震撼世界的審判在一九二五年七月的那個酷熱日子里，當(dāng)我在擠得水泄不通的法庭里就位時，人群中響起一陣嘁嘁喳喳的議論聲。我的辯護人是著名刑事辯護律師克拉倫斯?達羅。擔(dān)任主控官的則是能說會道的演說家威廉?詹寧斯?布萊恩，他曾三次被民主黨提名為美國總統(tǒng)候選人，而且還是導(dǎo)致我這次受審的基督教原教旨主義運動的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。

幾個星期之前，我還只是田納西州山區(qū)小鎮(zhèn)戴頓的一名默默無聞的中學(xué)教員，而現(xiàn)在我卻成了一次舉世矚目的庭審活動的當(dāng)事人。在法庭就座為我作證的有以哈佛大學(xué)的科特里?馬瑟教授為首的十幾位有名望的教授和科學(xué)家。到場的還有一百多名新聞記者，甚至還有一些廣播電臺的播音員，他們也要破天荒地播放一次庭審實況。就在我們靜候著法庭開審的當(dāng)兒，達羅關(guān)切地摟住我的肩膀低聲安慰道：“別擔(dān)心，孩子，我們會給他們點厲害瞧瞧?！?/p>

我剛到戴頓中學(xué)任自然科學(xué)教員兼足球教練不久，這件案子就突然降臨到我的頭上。若干年來，原教旨主義者和現(xiàn)代主義者之間就一直在醞釀著一場沖突。原教旨主義者堅持嚴格按照字面意義去理解《舊約全書》，而現(xiàn)代主義者則接受查爾斯?達爾文的進化論——認為一切動物，包括猿和人，都是由同一個祖先進化而來的。

在田納西州，原教旨主義勢力很強，州立法機構(gòu)最近還通過了一項法令，禁止公開講授“任何否定《圣經(jīng)》上宣講的創(chuàng)世說的理論?！边@項新法規(guī)的矛頭直接指向了達爾文的進化論。有位名叫喬治?拉普利亞的工程師因反對這項法規(guī)常和當(dāng)?shù)厝诉M行辯論。有一次辯論中，拉普利亞說，任何人要講授生物學(xué)，就不能不講進化論。因為我就是講授生物學(xué)的，所以他們便把我叫去作證。

“拉普利亞是對的，”我對他們說。

“那么說，你在觸犯法律，”他們中的一位說。

“所有其他的教師也都在觸犯法律，”我回答說?！昂嗵厮摹渡飳W(xué)基礎(chǔ)》中就講到了進化論，那是我們使用的教科書。”

于是拉普利亞提出一個建議?！白屛覀儗⒋耸陆桓斗ㄍヅ袥Q，”他說，“以檢驗其是否合法?！?/p>

當(dāng)我于五月七日被正式起訴時，誰也不曾料到，我本人更沒有料到我的這件案子竟會越鬧越大，以至成為美國歷史上最著名的庭審案例之一。美國公民自由聯(lián)合會宣布：如有必要，聯(lián)合會將把我的案子提交美國最高法院審理，“以確保教師不至于因講授真理而被送進監(jiān)獄?！苯又?，布萊恩自告奮勇地要協(xié)助州政府方面對我進行起訴。著名律師克拉倫斯?達羅也立即主動提出要替我辯護。具有諷刺意味的是，在這次審判之前我并不認識達羅，但我卻見過布萊恩，那是我念大學(xué)的時候，他來校作過演講。我很欽佩他，盡管我并不贊同他的觀點。

到七月十日庭審開始的時候，我們這個擁有一千五百人口的小鎮(zhèn)上呈現(xiàn)出一派看馬戲似的熱鬧氣氛。大街兩旁的建筑物上都掛起了彩旗。在法院的三層紅磚房子周圍的街道上突然冒出了許多搖搖晃晃的攤販貨架，出售的是熱狗、宗教書籍和西瓜。福音傳教士們也在街上搭起帳篷向行人傳教布道。附近一帶的山區(qū)居民，其中多半是原教旨主義者，也紛紛趕到鎮(zhèn)上來為布萊恩吶喊助威，打擊那些“外來的異教徒”。他們當(dāng)中就有具體起草了那條反進化論法令的約翰?巴特勒。巴特勒是一位四十九歲的農(nóng)場主，在當(dāng)選之前還從未跨出過自己的縣境。

主審法官名叫約翰?勞爾斯頓，是一位面色紅潤的男人。他操著濃重的地方口音高聲說道：“我只是個平平常常的山區(qū)法官?！辈既R恩的樣子老態(tài)龍鐘，大腹便便。協(xié)助他進行起訴工作的有他的兒185子——也是個律師——及田納西州年輕有為的檢察長湯姆?斯圖爾特。我的辯護人當(dāng)中則除了六十八歲的精明老練的達羅外，還有英俊瀟灑、富于魅力的四十三歲的達德雷?費爾德?馬隆和文質(zhì)彬彬、學(xué)識豐富，尤其精通法學(xué)的阿瑟?伽費爾德?黑斯。在一場宗教起著關(guān)鍵作用的審判案中，達羅是個不可知論者，馬隆是個天主教徒，而黑斯則是個猶太教徒。我的父親也特意從肯塔基州趕來陪我面對這次審判。

法官請了一位當(dāng)?shù)氐哪翈熤鞒珠_庭禱告儀式，接著審判便開始了。陪審團的十二名成員中，有三人除《圣經(jīng)》之外再沒有念過什么別的書，還有一人則根本不識字。難怪我父親氣呼呼地罵道：“真是他媽狗屁的陪審團!”

履行完規(guī)定的法律訴訟程序之后，達羅站起來開始發(fā)言了?！拔业呐笥褭z察長先生方才告訴我們說約翰?司科普斯知道他為什么會被帶上法庭，”達羅拖長著聲音說?！拔乙仓浪麨槭裁磿粠戏ㄍ?。那是因為愚昧和偏見還很猖獗，而且這兩者又結(jié)合在一起，形成一股強大的勢力。”

達羅在熱得像烘箱似的法庭里來回踱著方步?！敖裉焓芄舻氖墙處煟彼舆_羅翻開《創(chuàng)世紀》念道：“夜盡晨來乃第一天也?！酉聛硭麊柌既R恩是否相信太陽是第四天創(chuàng)造出來的，布萊恩回答說他相信。

“沒有太陽之前又怎么會有早晨和晚上呢?”達羅問道。

布萊恩悶聲不響地擦拭著自己的禿頂。人群中傳出陣陣暗笑聲，連一些虔誠的基督徒也在發(fā)笑。達羅一面捻弄著他的眼鏡，一面繼續(xù)發(fā)問。他問布萊恩是否相信有關(guān)夏娃的故事字字句句都是真實的，布萊恩作了肯定的回答。

“那末你也相信上帝為了懲罰引誘夏娃的那條蛇便讓所有蛇類從那以后永遠匍匐爬行的故事是真的了?”

“我相信那是真的?！?/p>

“好哇，那么你是否知道那以前蛇類是如何行走的呢?”

觀審的人群哄地笑了起來。布萊恩氣得臉色發(fā)青，盛怒之下他調(diào)門提高了，手里拿著的扇子一個勁兒抖動著。

“法官大人，”他說。“我即刻就要回答達羅先生的所有問題。我要讓世界知道這個不信上帝的人正在利用田納西州的法庭誹謗上帝……”

“我反對這種說法，”達羅大聲叫道?！拔抑皇窃诳简?zāi)愕哪切┯薮赖南敕ǎ澜缟蠜]有哪個有知識的基督徒會相信你的那些想法?！?/p>

法官敲響小木槌止住了喧嘩聲，隨即宣布休庭，次日再審。

布萊恩孤零零地站在那兒。當(dāng)觀眾們紛紛從他身邊擠過去同達羅握手時，我的心替這位昔日的英雄難過起來。

第二天中午，陪審團受命對此案進行裁決。陪審員們離席退到草坪的一角，只低聲議論了九分鐘，結(jié)果是判決被告有罪。我被罰款一百美元，并支付訴訟費用。

達德雷?費爾德?馬隆稱這次庭審結(jié)果對我來說是一次“勝利的敗仗”。有幾家南方報紙，出于對他們那位已失去昔日光彩的英雄的忠誠，稱這次審判結(jié)果為布萊恩的勝利，并為之歡呼?？刹既R恩本人卻因傷心勞神過度，審判結(jié)束后才過了兩天便在戴頓去世。

