Developmentandanalysisofthelarge-spanFRPwovenwebstructureABSTRACT:Aninnovativelarge-spanstructuralsystem,namelytheFRPwovenwebstructure(FRPWWS),isintroducedinthispaper.InanFRPWWS,thehigh-strengthFRPstripsare“woven”likebamboostripsinaChinesebamboomattoformaplaneweb.Theouteredgeofthewebisanchoredonanouterringbeam,andaninnerringbeamisprovidedtoanchortheFRPstripsatthecenteroftheweb.Thestiffnessofthewebtoresistvariousloadsisderivedfromtheinitialprestressingduringthe“weaving”stageandtheadditionaltensioningasaresultoftheout-of-planemovementoftheinnerringbeam.Asaresultofthehighstrength-toweightratioofFRP,thisnewstructuralformoffersanattractiveoptionfortheconstructionofspatialstructureswithspanslongerthanarepossiblewithconventionalstructuralmaterials.Inthispaper,thebasiclayoutandconstructionprocedureforasimpleFRPWWSisfirstpresented.Threebasicweavingpatternsarenextexplained.Severalvariationsofthebasicstructuralsystemarealsoproposed.AsimplemechanicalmodelispresentedforthedeformationofindividualFRPstrips.Resultsfromafiniteelementanalysisofanexamplestructurearealsogiven.TheresultsoftheseanalysesconfirmthefeasibilityoftheFRPWWS.1INTRODUCTIONFRPisanewkindofstructuralmaterial,whoseuseincivilengineeringhasbeenactivelyexploredinrecentyears.Duetoitsfavorablepropertieslikecorrosionresistance,highstrength,lowweight,goodfatigueperformance,andlowmaintenancecost,itisconsideredtobeanidealmaterialforconstructinglong-spanstructuresinthenewcentury.However,itsmechanicalpropertiesaredistinctlydifferentfromthoseoftraditionalstructuralmaterialsinsomeaspects,suchasitsanisotropy.DuetotheuniquepropertiesofFRP,itisnecessarytoexplorenewformsoflarge-spanstructuresforitsefficientuseandforachievingspanslargerthanarepossiblewithtraditionalmaterials.Forexample,Maedaetal.(2002)haveconceiveda5000meter-spansuspensionbridgeusingFRP.TheFRPwovenwebstructure,anewlarge-spanstructuralsystem,ispresentedinthispaper.ThisnewsystemrepresentsanattemptaimedattheefficientutilizationoftheuniquecharacteristicsofFRPinalarge-spanroof.InanFRPWWS,thehighstrengthFRPstripsarewovenlikebamboostripsinaChinesebamboomattoformaplaneweb.Theouteredgeofthewebisanchoredonanouterringbeam,andaninnerringbeamisprovidedtoanchortheFRPstripsatthecenteroftheweb.Asmall-scalemodelofasimpleFRPWWSisshowninFigure1.TheFRPstripsareinitiallyprestressedtoalimitedextenttokeepthemstraightduring“weaving”.Then,theFRPwebistensionedbyadisplacementoftheinnerringbeamintheout-ofplanedirection,whichiseffectedeitherbyasetofprestressedtendonsorbysuspendingaheavymassfromtheinnerringbeam.Asaresult,atensionedFRPweb,whosegeometricstiffnessisabletoresistavarietyofloads,formsalarge-spanroofsystemwiththetworings.TheFRPWWSresemblesthecablenetstructureandthecable-membranestructure:theirmembersareflexible;andthegeometricstiffnessresultingfromtensionisutilizedtoresistloads.However,theFRPWWShasitsuniqueadvantages:(1)theFRPstripsareidealforsuperlarge-spanstructuresduetotheirlowself-weightandtheirsuperiormaterialpropertiesinthelengthwisedirection,whichareefficientlyutilized,whiletheweaknessofinferiorpropertiesinthetransversedirectionsisnotexposed;(2)significantdampingcanbeexpectedtoarisefromfrictionatjointsbetweenFRPstrips,whichcanenhancetheresistanceofthestructuretowindandearthquakeloads;(3)theregularweavingpatternleadstoanaestheticallypleasingsurface;and(4)thecorrosionresistanceofFRPandtheeaseofinstallationbecauseofitslightweighttranslateintolowmaintenancecosts.Inthispaper,thebasiclayoutandconstructionprocedureforasimpleFRPWWSsystemispresentedindetail.Theweavingpatternsinplanearesummarizedintothreetypes.SomespatialFRPWWSformsforpracticalapplicationsarealsoproposed.AsimplemechanicalmodelforindividualFRPstripsinthewebispresented.ResultsfromthefiniteelementanalysisofasimpleFRPWWSarealsodescribed.2LAYOUTOFASIMPLEFRPWWSAsimpleFRPwovenwebstructureiscomposedofaFRPwovenweb,anouterringbeamandaninnerringbeamforanchorage,andanadditionalweightorasetofprestressedtendons,asshowninFigure1.ThewebiswovenwithFRPstrips,andCFRPstripsorotherhigh-performancehybridFRPstripsaresuggested.CFRPstrips,whichhavebeenwidelyusedtostrengthenconcretestructuresinrecentyears,aremanufacturedbypultrusioningeneral,withafibervolumeratioofabout65%.ThepropertiesoftworepresentativeproductsmadeinChinaandSwitzerlandrespectivelyarelistedinTable1.Thestripscanbecurvedandcircumvolutedduetotheirsmallthickness.AtypicalCFRPstripwithpropertiessimilartothoseshowninTable1isabletoresistatensileforceof400kNormore,whiletheweightofa300mlongstripislessthan70kg.Incomparison,theselfweightofa300mlonghighstrengthsteelcablewhichcanresistthesameloadismorethan500kg.Thestripsarearrangedintoaplanesurfaceofasuitablepatternbysomepre-definedrules.Inthesimplestweavingpattern,eachstrippassesoveronecrossingstripandunderthenexttoformaweblikeawovenfabric.ApartofsuchwebisshowninFigure2(Pongetal.2004).Inamoregeneralcase,thenumberofstripsmeetingatajointandtheanglesbetweenthesestripsarethebasicparametersofaweavingpattern:twostripsat90°toeachotherareshowninFig.3(a),threestripsat60°showninFig.3(b),andfourstripsat45°showninFig.3(c).Atthejoints,stripscanbefullyinter-connectedbyadhesivebondingaftercompleteshapeformationorleftunbondedsothatslidingbetweenstripsisallowed.Inthelattercase,thestaticfrictionbetweenstripscancontributetothestiffnessunderstaticloadingwhiletheslidingfrictioncanconsumethekineticenergyofthestructureunderdynamicloading.3CONSTRUCTIONOFSIMPLEFRPWWSFollowingthefiveconstructionstepsasshowninFigure4,asimplestFRPWWScanbecompleted.First,theouterandinnerringbeamsontemporarysupportsareconstructed.Ingeneral,theouterringbeamisincompressionandtheinneroneisintensionwhenthewebisinplace.Theouterringbeamismadeofreinforcedconcretewhiletheinnerringbeamismadeofsteel.ThewebwhichiswovenwithFRPstripsisnextfixedontotheringbeamswithhingejointsandprovidedwithsomeinitialtensiontoformaplanesurface.AtentativehingejointschemebetweenthestripandtheringbeamisshowninFigure5,wherethestripistightlyclampedbetweentwostiffplates.Theweavingofthestripsshouldfollowtherulesofaspecifiedweavingpatternwhichshouldhavebeendesignedbythestructuralengineerandthearchitecttogether.WeavingcanbecarriedouteasilyduetothelightweightandsmallthicknessofFRPstrips.Thetemporarysupportstotheinnerringbeamarenowwithdrawnandtheinnerringbeammovesintheout-of-planedirectionbyitsself-weightplusanadditionalweightwherenecessary.Thisout-of-planedisplacementoftheinnerringbeamcanalsobeeffectedbyasetofhighstrengthtendons.Theinstallationoftheseprestressedtendonscompletestheconstructionprocess.Accordingtoforcedecomposition,asmallout-of-planeforcecausesalargein-planecomponentandenablesthewebtobetensioned,leadingtoawebofsufficientstiffnesstoresistvariousloads.4MORECOMPLEXFORMSOFTHEFRPWWS4.1Basicplaneweavingpatterns鴉The晨FRP炎web捉ist托hem胃ain幣comp糧onen印tin紋the腫FRP掌WWS彩syst枯em.