil”（心境不平靜）Physicalwork又如何能改變這種情況？為什么它能起therapy的作用？讀者得不到明確的答案。由于一般作文寫(xiě)作只要求寫(xiě)一篇120或200個(gè)詞的三段式短文，每一段詞數(shù)既有限制，因此，要達(dá)到完整就必須盡可能地簡(jiǎn)明。例如：Itisnotalwaystruethatagoodpictureisworthathousandwords.Oftenwritingismuchclearerthanapicture.Itissometimesdifficulttofigureoutwhatapicturemeans,butacarefulwritercanalmostalwaysexplainit.段首句所表達(dá)的主題思想是一種看法，必須有具體事例加以驗(yàn)證。上述兩個(gè)推展句只是在文字上對(duì)主題作些解釋?zhuān)麄€(gè)段落內(nèi)容空洞，簡(jiǎn)而不明。如果用一兩個(gè)具體的例子的話，就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段：Itisnotalwaystruethatapictureisworthathousandwords.Sometimes,picturesareprettyuselessthings.Ifyoucan’tswimandfallintheriverandstartgulpingwater,willyoubebetterofftoholdupapictureofyourselfdrowning,orstartscreaming"Help"?3．連貫性當(dāng)然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒(méi)有意連，句子之間就沒(méi)有內(nèi)在的有機(jī)的聯(lián)系；反之，只有意連而沒(méi)有形連，有時(shí)行文就不夠流暢。1)意連段落中句子的排列應(yīng)遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就寫(xiě)什么。如果在下筆之前沒(méi)有構(gòu)思，邊寫(xiě)邊想，寫(xiě)寫(xiě)停停，那就寫(xiě)不出一氣呵成的好文章來(lái)。一可以按照時(shí)間先后(chronologicalarrangement)，位置遠(yuǎn)近(spatialarrangement)（當(dāng)然，按位置遠(yuǎn)近來(lái)寫(xiě)不等于都是由遠(yuǎn)及(logicalarrangement)，重要性順序(arrangementinorderofimportance)，由一般到特殊（general-to-specificarrangement(specific-to-generalarrangement)等的排列方式來(lái)排列。下面是由一般到特殊general-to-specificarrangement）以及由特殊到一般(specific-to-generalarrangement)的兩個(gè)例子：a)由一般到特殊(general-to-specificarrangement）Ifareaderislost,itisgenerallybecausethewriterhasnotbeencarefulenoughtokeephimonthepath.Thiscarelessnesscantakeanynumberofforms.Perhapsasentenceissoexcessivelyclutteredthatthereader,hackinghiswaythroughtheverbiage,simplydoesn'tknowwhatitmeans.4Perhapsasentencehasbeensoshoddilyconstructedthatthereadercouldreaditinanyofseveralways.Perhapsthewriterhasswitchedtenses,orhasswitchedpronounsinmid-sentence,sothereaderlosestrackofwhentheactiontookplaceorwhoistalking.PerhapssentenceBisnotlogicalsequeltosentenceA----thewriter,inwhoseheadtheconnectionisclear,hasnotbotheredtoprovidethemissinglink.Perhapsthewriterhasusedanimportantwordincorrectlybynottakingthetroubletolookitup.Hemaythinkthat"sanguine"and"sanguinary"meanthesamething,butthedifferenceisabloodybigone.Thereadercanonlyinferwhatthewriteristryingtoimply.這一段談的是awriter'scarelessness，先給出一個(gè)generalstatement作為主題句，然后通過(guò)5個(gè)＂perhaps＂加以例證。b)由特殊到一般(specific-to-generalarrangement)IdonotunderstandwhypeopleconfusemySiamesecat,Prissy,withtheoneIhadseveralyearsago,Henry.Thetwocatsareonlyalikeinbreed.Prissy,aquiet,femininefeline,lovesmedearlybutnotpossessively.Shelikestokeepherdistancefrompeople,exertherindependenceandisneversorudeastobeg,lick,orsniffunceremoniously.Herusualpostureissittingupright,eyesclosed,perfectlystill.Prissyisaverypropercat.Henry,ontheotherhand,lovedmedearlybutpossessively.Hewasmyshadowfrommorningtillnight.Heexpectedmetoconstantlyentertainhim.Henrynevercaredwhosawhimdoanything,whetheritwasdecorousornot,andheusuallyoffendedmyfriendsinsomeway.Thecatmadehimselfquitecomfortable,onthetopofthetelevision,acrossstranger'sfeetorlaps,inbeds,drawers,sacks,closets,ornooks.Thedifferencebetweenthemisimperceptibletostrangers.