4/9判斷題T1Asaphenomenon,interculturalcommunicationhasexistedforthousandsofyears.However,asadiscipline,itshistoryisonlyaboutfiftyyears.作為一種現(xiàn)象，跨文化傳播已經(jīng)存在了數(shù)千年。然而，作為一門學科，它的歷史只有大約五十年。F2InterculturalCommunicationasadisciplinefirststartedinEurope.跨文化交際是歐洲第一門學科F3Cultureisastaticentity靜態(tài)的實體whilecommunicationisadynamicprocess.文化是一個靜態(tài)的實體而溝通是一個動態(tài)的過程T4Culturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagiven約定的特定的culture.文化可以被看作是一種共享的知識，人們需要知道的是在一個特定的文化中扮演適當?shù)男袨門5Althoughculturalstereotypehasitslimitations(over-generalization),itstillcontributestoaperson’sculturalcognition.認識、認知文化刻板印象雖有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化認知。T6Ininterculturalcommunication,weshouldseparateone’sindividualcharacterfromculturalgeneralization.在跨文化交際中，我們要把自己的個性和文化的泛化分開。T7Culturalmistakesaremoreseriousthanlinguisticmistakes.Thelinguisticmistakemeansthatsomeoneisnotfullyexpressinghisorherideawhileculturalmistakescanleadtoseriousmisunderstandingandevenill-feelingbetweenindividuals.文化錯誤比語言錯誤更嚴重。語言錯誤意味著有人不能充分表達自己的想法，而文化上的錯誤會導致嚴重的誤解，甚至個人之間的不適感F8Allpeopleofthesamenationalitywillhavethesameculture.所有同一民族的人都會有相同的文化T9Althoughtwoculturesmaysharethesameideas,theirmeaningandsignificancemaynotbethesame.雖然兩國文化有著相同的想法，但它們的意義和意義可能不一樣F10One’sactionsaretotallyindependentofhisorherculture.個人的行為完全獨立于他或她的文化IIComprehensionCheckT1、Allculturesrequireandvaluepoliteness,butthewaysinwhichpolitenessisachievedmayvarysignificantly.所有的文化都需要和價值的禮貌，但禮貌的方式可能會有所不同T_2、Don’ttakeoffence-gettingtheformofaddress”wrong”israrelyintendedtobeoffensive.不要拿“錯誤”的形式來攻擊，這是很難得的進攻T_3、Addressingformslike“MissMary”,”Brown”bytheChinesemaybeaformofculturalcompromise.解決形式如“瑪麗小姐”，“棕色”由中國可能是一種文化妥協(xié)的形式。T_4.RanksinthearmedforceslikeCaptain,Colonelcanbeusedastitles.上校，上校，上校，可以用作頭銜F_5.WesternerscanunderstandwhatUnclepolicemanorP.L.A.Unclemeans.西方人能夠理解警察叔叔和解放軍叔叔的手段。F6.WecanaddressJasonDouglas,whoisalawyer,asLawyerDouglas.我們可以解決杰森道格拉斯，他是個律師，律師道格拉斯。F_7.Chinesehospitalitytowardthewesternersisalwaysgreatlyappreciated.中國人對西方人的熱情好客是非常贊賞的。F_8.TheChinesewayofshowingconcernisusuallyappreciatedbytheWesterners.西方人對中國人的關(guān)注往往受到西方人的贊賞。F_9.”Thankyouforcoming!”isatypicalexpressionusedbyWesternhostswhentheguestsjustarrived.謝謝你的到來！“當客人剛到的時候，這是西方主人使用的一種典型的表達形式。T_10.”I’msorrytohavewastedyourtime”or“I’msorrytohavetakenupsomuchofyourtime”areusuallyappropriateforthebusinessvisit.我很抱歉浪費了你的時間”或者“我很抱歉占用了你這么多時間”，通常都是適合商務拜訪的。IIIComprehensionCheckT1.sometimestheChinesewayofshowingmodestymaybeconsideredasfishingforcompliments.有時，中國人表現(xiàn)出謙虛的方式可以被視為對贊美的贊美T2.ThesocialfunctionsofChineseandEnglishcomplimentsareroughlythesame.漢語和英語的社會功能大致相同。T3.Ininformalsituations,alargenumberofcomplimentsareusedtomakepeoplefeelcomfortable.在非正式場合，大量的贊美是讓人感到舒服的F4.Theculturalassumptionofcomplimentsisthesamebetweencultures.文化的假設是文化的相同的。T5.AdjectivesandverbsareoftenusedtoconveycomplimentmessageinEnglish,whileadjectives,adverbsandverbsareoftenusedinChinese.形容詞和動詞常被用來傳遞英語中的恭維話，而形容詞、副詞和動詞常被用在漢語里。F6.Englishcomplimentsoftenbeginwiththeword“you”whileChinesecomplimentsoftenstartwiththeword“I”.英語的贊美常以“你”一詞開頭，而中國人的贊美常以“我”一詞開頭F7.ChinesepeoplegivemorecomplimentsindailylifethanAmericans.在日常生活中，中國人比美國人更為贊美。F8.Americanstendstobeself-effacingintheircomplimentsresponses.美國人往往自謙在稱贊別人的反應。F9.Complimentsonother’sbelongingsaresometimesanindirectwayofrequestinAmericanculture.