妹Vari礙ous睛weav戶ing稿patt訓(xùn)erns的can釋be步adop淘ted埋for宵the絲init彈ial減plan隙ewe勸b,w晴hich致wil火lre斤sult雙in撒diff介eren灘tme樸chan昨ical芹beh悉avio智r.T楊hey長may潑bec掠lass晴ifie禿din閃tot秒hef地ollo職wing唯thr狡eet搭ypes到:ti倚l(wèi)ed藝patt圓erns度,ra執(zhí)diat循edp吉atte倍rns渣and成poly貞gona坑lpa托tter餐ns.退Awe叨bwe喇a(chǎn)vin生gpa莖tter小nth甩ati字sin培depe斜nden迎tof搬t(yī)he調(diào)bou閉ndar學(xué)ies參isr論efer州red間toa功sa習(xí)tile茶dpa走tter狂nas武sho孔wni筋nFi取gure勞6.綿The箭radi去ated潤pat邊tern凳and晚the腳pol備ygon昨alp皆atte也rna鴨reb身oth苗made仁up悲ofa壘num口ber脈ofr畏epea腎ted爽sets呆,ea商cho架fwh抖ich渾isc齒ompo過sed誤ofa比num同ber鴉ofl壞ine穩(wěn)segm頂ents控.So追mee域xamp蠅les懷oft擇hese置two甘typ抱esa刻res迎h(huán)own綱in娛Figu父res設(shè)7an添d8煌resp幸ecti器vely像.An魚ypa雨tter值nof艙the胳set已wot售ypes味has洲its棗own露def恰inin涼gru移les.溉In慘prac悼tice淚,th幅ese撥thre哥ety漿pes旦ofw旨eavi隔ngp全atte垂rns騙may粱bec栽ombi鉤ned輕wher驚eap盞prop見riat閣ein告an組FRPW茂WSs仔yste浸m.謝4.2六Spat裁iall抵ycu暮rved粉out嶄err慘ing墓beam夢Ina克rea疫lst捎ruct造ure,軋as但pati并ally臣-cur搭ved沫oute瞧rri搞ngb踐eam劫may蠟bea錫dopt舊edt直oac抖hiev斷ea列more腰app座eali符ngb巨uild魂ing顫shap鍬e.I具fth春eou債ter飛edge戚of槍the吸FRP奪web艙isa揉ncho物red脅onto拍suc狂ha川ring濃bea崇m,t拍hes聯(lián)trip弊sca爽nfo尼rma商smo岡oth泰curv習(xí)eds互urfa往cei浪nsp孫ace,肺as括show烘nin須Fig卷ure斯9.T嫩hes戚hape慶is哲that同of臭api鞭ece答ofs物tres逼sed績clot眾hpl岔aced窮on摘the宜curv補edb旁eam.艱Bec敢ause撫t(yī)he綁web符is跳comp截osed初of蛋indi借vidu翅als章trip色s,i電tof政fers況gre糞atf艦lexi族bili可tyi耗nfo權(quán)rmin碰ga撤curv顧eds棄urfa意cew縮ith陪good怕mec筑hani贈cal衣beha腔vior根.握4.3敢Doub改lew視ebs祝yste拐m炒The堂load憐car惰ryin威gca絞paci毒tyo近fan裁FRP另WWS鴿ism透ainl爪ypr驗ovid終edb門yit劫sge身omet捐ric元stif敵fnes遮sde物rive州dfr賄omt天het蘋ensi肆lef傾orce品sin硬the舊FRP兔str穩(wěn)ips.副The婦str基ips膜are赴pres抬tres言sed繪int悠wos屈teps堡:in渠itia坦lpr含estr瞇essi哈ngi幸npl弓ane遷befo笨rea望ncho主rage灘to汁the越ring慎bea腿msa梨nds然econ怎dsta狹gep宮rest忠ress幟ing播thro死ugh便the除out-療of-p猜lane望mov叔emen日tof免沉the侄inne算rri扭ngb素eam.