本段的主題句是段首句，它僅提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題：為什么兩只貓會(huì)被搞混。然后對(duì)兩者進(jìn)行比較，末句才下結(jié)論。2）形連行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)及其他手段來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。請(qǐng)讀下面這一段文字并找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語(yǔ)：Walter'sgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon.First,though,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies---inparticular,biology,chemistry,andmath.Becauseheworkedconstantlyonthesesubjects,Walterbecameproficientinthem;however,Walterforgotthatheneededtomasterothersubjectsbesidesthosehehadchosen.Asaresult,duringhisjunioryearofhighschool,WalterfailedbothEnglishandLatin.Consequently,hehadtorepeatthesesubjectsandhewasalmostunabletograduateonschedule.Finally,onJune6,Walterachievedthefirststeptowardrealizinghisgoal.本文中起承上啟下的詞語(yǔ)有兩種，一種是轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)(transitionalwordsorphrases)，另一種是起轉(zhuǎn)換作用的其他連接手段(linkingdevices)first,though,so,inparticular,and,because,however,besides,asaresult,both…and,consequently,and,finally.后者依次是：he,he,his,his,he,these,them,he,those,his,he,these,his.本段中共有詞匯105個(gè)，所使用的轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)及其他連接用語(yǔ)共26個(gè)詞，約占該段總詞匯量的四分之一。由此可見(jiàn)，掌握好transitions不僅對(duì)行文的流暢(smoothness)有益，而且對(duì)于學(xué)生在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)寫(xiě)足短文所要求的詞量也是不無(wú)好處的。一個(gè)段落里如果沒(méi)有transitions也就很難有coherence了。我們看下面一個(gè)例子：Speakingandwritingaredifferentinmanyways.Speechdependsonsounds.Writinguseswrittensymbols.Speechdevelopedabout500000yearsago.Writtenlanguageisarecentdevelopment.Itwasinventedonlyaboutsixthousandyearsago.Speechis5usuallyinformal.Thewordchoiceofwritingisoftenrelativelyformal.Pronunciationandaccentoftentellwherethespeakerisfrom.Pronunciationandaccentareignoredinwriting.Astandarddictionandspellingsystemprevailsinthewrittenlanguageofmostcountries.Speechreliesongesture,loudness,andriseandfallofthevoice.Writinglacksgesture,loudnessandtheriseandfallofthevoice.Carefulspeakersandwritersareawareofthedifferences.本段中除了第6句開(kāi)頭出現(xiàn)一個(gè)起過(guò)渡作用的＂it＂之外，沒(méi)有使用其他的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ).這樣，文中出現(xiàn)許多重復(fù)的詞語(yǔ)，全段讀起來(lái)也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾的話，這一段就成了下面一個(gè)流暢連貫的段落：Speakingandwritingaredifferentinmanyways.Speechdependsonsounds;writing,ontheotherhand,useswrittensymbols.Speechwasdevelopedabout500000yearsago,butwrittenlanguageisarecentdevelopment,inventedonlyaboutsixthousandyearsago.Speechisusuallyinformal,whilethewordchoiceofwriting,bycontrast,isoftenrelativelyformal.Althoughpronunciationandaccentoftentellwherethespeakerisfrom,theyareignoredinwiringbecauseastandarddictionandspellingsystemprevailsinmostcountries.Speechreliesongesture,loudness,andtheriseandfallofthevoice,butwritinglacksthesefeatures.Carefulspeakersandwritersareawareofthedifferences．