學(xué)校要請我回去繼續(xù)擔(dān)任原先的教學(xué)職務(wù)，但我謝絕了。有幾位前來為我作證的教授已為我爭取到了一份芝加哥大學(xué)的獎學(xué)金，因而我得以繼續(xù)進修自然科學(xué)。．后來，我成為一家石油公司的地質(zhì)學(xué)專家。

前不久，我在那次審判三十七年之后第一次重返戴頓。在我眼中，小鎮(zhèn)景物依舊，只是多了一所威廉?詹寧斯?布萊恩大學(xué)，它坐落在一個小山坡上，俯視著下面的山谷.

還有一?些其他方面的變化。進化論已經(jīng)可以在田納西州公開講授了，盡管那條曾判我有罪的法令仍未廢除。由克拉倫斯?達羅和達德雷?費爾德?馬隆在戴頓鎮(zhèn)的小小法庭上掀起的那些辯論風(fēng)暴猶如一股清風(fēng)吹遍了美國的學(xué)校和立法機關(guān)，隨之而來的是日漸增長的思想自由和學(xué)術(shù)自由的新氣象。TheTrialThatRockedtheWorld

JohnScopes

AbuzzranthroughthecrowdasItookmyplaceinthepackedcourtonthatswelteringJulydayin1925.ThecounselformydefencewasthefamouscriminallawyerClarenceDarrow.LeadingcounselfortheprosecutionwasWilliamJenningsBryan,thesilver-tonguedorator,threetimesDemocraticnomineeforPresidentoftheUnitedStates,andleaderofthefundamentalistmovementthathadbroughtaboutmytrial.

AfewweeksbeforeIhadbeenanunknownschool-teacherinDayton,alittletowninthemountainsofTennessee.NowIwasinvolvedinatrialreportedtheworldover.Seatedincourt,readytotestifyonmybehalf,wereadozendistinguishedprofessorsandscientists,ledbyProfessorKirtleyMatherofHarvardUniversity.Morethan100reporterswereonhand,andevenradioannouncers,whoforthefirsttimeinhistoryweretobroadcastajurytrial."Don'tworry,son,we'llshowthemafewtricks,"Darrowhadwhisperedthrowingareassuringarmroundmyshoulderaswewerewaitingforthecourttoopen.

ThecasehaderuptedroundmyheadnotlongafterIarrivedinDaytonassciencemasterandfootballcoachatthesecondaryschool.Foranumberofyearsaclashhadbeenbuildingupbetweenthefundamentalistsandthemodernists.ThefundamentalistsadheredtoaliteralinterpretationoftheOldTestament.Themodernists,ontheotherhand,acceptedthetheoryadvancedbyCharlesDarwin--thatallanimallife,includingmonkeysandmen,hadevolvedfromacommonancestor.

FundamentalismwasstronginTennessee,andthestatelegislaturehadrecentlypassedalawprohibitingtheteachingof"anytheorythatdeniesthestoryofcreationastaughtintheBible."ThenewlawwasaimedsquarelyatDarwin'stheoryofevolution.Anengineer,GeorgeRappelyea,usedtoarguewiththelocalpeopleagainstthelaw.Duringonesuchargument,Rappelyeasaidthatnobodycouldteachbiologywithoutteachingevolution.SinceIhadbeenteachingbiology,Iwassentfor.

"Rappelyeaisright,"Itoldthem.

"Thenyouhavebeenviolatingthelaw,"oneofthemSaid.