拾The薪for君mer倡isa悼ppli沉edt羞oea構(gòu)chs州trip罵one偏by引one,弓to嘉achi寄eve梅apl討ane幼web圍surf適ace腸and管toc譯ontr玩olt斯het耍otal太dis淘plac堅emen沈t.T吵hel艦atte蔬ris猜app商lied里to馳shap烘eth貴ewe鉛ban項dto泊ach刷ieve騙ap逐rede待fine紅dst質(zhì)ress朝lev狠el,挨whic健hca陡nbe負(fù)rea補lize妄din壩man律ydi谷ffer芹ent煤ways兄,in液clud鉛ing苗the環(huán)use駱ofp均rest沉ress洞edt形endo掀nsa粘sme喇ntio袖ned班earl訊ier,饒upl焦ifti僅ngw菊ith舞ast尊ayc蹈olum煤nan荷da演hung貿(mào)hea撤vyw廳eigh惹ton怕the英inn折err淺ing它beam嘴,wh濁ich嶺may波ber誘etra煎ctab陸ler造oof侮equi昨pmen羽t.A看nal培tern縣ativ進eto蹦the酷abo曉vea拾ppro陸ache安sis售to貞form檢two彩web記s,w圣hose套inn當(dāng)err啄ing延beam嫩sar汽eth虎enp毯ulle攏dto逃geth竟ero旁rpu達shed芳apa井rtt距oin長duce系ten扇sile健for刊ces倘int弊hes扣trip選s.S伐uch萄ado查uble椒-web編str輸uctu因rei講sil止lust澆rate狼din弄Fig彎ure蝦10.遷Figu驅(qū)re1勁0(a)就sho摔wsa長sau仔cer-啊shap瓣edF烘RPWW律Sac鞭hiev素edb暖ypu尿shin嗎gap掃art聯(lián)the聚two娘inne詳rri趙ngb寬eams矛,wh吐ile詢Figu聯(lián)re1庸0(b)粒sho塊wsa諒but壞terf屯lys遍hape恰dFR嗽PWWS拒ach淹ieve桶dby貝pul全ling莫tog頁ethe幼rth滔etw顫ori快ngb鍬eams穩(wěn).訴4.4漆FRPW摸WSw概ith強mult花iple舊rin抱gbe等ams離Ther杏ear禮eon丸lyt捎wor塵ing癥beam時sin貿(mào)as搜impl歲eFR碌PWWS同.If貓mor切eri皺ngb畝eams黎are克use午das售sho劇wni伸nFi靈gure而11,庫al江arge迷web擁wil至lbe伸div姨ided帆int我ose昏vera蓄lsh稈orte庸rsp企ans.型The狡dif成ficu美lty鴿ofc誦onst饅ruct受ion旗and率desi匠gnw間ill銹decr關(guān)ease現(xiàn)as蹈the車leng瓜tho胃fco婆ntin粗uous荷FRP嗎str徑ips午beco段mes戚smal跑ler.爛If襪ado搜uble超-web給sys超tem怪isp賢rovi躍ded雀with賢man欺yri鑼ngb馬eams趁,a通fold常ed-w慶ebs謎yste財mre聰sult棚s(F計igur貍e12成).劫The稠abov徐ear糖eju淺sts佳ome姨poss帖ible竭var伙ia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所示牢。摔網(wǎng)是制由埋FR初P滅條編織成辭的，也客梢人推薦使伐用碳纖蟻維酷FR壯P私或其他的灘高性能混獄雜纖維類顯編織條。未碳纖物維停FR膏P因是近年來罪被廣泛應(yīng)自用于高強沙度混凝土肌結(jié)構(gòu)的新壯型材料，雪它通常由園擠壓制造描，含纖維啦比例達身到鳥65邁%重。由中國桃和瑞士生政產(chǎn)的兩類避代表產(chǎn)品狼繁榮性能飛資料可見就表扎1累。研編織條材苗料由于密漿度小而易覆被彎曲和活盤繞。一使根標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的療性能如趴表汁1嗚相似的碳磁纖曬維罩FR般P鳴材料可以霜承受大于祝等棚于產(chǎn)400K僻N勵的拉力，掩同時一膊根勉300盞m燭長的這種討長條重量白少給于崗70k究g疊。作為對興比同等強鞭度撓的衣300愉m厲鋼纜自重渴已經(jīng)超斬過浩500k劇g聯(lián)了。帽這些編織鑼條按一定榮的間距被吊編排在一挨個合適形傍式的平面捏上。最簡另易的編織乎方法之一議就是一根膠帶子與經(jīng)炸過的垂直坊的其他帶仍子上下交畢錯，來制握造一個像鍛織物一樣瓣的網(wǎng)面。路這種類型休的織網(wǎng)結(jié)嗚構(gòu)的部分干截圖可參毀看巷圖嚷2銅。但大部威分情況下跨，編織條肺在交叉點燃處的數(shù)量參和互相之剃間的角度求，才是衡辯量織網(wǎng)樣月式的主要蛋標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；每嚇兩根織帶天以凈90先°益相交如狠圖棒3殘（炭a級）所示，辱三條織帶幣在一點川呈余60玉°顧相交如楊圖燙3撈（肆b效）所示，黨還有爺圖贊3顛（均c監(jiān)）所示的暗四條織帶逝的圣45痕°稅相交。在叼交叉點處嗎，當(dāng)完全仆成型后可穗用附著粘配合出使筋FR奧P填條全部互送交或不進勿行粘合使會其相互之基間可以可紹以自由滑用動。在后繳面的例子塘里，會介丈紹編織條粉之間的靜潛摩擦有助輝于靜荷載存下的剛度嫌而滑動摩江擦可消耗凡動態(tài)荷載螺下的結(jié)構(gòu)近動能。在3錯簡叮易自FRPW匙W居S速的施工倚照委圖犯4炊所介紹的言五個步驟卸，可以完伶成一個最辜簡易莫的日FRPW弄W遣S獲結(jié)構(gòu)。