4．有損連貫性的幾種情況：考生在寫(xiě)作中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)下面幾種錯(cuò)誤：1）不必要的改變時(shí)態(tài)Inthemovie,RobertRedfordwasaspy.Hegoestohisofficewherehefoundeverybodydead.Otherspieswantedtokillhim,sohetakesrefugewithJulieChristie.Atherhouse,hehadwaitedfortheheattodiedown,buttheycomeafterhimanyway.2）不必要的改變單復(fù)數(shù)Everybodylooksforsatisfactioninhislife.Theywanttobehappy.Butifheseeksonlypleasureintheshortrun,thepersonwillsoonrunoutofpleasureandlifewillcatchuptohim.Theyneedtopursuethedeeperpleasureofsatisfactioninworkandinrelationships.3）不必要的改變?nèi)朔Q(chēng)Nowmorethanever,parentsneedtobeintouchwiththeirchildren'sactivitiesbecausemodernlifehasthetendencytocausecleavagesinthefamily.Youneedtoarrangefamilylikeitsothatfamilymemberswilldothingstogetherandknowoneanother.Youneedtogiveupisolatedpleasuresofyourownandrealizethatparentshaveasetofobligationstosponsortogethernessandthereforesponsorknowledge.因此寫(xiě)作中，一定要注意時(shí)態(tài)，人稱(chēng)以及數(shù)的變化是否正確，要注意保持一致。怎樣寫(xiě)好英語(yǔ)段落段落是文章的縮影。寫(xiě)好了段落，就能比較成功地寫(xiě)出較好的文章。經(jīng)過(guò)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)階段的學(xué)習(xí)之后，大學(xué)英語(yǔ)的寫(xiě)作重點(diǎn)就從選詞造句轉(zhuǎn)移到了聯(lián)句成段和聯(lián)段成篇上。進(jìn)行段落層次上的寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練，是寫(xiě)好英語(yǔ)文章的關(guān)鍵一環(huán)。下面介紹的是段落結(jié)構(gòu)。段落（paragraph）是由表達(dá)單一中心思想（controllingideaorcentralidea）的一組句子（包括主題句topicsentence,推展句supportingsentences及結(jié)論句concludingsentence）構(gòu)成，是文章結(jié)構(gòu)的基本獨(dú)立單位。我們將就主題句和中心思想這兩個(gè)方面展開(kāi)討論。一般段落的構(gòu)成可以是：主題句拓展句1拓展句2（拓展句3）結(jié)尾句即：首尾強(qiáng)調(diào)段落重點(diǎn)，中間展開(kāi)闡述。有時(shí)段落還會(huì)有過(guò)渡句，結(jié)構(gòu)成為：6主題句拓展句1過(guò)渡句拓展句2（拓展句3）結(jié)尾句主題句與推展句1．主題句主題句（topicsentence）是表達(dá)段落主題的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都圍繞它展開(kāi)。請(qǐng)看下例：Mymotherhaspassedalongtomecertainrulesforgettingalongwithothers.Don'targuewithparents;theywillthinkyoudon'tlovethem.Don'targuewithchildren;theywillthinkthemselvesvictimized.Don'targuewithspouses;theywillthinkyouareatiresomemate.Don'targuewithstrangers;theywillthinkyouarenotfriendly.Mymother'srules,infact,canbesummedupintwowords:Don'targue.主題句中提出的"certainrules"指的是什么？展開(kāi)句中通過(guò)四個(gè)"Don'targue--"逐一加以交代。從結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，這是一個(gè)比較典型的段落，它包括了主題句，推展句和結(jié)論句（即1）主題句的位置主題句通常放在段落的開(kāi)端，其特點(diǎn)是開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山地?cái)[出問(wèn)題，然后加以詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。其作用是使文章的結(jié)構(gòu)更清晰，更具說(shuō)服力，便于讀者迅速地把握主題和想象全段的內(nèi)容。主題句可以放在段中起到承上啟下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初學(xué)者比較難于掌握，因而學(xué)生應(yīng)盡量采用將主題句放在段落開(kāi)頭的寫(xiě)作手法。例1:Ourlifetodaydependsverymuchonenergy.Intownsandinvillages,onfarmsandinfactories,machineshavemadelifeeasierthanitusedtobe.Themachinesuseenergy,andenergyisneededforheating,lighting,communications,carryinggoods--everything.Factoriesandindustrialplantsuseagreatdealofenergytomakethethingsthatweuseandbuyandsell.