ExaminationPaperofPathophysiology

ForEnglishClass

Single-choicequestions(Therearefouranswersineachquestion,pickoutthe

bestoneandmark""")

Hypertonicdehydrationisdefinedas

[Na+]>150mmol/L,osmoticpressure>310mOsm/L

[Na+]<130mmol/L,osmoticpressure<280mOsm/L

[[Na+]=150mmol/L,osmoticpressure=310mOsm/L

[Na+]>150mmol/L,osmoticpressure<310mOsm/L

Thecharacteristiccauseofhypertonicdehydrationis

increasedlossofbodyfluidanddecreasedintakeofwater

waterlossisexcessofNa+loss.

nowaterduringnavigation.

increasedlossofwaterviagastrointestinaltract

Whichisnotthereasonofhypertonicdehydration?

nosenseofthirstduetobraininjury.

severevomiting

difficultyinswallowingbecauseofesophagealdiseases.

hypoventilation.

Increasedlossofpurewaterviaskinwillcause

hypotonicdehydration.

isotonicdehydration.

hypertonicdehydration.

waterintoxication.

Intracellulardehydrationcanbeseenin

hypotonicdehydration.

isotonicdehydration.

hypertonicdehydration.

waterintoxication.

Lossofbodyweightcannotbeseenin

hypotonicdehydration.

isotonicdehydration.

hypertonicdehydration.

waterintoxication.

Thereisseverethirstin

hypertonicdehydration.

isotonicdehydration.

hypotonicdehydration.

waterintoxication.

Thechangeofelectrocardiograminhyperkalemiais

lowP-wave

peakedT-wave

widenT-wave

narrowQRScomplex

Thereasonofincreasedinterstitialfluidis

increasedcapillaryhydrostaticpressure.

increasedplasmacolloidalosmoticpressure.

decreasedpermeabilityofthecapillarywall.

increasedlymphaticreturn.

Increasedpermeabilityofthecapillarywallwillleadto

increasedinterstitialhydrostaticpressure.

increasedcapillaryhydrostaticpressure.

increasedplasmacolloidalosmoticpressure.

increasedinterstitialcolloidalosmoticpressure.

Metabolicalkalosiswillleadto

decreasedintracellular[K+].

increasedintracellular[K+].

increasedextracellular[K+].

normalintracellular[K+].

.Theeffectofrespiratoryacidosisonthebodyis

increaseofmyocardialcontraction.

depressionofmentalactivity.

arteriolecontraction.

hypokalemia.

Themainreasonofpulmonaryhypertensioncausedbyacutehypoxiais:

increaseofrightcardiacoutput

leftheartfailure

increaseofpulmonarybloodflow

spasmofpulmonaryarterioles

.Themostimportantfactordecidingbloodoxygensaturationis:

blood pH

blood temperature

blood oxygen pressure

blood carbon dioxide pressure

.Hypoxemiais

bloodoxygenpressureislowerthannormallevel

bloodoxygencontentislessthannormallevel

bloodoxygencapacityislessthannormallevel

arterialbloodoxygencontentislessthannormallevel

Whichparameterdoesn’tdecreaseinhypotonichypoxia?

oxygencapacity

PvO2

bloodoxygencontentinvein

arterialbloodoxygencontent

Explainthefollowingconcepts

braindeath

hypertonicdehydration

hypokalemia

edema

cyanosis

Answerthefollowingquestions:

Explainthecausesofhypokalemia.

PleasetellthealterationofPaO2,Cao2,O2capacity,Sao2andthedifferencebetweenCao2andCvo2invariouskindsofhypoxia.

Casediscussion

A52-year-oldmanwithchronicobstructivelungdiseasewasadmittedtothehospitalwithworseningdyspnea.Heappearedcyanoticandinrespiratorydistress.ThepH=7.34,PaCO2=60mmHg,[HCO3-]=37mmol/L.Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestions:

Whattypeofacid-base