對他人財物的贊美有時是美國文化中的一種間接的方式T10.Ifaguestcomplimentssomethinginanotherperson’shome,theChinesehostorhostesswillprobablygivethatthingtotheguest.如果一個客人在別人家里贊美別人的話，中國主人或女主人很可能會把這件事告訴客人。IVComprehensionCheckF1Verbalcommunicationismoreimportantthannonverbalcommunication.言語交際比非語言交際更為重要F2“Dragon”meansthesametotheWesterneras“龍”totheChinese.“龍”是指同為西方人的“龍”到中國。F3TheChinesephrase“知識分子”hasthesamemeaningas“intellectual”.中國“知識分子”具有相同的含義是“知識T4Aterminonelanguagemaynothaveacounterpartinanotherlanguage.在一種語言中的一個術(shù)語在另一種語言中可能沒有對等詞F5Inreferringtoanimalsandbirds,theChinesepracticeisgenerally,butnotalways,touse“公”or“母”toshowwhetheracreatureismaleorfemale.ThisisthesamewiththeEnglishlanguage.在談到動物和鳥類，中國的做法是通常，但不總是，用“公”或“母”來表明該生物是否是男性或女性。這與英語是一樣的。T6ThefollowingsixEnglishword:“vice”,“associate”,“assistant”,“deputy”,“l(fā)ieutenant”and“under”canallmean“副”inChineselanguage.以下六個英文單詞：“副”、“聯(lián)想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在漢語中F7ThereareasmanysimilaritiesasdissimilaritiesbetweenEnglishproverbsandChineseproverbs.有許多相似之處，英語諺語和漢語諺語的異同。T8Violatingaculturaltabooisasseriousasviolatingaverbaltaboo,違反文化禁忌的是嚴重違背了言語禁忌T9Patternsofthoughtvarieswithculture.思維方式隨文化而變化。T10Particularthoughtpatternspredominateineachculture,e.g.Americancultureispredominantlyfactual-inductive,Russiancultureispredominantlyaxiomatic-deductive,andArabculturesarepredominatelyintuitive-affective.在每一個特定的思維模式主導文化的T10，例如美國文化主要是事實的歸納，俄羅斯文化主要是公理化演繹，和阿拉伯文化以直觀的情感。VComprehensionCheckT1Speakingisjustonemodeofcommunication.Therearemanyothers.說只是一種交流方式。還有許多人F2Someresearchersassertthatinface-to-facecommunication,about70%ofinformationiscommunicatedthroughspeaking,andover30%sissentbynonverbalmeans.一些研究者斷言，在面對面的交流中，約有70%的信息是通過說話，而超過30%則是通過非語言方式發(fā)送的overallrelationshipbetweenallthepeopleengagedincommunication.Low-contextcultures（外向型的文化）excludemanyofthosestimuliandfocusmoreintenselyontheobjectivecommunicationevent,whetheritbeaword,asentence,oraphysicalgesture.Inlow-contextcultures,themessageitselfmeanseverything."I"culture(個體主義）：1.Freedomtocontroltheirwondestiny2.Self-reliancetostandontheirownfeet3.Privacytomindtheirownbusiness4.Familytiestendtoberelativelyunimportant"We"culture(集體主義）：1.Harmonytostriveforthecommongood2.Competitionisnotencouraged3.Limitrightstoproperty4.Filialpiety(孝順）5.Inter-dependantPowerdistance(權(quán)利差距）：describesthedistribution(分布）ofinfluencewithintheculture,theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganizationsandinstitutionsacceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.Culturesareclassifiedonacontinuum(延續(xù)體）ofhightolowdistance,thatishierarchy(等級主義）v.s.egalitarian（平等主義）.Masculinecultures(剛性文化）:Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonmaculinetraitsandstressassertiveness,competitionandmaterialsuccess.Femininecultures(柔性文化）：Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonfeminnetraitsandstressqualityoflife,interpersonalrelationshipsandconcernfortheweak.1.Enculturation(文化習得):alltheactivitiesoflearningone’sculturearecalledenculturation9.Acculturation(文化適應):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.10.Ethnocentric(文化中心主義):thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.11.Communication:meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.12.Source交際邀請Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.13.Encoding編碼Unfortunately(orperhapsfortunately),humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