"Sohaseveryotherteacher,"Ireplied."EvolutionisexplainedinHunter'sCivicBiology,andthat'sourtextbook."Rappelyeathenmadeasuggestion."Let'stakethisthingtocourt,"hesaid,"andtestthelegalityofit."

WhenIwasindictedonMay7,noone,leastofallI,anticipatedthatmycasewouldsnowballintooneofthemostfamoustrialsinU.S.history.TheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionannouncedthatitwouldtakemycasetotheU.SSupremeCourtifnecessarytoestablishthatateachermaytellthetruthwithoutbeingsenttojail."ThenBryanvolunteeredtoassistthestateinprosecutingme.ImmediatelytherenownedlawyerClarenceDarrowofferedhisservicestodefendme.Ironically,IhadnotknownDarrowbeforemytrialbutIhadmetBryanwhenhehadgivenatalkatmyuniversity.Iadmiredhim,althoughIdidnotagreewithhisviews.

BythetimethetrialbeganonJuly10,ourtownof1,500peoplehadtakenonacircusatmosphere.Thebuildingsalongthemainstreetwerefestoonedwithbanners.Thestreetsaroundthethree-storeyredbricklawcourtsproutedwithricketystandssellinghotdogs,religiousbooksandwatermelons.Evangelistssetuptentstoexhortthepassersby.Peoplefromthesurroundinghills,mostlyfundamentalists,arrivedtocheerBryanagainstthe"infideloutsiders"AmongthemwasJohnButler,whohaddrawnuptheanti-evolutionlaw.Butlerwasa49-year-oldfarmerwhobeforehiselectionhadneverbeenoutofhisnativecounty.

ThepresidingjudgewasJohnRaulston,aflorid-facedmanwhoannounced:"I'mjustareg'larmountaineerjedge."Bryan,ageingandpaunchy,wasassistedinhisprosecutionbyhisson,alsoalawyer,andTennessee'sbrilliantyoungattorney-general,TomStewart.Besidestheshrewd68-year-oldDarrow,mycounselincludedthehandsomeandmagneticDudleyFieldMalone,43,andArthurGarfieldHays,quiet,scholarlyandsteepedinthelaw.Inatrialinwhichreligionplayedakeyrole,Darrowwasanagnostic,MaloneaCatholicandHaysaJew.MyfatherhadcomefromKentuckytobewithmeforthetrial.

Thejudgecalledforalocalministertoopenthesessionwithprayer,andthetrialgotunderway.Ofthe12jurors,threehadneverreadanybookexcepttheBible.Onecouldn'tread.Asmyfathergrowled,"That'sonehellofajury!"

Afterthepreliminarysparringoverlegalities,Darrowgotuptomakehisopeningstatement."Myfriendtheattorney-generalsaysthatJohnScopesknowswhatheisherefor,"Darrowdrawled."Iknowwhatheisherefor,too.Heisherebecauseignoranceandbigotryare,anditisamightystrongcombination."

Darrowwalkedslowlyroundthebakingcourt."Todayitistheteachers,"hecontinued,"andtomorrowthemagazines,thebooks,thenewspapers.Afterawhile,itisthesettingofmanagainstmanandcreedagainstcreeduntilwearemarchingbackwardstothegloriousageofthesixteenthcenturywhenbigotslightedfaggotstoburnthemenwhodaredtobringanyintelligenceandenlightenmentandCulturetothehumanmind."

"Thatdamnedinfidel,"awomanwhisperedloudlyashefinishedhisaddress.

Thefollowingdaytheprosecutionbegancallingwit-nessesagainstme.Twoofmypupilstestified,grinningshylyatme,thatIhadtaughtthemevolution,butaddedthattheyhadnotbeencontaminatedbytheexperience.HowardMorgan,abrightladof14,testifiedthatIhadtaughtthatmanwasamammallikecows,horses,dogsandcats.

"Hedidn'tsayacatwasthesameasaman?"Darrowasked.

"No,sir,"theyoungstersaid."Hesaidmanhadreasoningpower."

"Thereissomedoubtaboutthat,"Darrowsnorted.

