Unit10ConnectionsLesson1HowCloselyConnectedAreWe?Period1Warming-upExample:Ihave…contactsonsocialmedia.Iregularlycommunicatewith…people.Howmanycontactsdoyouhaveonsocialmedia?Howmanypeopledoyouregularlycommunicatewith?Pre-readingSixDegreesofSeparation六度分隔，又稱為“小世界現(xiàn)象”。大意是說(shuō)，任何兩個(gè)素不相識(shí)的人中間最多只隔著六層關(guān)聯(lián)，即只需要不超過(guò)五個(gè)人就可以將兩個(gè)陌生人聯(lián)系在一起。Lookatthepictureandtalkaboutthetheory“SixDegreesofSeparation”.ItmeansanypersononEarthcanbeconnectedtoanyotherpersonthroughachainofnomorethanfiveotherpeople.TheHungarianauthorFrigyesKarinthyinventedthistheory.While-readingReadthefirsttwoparagraphsofthearticleonthetheory“SixDegreesofSeparation”.Whatdoesitmeanandwhoinventedthistheory?While-readingFrigyesKarinthy匈牙利佐加弗里吉斯·考林蒂（1887-1938）。他的短篇故事《鏈條》（Chains）中的角色認(rèn)為至多需要五個(gè)人（在認(rèn)識(shí)其中一人的情況下），僅通過(guò)人際關(guān)系，他就可以聯(lián)系到自己想找的人。因此，一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為考林蒂是最早發(fā)現(xiàn)六度分隔現(xiàn)象的人。他的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)最早期社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的構(gòu)想產(chǎn)生了一定影響。While-reading1967Mid-1990s20032011WhoHowFindings/resultsReadthearticleandfindoutaboutthedevelopmentofthe“SixDegreesofSeparation”theory.Takenotesinthetablebelow.1967Mid-1990s20032011WhoHowFindings/resultsWhile-readingStanleyMilgramTwocollegestudentsintheUnitedStatesColumbiaUniversitytheUniversityofMilanHechosearandomsampleofpeopleinthemiddleofAmericaandaskedthemtosendpackagestoastrangerinthestateofMassachusetts.TheideaofthegamewastolinkanyactortoKevinBacon,afamousAmericanactorandmusician,throughnomorethansixlinks.Theexperimentinvolved24,163emailchainswith18targetpeoplein13differentcountries.Theexperimentanalysedtherelationshipbetween721millionsocialmediausers.Itonlytookbetweenfiveandsevenpeopletogettheparcelsdelivered.ThegamewasbeingplayedinuniversitiesacrosstheUnitedStates.Theresultsconfirmedthattheaveragenumberoflinksinthechainwassix.92percentwereconnectedbyonlyfourstages,orfivedegreesofseparation.While-readingStanleyMilgram斯坦利·米爾格蘭姆（1933-1984），美國(guó)社會(huì)心理學(xué)家。1967年，他根據(jù)“六度分隔”進(jìn)行了一次名為“小世界”的連鎖信實(shí)驗(yàn)，該實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)一封信函平均經(jīng)受五位陌生人即可到達(dá)目標(biāo)收件人手中。該實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果于1967年發(fā)表。Learnsomebackgroundinformationaboutthetheory“SixDegreesofSeparation”.While-readingtheOscar-winningfilmBabel奧斯卡獲獎(jiǎng)影片《通天塔》。該影片講述的是四個(gè)不同國(guó)家、不同種族、不同語(yǔ)言的家庭，在短短11天內(nèi)歷經(jīng)各種不幸，而所有的不幸?guī)缀醵荚从跍贤ú粫??！锻ㄌ焖敷w現(xiàn)了六度分隔理論。While-readingKevinBacon凱文·貝肯（1958—

)，美國(guó)著名影星，曾獲得第67屆金球獎(jiǎng)最佳男主角和第16屆美國(guó)演員工會(huì)獎(jiǎng)最佳男主角。While-readingColumbiaSmall-worldProject哥倫比亞小世界項(xiàng)目。2001年秋，在美國(guó)哥倫比亞大學(xué)社會(huì)學(xué)系任教的沃茨博士組建了一個(gè)研究小組，采用轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)郵件的方式在更大范圍內(nèi)驗(yàn)證六度分隔現(xiàn)象。實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)郵件的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)次數(shù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)，發(fā)現(xiàn)每封郵件平均轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)5到7次，即可到達(dá)目標(biāo)。While-readingUniversityofMilan米蘭大學(xué)，創(chuàng)辦于1924年，坐落于意大利米蘭市。While-readingReadthearticleagain.Taketurnstoexplainthe“SixDegreesofSeparation”theory.Usethediagramtohelpyou.Post-reading1.WhydidMilgramandColumbiaUniversitybothlabeltheirexperiments“Small-world”?

BecausetheybelievedthatanypersononEarthcouldbeconnectedtoanyotherpersonthroughachainofnomorethanfiveotherpeople.Inthissensetheworldissmall.2.Whydoyouthinkpeoplestudyhowpeopleareconnected?

Probablypeoplewanttostudythestructuresofhumansociety,therulesofhumansocialactivities,andhowpeopleareconnectedwitheachother.Thinkandanswerthequestions.Post-reading1.In1967,_____________StanleyMilgramdidanexperimenttofindouthowmanydegreesofseparationtherewerebetweenstrangersindifferentpartsofAmerica.2.Allofthe_____________inMilgram’sexperimentweredeliveredtotherightpeopleafterpassingthroughthehandsofbetweenfiveandsevenpeople.3.TheresultsofMilgram’sexperiment___________________inthemagazinePsychologyToday.randomsociologistnetworkpublishpackagechainCompletethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewords.sociologistpackageswerepublishedPost-reading4.Theresultsofthe“ColumbiaSmall-worldProject”confirmedthattheaveragenumberoflinksinthe__________wassix.5.Peopledoingexperimentsinto“SixDegreesofSeparation”usuallychoosea__________sampleofpeopletotakeparttomaketheresultsmorereliable.6.Recently,creatingandgrowingyoursocial__________hasbecomemoreimportantthaneverbeforeduetothegrowthofsocialmedia.randomsociologistnetworkpublishpackagechainchainrandomnetworkPost-readingConsider:1.Howmanypeoplewillparticipateintheexperiment?2.Whatwilltheparticipantsdo?3.Howwillyoufindouttheresultsoftheexperiment?Discussanddecidewhatexperimentyoucancarryouttofindouthowmanydegreesofseparationtherearebetweenpeoplewhodon’tknoweachother.Post-re