這段文字所講的主要是能源問(wèn)題。第一句就概括性地提出“我們目前的生活很大程度上依賴(lài)于能源”。而隨后出現(xiàn)的三句都是具體事例，對(duì)第一句進(jìn)行說(shuō)明和論述。我們可以斷定第一句為該段的主題句。例2:（主題句）Noonecanavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements.（推展句1Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,wearenolongerfreetochoosethethingswewant,foradvertisingexertsasubtleinfluenceonus.（推展句2）Intheireffortstopersuadeustobuythisorthatproduct,advertisershavemadeaclosestudyofhumannatureandhaveclassifiedallourlittleweakness.以上這段由三句話組成。第一句是主題句，直截了當(dāng)指出無(wú)人不受廣告影響這個(gè)主題，接著列舉兩個(gè)推展句對(duì)其補(bǔ)充和支持，指出我們已無(wú)法自由選擇所需的商品，理由是廣告商已仔細(xì)研究了我們的心理，并完全掌握了我們的弱點(diǎn)。句子銜接自然，步步緊扣主題。2）如何寫(xiě)好主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞段落的主題句對(duì)主題的限定主要是通過(guò)句中的關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)表現(xiàn)的。關(guān)鍵詞要盡量寫(xiě)得具體些。對(duì)“具體的要求包括兩個(gè)方面：一是要具體到能控制和限制段落的發(fā)展；二是要具體到能說(shuō)明段落發(fā)展的方法。準(zhǔn)確地把握關(guān)鍵詞是清楚地表達(dá)段落主題、寫(xiě)好段落主題句的重要12dependsverymuchonenergy;noonecanavoidbeinginfluenced.我們?cè)倏聪铝欣洌涸?.Hecanfixabicyclehimself.斜體部分應(yīng)為主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞。但它只是限制了段落發(fā)展的部分內(nèi)容，并沒(méi)有告訴讀者該用哪種方法展開(kāi)，是用因果關(guān)系法還是用分類(lèi)法？修正：Hecanfixabicyclehimselfinseveralsimplesteps.修正：Thereareseveralreasonswhyhecanfixabicyclehimself.7原句2.Shetriestoimproveherlooks.斜體部分應(yīng)為主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞。她試著改變她面容的理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法來(lái)改善呢？我們無(wú)法從關(guān)鍵詞中清楚得知。修正：Shetriesmanywaystoimproveherlooks.修正：Therearesomereasonswhyshetriestoimproveherlooks。3）如何寫(xiě)好主題句的中心思想主題句由兩部分組成，即主題(topic)和中心思想（controllingidea是導(dǎo)向(control)和制約(limit)段落的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)，所謂制約就是限制主題的覆蓋范圍，兩者不可分割。沒(méi)有導(dǎo)向，內(nèi)容就會(huì)離題或偏題；沒(méi)有制約，內(nèi)容就可能超出一個(gè)段落所能容納的范圍。對(duì)于初學(xué)寫(xiě)作的人來(lái)說(shuō)，“導(dǎo)向”的重要性容易理解，但如果由他們自己來(lái)構(gòu)思一個(gè)主題句，就可能忽視“制約”這一面。例如：Therearetwowaysinwhichonecanownabook.Thefirstisthepropertyrightyouestablishbypayingforit,justasyouhavemadeitapartofyourselfandthebestwaytomakeyourselfapartofitisbywritinginit.本段的主題句如果沒(méi)有inwhichtwoways不僅不能起制約作用，而且也不能起導(dǎo)向作用，句子本身讀起來(lái)也就使人覺(jué)得欠缺點(diǎn)什么。Exerciseisbeneficialtoyourheart.A22-yearstudywasconductedbydoctorsinCalifornia.Theyfoundthatpeoplewhoworkatphysicaljobsexperiencefewerheartattacksthanotherpeople.Theseactivepeopleworkallthetimeatmoderatespeeds,theirdailyroutinegivesthemanadequateamountofexerciseandhelpsthemstayinshape."Exerciseisbeneficial"這是毫無(wú)疑義的。但主題句中如不加上"toyourheart"來(lái)加以control和limit，那就流于空泛。controllingidea2．推展句1）主要推展句主要推展句(majorsupportingstatement)的主要特點(diǎn)是：圍繞段落主題句展開(kāi)的每一個(gè)推展句本身都不要求作進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明或證明，句與句之間的關(guān)系是相互獨(dú)立又是互相連接的。例1(主題句)Thereareseveralfactorsaffectingclimate.(推展句1)Onefactoristheamountofsunlightreceived.(推展句2)Altitude,ortheheightabovesealevel,alsodeterminescli