Aftertheevidencewascompleted,Bryanrosetoaddressthejury.Theissuewassimple,hedeclared"TheChristianbelievesthatmancamefromabove.Theevolutionistbelievesthathemusthavecomefrombelow."ThespectatorschuckledandBryanwarmedtohiswork.InonehandhebrandishedabiologytextashedenouncedthescientistswhohadcometoDaytontotestifyforthedefence.

"TheBible,"hethunderedinhissonorousorgantones,"isnotgoingtobedrivenoutofthiscourtbyexpertswhocomehundredsofmilestotestifythattheycanreconcileevolution,withitsancestorsinthejungle,withmanmadebyGodinHisimageandputhereforHispurposeaspartofadivineplan."

Ashefinished,jawout-thrust,eyesflashing,theaudienceburstintoapplauseandshoutsof"Amen".Yetsomethingwaslacking.GonewasthefiercefervourofthedayswhenBryanhadsweptthepoliticalarenalikeaprairiefire.Thecrowdseemedtofeelthattheirchampionhadnotscorchedtheinfidelswiththehotbreathofhisoratoryasheshouldhave.DudleyFieldMalonepoppeduptoreply."Mr.BryanisnottheonlyonewhohastherighttospeakfortheBible,heobserved."ThereareotherpeopleinthiscountrywhohavegivenuptheirwholelivestoGodandreligion.Mr.Bryan,withpassionatespiritandenthusiasm,hasgivenpostofhislifetopolitics."BryansippedfromajugofwaterasMalone'svoicegrewinvolume.Heappealedforintellectualfreedom,andaccusedBryanofcallingforadueltothedeathbetweenscienceandreligion.

"Thereisneveraduelwiththetruth,"heroared."Thetruthalwayswins--andwearenotafraidofit.ThetruthdoesnotneedMr.Bryan.Thetruthiseternal,immortalandneedsnohumanagencytosupportit!"

WhenMalonefinishedtherewasamomentaryhush.ThenthecourtbrokeintoastormofapplausethatsurpassedthatforBryan.ButalthoughMalonehadwontheoratoricalduelwithBryan,thejudgeruledagainstpermittingthescientiststotestifyforthedefence.

Whenthecourtadjourned,wefoundDayton'sstreetsswarmingwithstrangers.Hawkerscriedtheirwaresoneverycorner.Oneshopannounced:DARWINISRIGHT–INSIDE.(ThiswasJ.R.Darwin'severythingtoWearStore.)Oneentrepreneurrentedashopwindowtodisplayanape.Spectatorspaidtogazeatitandponderwhethertheymightberelated.

"Thepoorbrutecoweredinacornerwithhishandsoverhiseyes,”areporternoted,"afraiditmightbetrue."

H.L.MenckenwrotesulphurousdispatchessittinginhisPantswithatanblowingonhim,andtherewastalkofrunninghimoutoftownforreferringtothelocalcitizenryasyokels.Twenty-twotelegraphistsweresendingout165000wordsadayonthetrial.

Becauseoftheheatandafearthattheoldcourt'sfloormightcollapse,undertheweightofthethrong,thetrialwasresumedoutsideunderthemaples.Morethan2000spectatorssatonwoodenbenchesorsquattedonthegrass,perchedonthetopsofparkedcarsorgawkedfromwindows.

Thencametheclimaxofthetrial.Becauseofthewordingoftheanti-evolutionlaw,theprosecutionwasforcedtotakethepositionthattheBiblemustbeinterpretedliterally.NowDarrowspranghistrumpcardbycallingBryanasawitnessforthedefence.Thejudgelookedstartled."WearecallinghimasanexpertontheBible,"Darrowsaid."HisreputationasanauthorityonScriptureisrecognizedthroughouttheworld."

BryanwassuspiciousofthewilyDarrow,yethecouldnotrefusethechallenge.ForyearshehadlecturedandwrittenontheBible.HehadcampaignedagainstDarwinisminTennesseeevenbeforepassageoftheanti-evolutionlaw.Resolutelyhestrodetothestand,carryingapalmfanlikeaswordtorepelhisenemies.

