無機材料物理性能實驗齊齊哈爾大學(xué)無機非金屬材料專業(yè)無機材料物理性能課程實驗指導(dǎo)書程偉東2014-10-10urbanarea2.5.2YibincityinYibincity,accordingtoresourceandenvironmentcharacteristicsUrbanpopulationandurbanspatialdistribution,spatialdistributionofindustries,majorinfrastructureCorridorlayout,combinedwiththefuturedevelopmenttrendofsyntheticjudgments,planning,urbanspatialstructureofurbansystemcanbesummarizedas:"apolealongthetwoaxes"."A"referstothemetropolitanareaalongtheYangtzeRiver,isthecoreareaofthedevelopmentofthecity.PlanstobuildfortheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltonthepillar,advancingalongthe...GuangheRiver,Yiliang,prestigeoftheexternalcohesionofzhaotong,Yunnan,internalconnectingYibincitytotheNorth.TheSichuan-Yunnan-GuizhouborderareaofYibin,inthecityofzhaotong,liupanshuithree,zhaotongcity,themostpopulousandmostextensiveregions,themosteconomicallybackward,totheNorthinWumengmountainareaofyanjin,shuifu,suijiangcountiesradiationpowerisrelativelyweak.Yibincityandinfrastructureinsuchareasshouldbestrengthenedanddocking,extendingsouthwardtopublicservices,promotethedevelopmentofmineralresourcesinNortheastYunnan,expandoureconomichinterland,drivingsynchronousliftinginSichuan-Yunnan-Guizhouborderarea.Thisurbanaxiswithmineralresourceadvantages,focusonthedevelopmentofadvancedtechnology,comprehensiveutilizationofresourcesofhigherenergy,newbuildingmaterials,chemicalindustry,developingnewenergyandminingtowns.Urbanspaceorganization-ingongxianCounty,Gao,junlianCountyCenterforareaorganizations,improve,Gao,Gong,junlianCountycomprehensiveservices,andpromotingregionaleconomicdevelopmentandpopulationgrowthoftheagglomeration.Alongthemaintrafficarteriestoimplement"point-axisdevelopment"modekeyrepeatedly,Shahetown,XiaoZhen,LuotableZhen,Luotown,loveMuZhenandothertownsasdistrictdevelopmentfocusesoncitiesandtowns,promotethedevelopmentofdistrict實驗一測定無機非金屬材料的介電常數(shù)一、 實驗?zāi)康?、掌握測定無機非金屬材料介電常數(shù)的操作過程二、 實驗原理相對介電常數(shù)通常是通過測量試樣與電極組成的電容、試樣厚度和電極尺寸求得。相對介電常數(shù)3)測試可用三電極或二電極系統(tǒng)。r對于二電極試樣，由于方形電容C的計算公式是：x,,X,Y,,r0C,(1)xd因此，待測材料的介電常數(shù)可以表示為：C,dx,,(2)r,,X,Y0式2中C為試樣電容（法），X為電極長度（米），Y為電極寬度（米），d為電極板之間的距離x-12（米），e=8.854187818X10法拉/米（F/m）。0°平帽過樣-開美利容測果懼°平帽過樣-開美利容測果懼圖1電容法測量材料介電常數(shù)示意圖測試中，選擇電極極為重要。常用的是接觸式電極?？捎谜迟N鋁箔、燒銀、真空鍍鋁等方法制作電極，但后者不能在高頻下使用。低頻測量時，試樣與電極應(yīng)屏蔽。在高頻下可用測微電極以減小引線影響。在某些特殊場合，可用不接觸電極，例如薄膜介電性能測試和頻率高于30兆赫時介電性能的測量。