.1. Message編碼信息Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,theverb;themessageistheresultingobject.2. Channel交際渠道Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.3. Noise干擾Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.4. Receiver交際接受Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.1. Decoding解碼Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.2. Receiverresponse接受反應Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.3. Feedback反饋Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.1. Context場景Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.16.Connotation（內(nèi)涵）：thesuggestivemeaningofawordallthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.17.Taboo禁忌語：referstosomeobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.18.Euphemism委婉語：Meanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.Strikewhiletheironishot趁熱打鐵Morehaste,lessspeed.欲速不達Topassfisheyesforpearls魚目混珠asstubbornasamule犟得像頭牛dumbbell笨蛋tofishintheair水底撈月todrinklikeafish牛飲asdryassawdust味同嚼蠟tobeattheendofone’srope山窮水盡landscapeengineer園林工人tonsorialartist理發(fā)師sanitationengineer清潔工shoerebuilder補鞋匠softinthehead發(fā)瘋的recklessdisregardfortruth撒謊totakethingswithoutpermission偷竊industrialclimate勞資關(guān)系緊張justicehaslongarms天網(wǎng)恢恢，疏而不漏fatoffice肥缺diamondcutdiamond棋逢對手goldensaying金玉良言Youwillcrossthebridgewhenyougettoit船到橋頭自然直betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion寧為雞頭，勿為牛后treaduponeggs如履薄冰簡答題9componentsofcommunication（交際的十大要素）①source(來源）：thepersonwhodesiresto②encoding(編碼）：theprocessofputtingonideaintoasymbol③message(信息）：identifiestheencodingthought④channel(渠道）：themeansoftransmission(傳播途徑）⑤noise(干擾）：anythingdistortsthemessages⑥r(nóng)eceiver(接受者）：thepersonwhoattendstothemessage⑦decoding(解碼）：assigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived⑧receiverresponse(接受者反應）：anythingthereceiverdoes⑨feedback(反饋）：theportionwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning⑩context(場景）：helpdefine(使明確）thecommunication1.Discussthefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.①convenienttransportationsystems(便捷的交通系統(tǒng)）②innovativecommunicationsystems(革新通信技術(shù)）③economicglobailzation(經(jīng)濟全球化）④widespreadmigrations(廣泛的移民)2.Whatarethethreeingredients(組成)ofculture?①artifacts(thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce)②behavior(whattheydo)③concepts(共有觀點）(whattheythink)3.Howtounderstandculturaliceberg?justasaniceberg,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedanimagined.Alsolikeaniceberg,nine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface4.Whatarethecharacteristic(特點）ofculture?①shared②learned(enculuration文化習得：learningone'sculture)③dynamic(動態(tài)的）（accultration文化適應：adoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanotherculture)④ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主義：ownculturalbackgroundissuperior)5.Whatarethecharacteristicofcommunication?①dynamic(動態(tài)性）；②irreversible(不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的）③symbolic(符號的）④systematic(系統(tǒng)性）⑤transactional（互動性）⑥contextual(語境)1.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?①InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname；inEnglishthisorderisreversed.②InChinaseniority(資歷）ispaidrespectsto.Nowadays,manyEnglish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.