UnderDarrow'squietquestioningheacknowledgedbelievingtheBibleliterally,andthecrowdpunctuatedhisdefiantreplieswithfervent"Amens".

DarrowreadfromGenesis:"Andtheeveningandthemorningwerethefirstday."ThenheaskedBryanifhebelievedthatthesunwascreatedonthefourthday.Bryansaidthathedid.

"Howcouldtherehavebeenamorningandeveningwith-outanysun?"Darrowenquired.

Bryanmoppedhisbalddomeinsilence.Thereweresniggersfromthecrowd,evenamongthefaithful.Darrowtwirledhisspectaclesashepursuedthequestioning.HeaskedifBryanbelievedliterallyinthestoryofEve.Bryanansweredintheaffirmative.

"AndyoubelievethatGodpunishedtheserpentbycondemningsnakesforeveraftertocrawlupontheirbellies?"

"Ibelievethat."

"Well,haveyouanyideahowthesnakewentbeforethattime?"

Thecrowdlaughed,andBryanturnedlivid.Hisvoiceroseandthefaninhishandshookinanger.

"Yourhonor,"hesaid."IwillanswerallMr.Darrow'squestionsatonce.IwanttheworldtoknowthatthismanwhodoesnotbelieveinGodisusingaTennesseecourttocastslursonHim..."

"Iobjecttothatstatement,”Darrowshouted.“IamexaminingyouonyourtoolideasthatnointelligentChristianonearthbelieves."

Thejudgeusedhisgaveltoquellthehubbubandadjournedcourtuntilnextday.

Bryanstoodforlornlyalone.MyheartwentouttotheoldwarriorasspectatorspushedbyhimtoshakeDarrow'shand.

Thejurywereaskedtoconsidertheirverdictatnoonthefollowingday.Thejurymenretiredtoacornerofthelawnandwhisperedforjustnineminutes.Theverdictwasguilty.Iwasfined100dollarsandcosts.

DudleyFieldMalonecalledmyconvictiona"victoriousdefeat."Afewsouthernpapers,loyaltotheirfadedchampion,haileditasavictoryforBryan.ButBryan,sadandexhausted,diedinDaytontwodaysafterthetrial.

IwasofferedmyteachingjobbackbutIdeclined.Someoftheprofessorswhohadcometotestifyonmybe-halfarrangedascholarshipformeattheUniversityofChicagosothatIcouldpursuethestudyofscience.LaterIbecameageologistforanoilcompany.

NotlongagoIwentbacktoDaytonforthefirsttimesincemytrial37yearsago.Thelittletownlookedmuchthesametome.ButnowthereisaWilliamJenningsBryanUniversityonahill-topoverlookingthevalley.

Therewereotherchanges,too.EvolutionistaughtinTennessee,thoughthelawunderwhichIwasconvictedisstillonthebooks.TheoratorialstormthatClarenceDarrowandDudleyFieldMaloneblewupinthelittlecourtinDaytonsweptlikeafreshwindthroughtheschoolsandlegislativeofficesoftheUnitedStates,bringinginitswakeanewclimateofintellectualandacademicfreedomthathasgrownwiththepassingyears.詞匯(Vocabulary)

sweltering(adj.):thatsweltersorsuffersfromtheheat；veryhot；sultry熱得發(fā)昏的；酷熱

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counsel(n.):alawyerorgroupoflawyersgivingadviceaboutlegalmattersandrepresentingclientsincourt辯護律師；法律顧問；辯護人

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silver-tongued(adj.):eloquent；persuasive雄辯的；口才流利的

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orator(n.):askilled，eloquentpublicspeaker雄辯家

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jury(n.):agroupofpeoplesworntoheartheevidenceandinquireintothefactsinalawcase，andtogivedecisioninaccordancewiththeirfindings陪審團

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erupt(v．):burstforthorout，asfromsomerestraint進發(fā)；爆發(fā)；噴出

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clash(n.):asharpdisagreement；conflict抵觸；沖突；意見不一致；對立