鹿首先，要款建造好臨閉時固定支濕架上的內(nèi)鞏環(huán)梁。一怒般情況下椒，外環(huán)梁憤受壓力而鉆內(nèi)環(huán)梁受寧拉力（再倒編織網(wǎng)膜烏的過程中俘）。外環(huán)茅梁通常是寶鋼筋混凝帳土的而內(nèi)浩環(huán)梁是鋼峰結(jié)構(gòu)的。噴爾后哨，持FR其P劫編織成的獵網(wǎng)膜通過霉鉸接點與絨環(huán)行梁連熟接起來并晃通過施加差一些初始齊應(yīng)力使其紐形成一個煙扁平的形蹈狀。圖五和所示的就飛是編織條湖與閘環(huán)行梁進斷行臨時性聚鉸接的狀蜓況，編織鎮(zhèn)條由兩塊主剛性板牢抗固地夾住昨了。編織哲帶應(yīng)遵循紫指定的編陸織方案來采進行編織憐，這通常冠由結(jié)構(gòu)工特程師和建貴筑設(shè)計師針共同確定埋。由半于窯FR緊P桂條重量輕逝厚度小，午進行編織昌時的過程淋非常簡單漂。當(dāng)撤去闊內(nèi)環(huán)梁的荷臨時支撐訪時內(nèi)環(huán)梁裙因自重向賠網(wǎng)面平面敏外方向下普墜，如果喊必要的話伴還能在此田基礎(chǔ)上再欠加額外的多荷載。內(nèi)宮圈梁的這由種垂直于魯網(wǎng)面的位紐移還可以煉通過在內(nèi)柴圈上作用拆一組強勁廁的拉力來歪達成，這山些預(yù)應(yīng)力醬施加完成謝后既告整尊個結(jié)構(gòu)的負(fù)完成。根庸據(jù)力的分宰解原理，收在垂直于與網(wǎng)膜方向躁上的一小緣點力在平頁面內(nèi)沿織部條可以形阿成一個很尿大的力使傻網(wǎng)帶可以拖受拉，最濾終使網(wǎng)面眼有足夠的隆剛性來承上擔(dān)荷載。房4筑幾種更為鄉(xiāng)復(fù)雜組的自FRPW啊W格S麻形式賓4騰．聽1謙基本的扁惰平織網(wǎng)形渠式攜FR虜P私網(wǎng)膜得是加FRPW越W筋S蔽結(jié)構(gòu)中最碑主要的部碗分。最初筑在織網(wǎng)中或有多種形踢式可供選君擇，這將雁會導(dǎo)致不診同的力學(xué)做性能。具驅(qū)體可分為口以下三種壤：瓦片模茄式、輻射蓄模式和多踢邊形模式捉。燭圖樓6鳳所示的是轉(zhuǎn)瓦片模式岡，其有明混顯的分界筒線尤如鋪晝好的瓷磚降一樣。輻爭射型和多笛邊形射線搬的編織形攪式都由許批多重復(fù)的敢編織帶組榜制成，沒蚊組都由一杏些線段組坊成。撓圖論7也和懸圖烈8要分別顯示誘了這兩種寺類型的一春些例子。泳這兩種模堡式都有自控己的界定鹽規(guī)則。在形實踐中，牙一旗個霧FRPW掀W誠S吊結(jié)構(gòu)可能禾會兼有這純?nèi)N類型與的綜合運暢用。貿(mào)4僑．倦2蓬兔空間彎曲獄的外環(huán)梁塘在一個實違際的結(jié)構(gòu)之中，為了須制作成空采間彎曲的尋外環(huán)梁及薄有感染力邊的空間結(jié)敢構(gòu)可能會能采納外圈棍梁的彎曲賣變形形式接。如同果圓FR艇P萬網(wǎng)的外層啊錨固在這責(zé)樣一個環(huán)僚梁上，編惕織條能在燦空間形成洞一個光滑吉曲面，如蜂圖趟9商所示的那嘆樣。形狀均就像一塊襯綁在曲梁正上的應(yīng)力胃布。由于竿網(wǎng)膜由許揮多的單個璃線條組成賊，它在保濾證有呢良好的力炭學(xué)性能的倘前提下使垂曲面的成窗型具有很宮大的靈活奴性。窮4毒．汪3落芽雙重網(wǎng)膜讀結(jié)構(gòu)老FRPW悲W刃S懇結(jié)構(gòu)的承割載能力主讓要來源船于溪FR墊P加編織條的事拉應(yīng)力產(chǎn)紫生的幾何隸剛度。編揮織條的預(yù)拿拉分為兩問個步驟：林在錨固的邊環(huán)形梁之眾間的平面聲內(nèi)初始預(yù)予加拉力和消第二階段檔內(nèi)圈梁相叮對于外圈價梁的縱向啟位移產(chǎn)生尿的預(yù)拉應(yīng)努力。前者慚是對編織望條一個一票個進行的退，實現(xiàn)了硬網(wǎng)膜的平絞整并整體超控制位移蓋。后者適與用于形成闊網(wǎng)膜并達秀到預(yù)定的汪應(yīng)力水平執(zhí)，其中有民多種不同恭的方式，宇包括如前忙所述的使欺用預(yù)應(yīng)力意筋，用一生支撐圓柱布撐起或在慎內(nèi)環(huán)梁上乎懸一重物遠(yuǎn)，可以制歉成屋頂可嗎收縮的結(jié)侵構(gòu)。一種腰替代上述灑方案的方元法是形成儉兩層網(wǎng)膜樂，它們的飾內(nèi)環(huán)梁或粥受拉或受丸壓為編織扎條提供拉張應(yīng)力。這煉種類型的撈雙網(wǎng)膜結(jié)拔構(gòu)在圖染示雪1另0姐中所示。拘圖討1侄0耕（竊a發(fā)）所示的漢是一個杯宴碟形魚的菊FRPW網(wǎng)W續(xù)S綢結(jié)構(gòu)，其三由兩個內(nèi)帥圈梁向外國挎大的形錯式，陸圖挎1們0私（莫b狗）示一蝴便蝶形結(jié)構(gòu)娛，由兩內(nèi)老圈梁受拉阿構(gòu)成。秘4晌．廈4趁先多環(huán)梁型果的獅FRPW脹W詠S漏結(jié)構(gòu)瑞瘡一個簡單膽的求FRPW莊W循S寬結(jié)構(gòu)中只墓有兩個環(huán)歷梁。如果凝要使用更啊多如植圖槐1