(Aboutaddressingbyrelationship）Chineseoftenextenkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.Chineseuseaperson'stitle、office、orprofessiontoindicate(表明）theperson'sinfluential(有權(quán)勢的）status.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused，suchasdoctor,governor,mayor,professor,nurseandcaptain.(p24)1. WhatarethedifferentfeaturesofM-TimeandP-time?M-Timethinktimeisperceivedasalinearstrucure.認為時間是線性的P-Timeislessrigid(刻板）andclock-bound,moreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.3.Whatarethedifferentfeatureofm-timeandp-time?P97M:DoonethingatatimeTaketimecommitmentsseriouslyArecommittedtothejobAdherereligiouslytoplansEmphasizepromptnessAreaccustomedtoshort-termrelationshipsP:DomanythingsatonceConsidertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossibleArecommittedtopeopleandhumanrelationshipsChangeplansoftenandeasilyBasepromptnessontherelationshipHavestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationshipsM-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules,segmentation,punctualityandpromptness.Itfeaturesoneeventatatimeandtimeisperceivedasalinearstructure.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametimeandtimeisperceivedasmoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.2.Whatarethesocialfunctionsofcompliments?(贊美的社會功能是什么？)Creatingorreinforcing(加固）solidarity,greetingpeople,expressingthanksorcongratulations,encouragingpeople,softeningcriticism（委婉批評）,startingaconversation,orevenovercomingembarrassment（窘迫）.2.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyle?TheChineseemployacircularapproachinwriting.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobe‘turningandturninginawideninggyre’.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.Aparagraphissetoffbyanindentationofitsfirstsentencesorbysomeotherconventionaldevise,suchasextraspacebetweenparagraphs.Incontrast,theAmericansaredirectandlinearinwriting.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,byaseriesofsubdivisionsofthattopicstatement,eachsupportedbyexampleandillustrations,proceeds,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatoallotherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideainproperrelationshipwiththeotherideas,toprovesomething,orperhapstoarguesomething.4.WhatdifferentworldviewcanbedrivefromBuddhism（佛教）andChristianity（基督教）?Buddhistsdonotbelieveinagodorgodswhocreatedtheworld.However,theydobelievethatthereisasupremeandwonderfultruththatwordscannotteach,andritualcannotattain.Buddhistsarenotfavorablydisposedtothenotionoffreeenterpriseandthepursuitofmaterialwell-being.Seenfromawesternworldview,havingnodesiresadverselyaffectsmotivesforpersonalenrichmentandgrowthgenerally.Thus,littlesupportisaccordedtofreeenterprise.Christianityrecognizestheimportanceofworkandfreeownershipofproperty.Protestant,inparticular,seesthesalvationoftheindividualthroughhardworkandpiety.5.WhatistheAmericanculturalvaluelikeintermsofvalueorientation?（美國文化價值取向）Asfarasthehumannatureisconcerned,theAmericancultureholdsthatitisevilbutperfectiblethroughhardwork.Astotherelationofmantonature,theythinkmankindcanconquerthenature.Theyalsohavealineartimeconceptandthereforetheyarefuture-oriented.Theyfocusondoingandthinkthatonlyactionscansolvetheproblem.Theyarequiteindividualisticandthereforetheyfocuslessonthebenefitsofthegroup.4.Discussthecontentsof…1)Chronemics:Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.時間學(1)Mo