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fundamentalism(n.):religiousbeliefsbasedonaliteralinterpretationofeverythingintheBibleandregardedasfundamentaltoChristianfaithandmorals原教旨主義(相信《圣經(jīng)》所記載的傳統(tǒng)的基督教信仰，反對較為近代的教義)

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legislature(n.):abodyofpersonsgiventheresponsibilityandpowertomakelawsforacountryorstate(esp.thelawmakingbodyofastate，correspondingtotheU．S．Congress)立法機構(gòu)(尤指美國的州議會)

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prohibit(v．):refusetopermit；forbidbylaworbyanorder禁止；不準

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legality(n.):quality，condition，orinstanceofbeinglegalorlawful；conformitywiththelaw合法性

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indict(v．):accuse；chargewiththecommissionofacime;esp.makeformalaccusationagainstonthebasisofpositivelegalevidenceusuallysaidoftheactionofagrandjury控告，控訴；指控，告發(fā)，對……起訴

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prosecute(v．):institutelegalproceedingsagainst，orconductcriminalproceedingsincourtagainst對……起訴

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festoon(v．):adornorhangwithfestoons飾以(或懸掛)花彩，結(jié)彩于

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sprout(v．):growordeveloprapidly迅速生長，迅速發(fā)展

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rickety(adj.):1iabletofallorbreakdownbecauseweak；shaky易倒的；易垮的；不結(jié)實的；不穩(wěn)固的

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evangelist(n.):anyonewhoevangelizes(esp.atravelingpreacherorarevivalist)福音傳教士(尤指巡回說教者或信仰復(fù)興者)

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exhort(v．):urgeearnestlybyadvice，warning，etc．規(guī)勸，勸告，勸戒

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infidel(n.):apersonwhoholdsnoreligiousbelief無宗教信仰者，不信宗教者

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florid(adj.):flushedwithredorpink(saidofthecomplexion)(臉色)紅潤的

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paunchy(adj.):[derog.orhumor](esp.ofaman)havingafatstomach[貶或幽](尤指男性)大腹便便的

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attorney(n.):．a(chǎn)nypersonlegallyempoweredtoactasagentfor.orinbehalfof，another(esp.alawyer)(被當(dāng)事人授權(quán)的法律事務(wù)中的)代理人

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shrewd(adj.):keen—witted，clever，astuteorsharpinpracticalaffairs機敏的；精明的；伶俐的

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magnetic(adj.):vpowerfullyattractive(saidofaperson，personality，etc．)有吸引力的；有魅力的(指人或個性等)

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steep(v．):immense，saturate，absorb，orimbue(esp.usedassteeped鋤：thoroughlyfilledorfamiliarwith)沉浸；埋頭于(尤用作steepedin充滿著；沉湎于；精通)

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agnostic(n.):apersonwhobelievesthatthehumanmindcannotknowwhetherthereisaGodoranultimatecause，oranythingbeyondmaterialphenomena；atheist不可知論者

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growl(v．):complaininanangryorsurlymanner牢騷滿腹地說

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spar(v.):wrangleordispute爭論；爭吵

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drawl(v．):speakslowly，prolongingthevowels慢慢吞吞地說

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bigotry(n.):thebehavior，attitude，orbeliefsofabigot：intolerance；prejudice偏執(zhí)的行為(或態(tài)度、信念等)；偏執(zhí)；頑固；偏見

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rampant(adj.):spreadingunchecked；widespread蔓延的；猖獗的

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faggot(n.):abundleofsticks，twigs，orbranches(esp.foruseasfuel)柴捆；柴把

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contaminate(v．):makeimpure，infected，corrupt，etc．使感染，傳染，毒害

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mammal(n.):anyofalargeclassofwarm—blooded.usuallyhairyvertebrateswhoseoffspringsarefedwithmilksecretedbyfemalemammaryglands哺乳動物

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snort(v．):wave，shake.orexhibitinamenacing,challenging，orexultantway(威脅地、挑戰(zhàn)似地、狂喜地)揮舞

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denounce(v．):condemnstronglyasevil譴責(zé)，指責(zé)，痛斥

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sonorous(adj.):havingapowerful，impressivesound(聲音)響亮的；洪亮的

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reconcile(adj.):settle(aquarrel，etc．)orcompose(adifference，etc．)調(diào)解；調(diào)和；使一致；使相符

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divine(adj.):givenorinspiredbyGod；holy；sacred神授的，天賜的；神圣的

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fervour(n.):greatwarmthofemotion；ardor；zeal；passion熱烈；熱情，熱心，熱誠

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arena(n.):anysphereofstruggleorconflict競爭場所；活動場所

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prairie(n.):alargeareaoflevelorslightlyrollinggrassland大草原

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scorch(v．):char，discolor，ordamagethesurfaceofsth.bysuperficialburning；burn；makeacausticattackon；assailscathingly；excoriate燒焦；烤焦；挖苦；嚴厲指責(zé)(或批評)

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pop(v．):[colloq．]arise；happenorarriveunexpectedly[口]突然發(fā)生，突然出現(xiàn)，突然來到

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duel(n.):anycontestorencountersuggestingsuchafight，usuallybetweentwopersons(常指兩人間的)爭斗，沖突，斗爭

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hush(n.):absenceofnoise；quiet；silence寂靜，平靜，安靜；默不作聲，沉默

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adjourn(v.):closeasessionormeetingforthedayorforatime休會，閉會；延期

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swarm(v．):befilledord；crowdeteem(with)充滿，被擠滿(常與with連用)

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hawker(n.):apersonwhohawksgoodsinthestreet；peddle；huckster(沿街叫賣的)小販

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entrepreneur(n.):[Fr．]apersonwhoorganizesandmanagesabusinessundertaking．a(chǎn)ssumingtheriskforthesakeoftheprofit[法語]企業(yè)家

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ape(n.):anyofafamily(Pongidae)oflarge，taillessmonkeysthatcanstandandwalkinanalmosterectposition猿

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ponder(v．):weighmentally；thinkdeeplyabout；considercarefully默想；深思；考慮

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cower(v．):shrinkandtremble，asfromsomeone'sanger，threats，orblow(因別人發(fā)怒、威脅或打擊而)畏縮；發(fā)抖，哆嗦

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sulphurous(adj.):violentlyemotional；heated；fiery異常激動的；激烈的；暴怒的

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dispatch(n.):anewsstorysenttoanewspaper，radiostation，etc．，asbyaspecialreporterornewsagency(特派記者或新聞社發(fā)給報社、電臺的)(新聞)電訊，電文，通訊

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yokel(n.):[acontemptuousterm]apersonlivinginaruralarea；rustic；countrybumpkin[貶]鄉(xiāng)巴佬，土包子

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perch(v．):alightorrestonorasonaperch棲息；停歇；坐在高處

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gawk(v．):starelikeagawk，inastupidway(像呆子般)呆呆地盯著，呆視

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wily(adj.):fullofwiles；crafty；sly狡猾的；狡詐的；詭計多端的

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repel(v．):driveorforceback；holdorwardoff擊退；抵擋住

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fervent(adj.):havingorshowinggreatwarmthoffeeling；intenselydevotedorearnest；ardent；passionate熱烈的，滿懷熱情的，熱心的，深表熱誠的；強烈的

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Genesis(n.):thefirstbookoftheBible，givinganaccountofthecreationoftheuniverse《創(chuàng)世紀》(《圣經(jīng)·舊約》的首卷)

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snigger(n.):asly，derisive，partlystifledlaugh竊笑；暗笑

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twirl(v．):rotaterapidly；spin(使)快速旋轉(zhuǎn)，(使)迅速轉(zhuǎn)動

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serpent(n.):asnake，esp.alargeorpoisonousone蛇(尤指大蛇或毒蛇)

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livid(adj.):grayish—blue；pale；lead—colored青灰色的；鉛色的

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slur(n.):anyremarkoractionthatharmsorismeanttoharmsomeone'sreputation；aspersion，reproach，stigma，etc．誹謗；污辱；詆毀，中傷，破壞……的名譽

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gavel(n.):as