三、實驗儀器PGM-2型數(shù)字小電容測試儀、玻璃刀、玻璃板、游標(biāo)卡尺、鋁質(zhì)平板電極、連接導(dǎo)線urbanarea2.5.2YibincityinYibincity,accordingtoresourceandenvironmentcharacteristicsUrbanpopulationandurbanspatialdistribution,spatialdistributionofindustries,majorinfrastructureCorridorlayout,combinedwiththefuturedevelopmenttrendofsyntheticjudgments,planning,urbanspatialstructureofurbansystemcanbesummarizedas:"apolealongthetwoaxes"."A"referstothemetropolitanareaalongtheYangtzeRiver,isthecoreareaofthedevelopmentofthecity.PlanstobuildfortheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltonthepillar,advancingalongthe...GuangheRiver,Yiliang,prestigeoftheexternalcohesionofzhaotong,Yunnan,internalconnectingYibincitytotheNorth.TheSichuan-Yunnan-GuizhouborderareaofYibin,inthecityofzhaotong,liupanshuithree,zhaotongcity,themostpopulousandmostextensiveregions,themosteconomicallybackward,totheNorthinWumengmountainareaofyanjin,shuifu,suijiangcountiesradiationpowerisrelativelyweak.Yibincityandinfrastructureinsuchareasshouldbestrengthenedanddocking,extendingsouthwardtopublicservices,promotethedevelopmentofmineralresourcesinNortheastYunnan,expandoureconomichinterland,drivingsynchronousliftinginSichuan-Yunnan-Guizhouborderarea.Thisurbanaxiswithmineralresourceadvantages,focusonthedevelopmentofadvancedtechnology,comprehensiveutilizationofresourcesofhigherenergy,newbuildingmaterials,chemicalindustry,developingnewenergyandminingtowns.Urbanspaceorganization-ingongxianCounty,Gao,junlianCountyCenterforareaorganizations,improve,Gao,Gong,junlianCountycomprehensiveservices,andpromotingregionaleconomicdevelopmentandpopulationgrowthoftheagglomeration.Alongthemaintrafficarteriestoimplement"point-axisdevelopment"modekeyrepeatedly,Shahetown,XiaoZhen,LuotableZhen,Luotown,loveMuZhenandothertownsasdistrictdevelopmentfocusesoncitiesandtowns,promotethedevelopmentofdistrict四、實驗步驟1、 采取邊長為100X100mm的正方型玻璃板，記錄電極板的長X、寬Y以及實際玻璃板的厚度d。2、 按照圖1連接儀器。3、 開啟數(shù)字電容儀。4、 松開電極板緊定螺絲，將上電容板臺到適當(dāng)高度，在中間放入一塊測量好的玻璃，使上下電容板與玻璃板相接觸，然后旋緊固定螺絲。5、 讀取電容數(shù)字。6、 然后重復(fù)4、5步驟，將玻璃板換成2-5塊，分別測出其電容值。7、 結(jié)束實驗，關(guān)閉儀器。實驗數(shù)據(jù)計算介電常數(shù)介電介質(zhì)尺寸電容值序號C()8()X()Y()d()xr123456五、思考題介電常數(shù)與介電材料的厚度有什么樣的關(guān)系，介電現(xiàn)象是如何產(chǎn)生的，urbanarea2.5.2YibincityinYibincity,accordingtoresourceandenvironmentcharacteristicsUrbanpopulationandurbanspatialdistribution,spatialdistributionofindustries,majorinfrastructureCorridorlayout,combinedwiththefuturedevelopmenttrendofsyntheticjudgments,planning,urbanspatialstructureofurbansystemcanbesummarizedas:"apolealongthetwoaxes"."A"referstothemetropolitanareaalongtheYangtzeRiver,isthecoreareaofthedevelopmentofthecity.PlanstobuildfortheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltonthepillar,advancingalongthe...GuangheRiver,Yiliang,prestigeoftheexternalcohesionofzhaotong,Yunnan,internalconnectingYibincitytotheNorth.TheSichuan-Yunnan-GuizhouborderareaofYibin,inthecityofzhaotong,liupanshuithree,zhaotongcity,themostpopulousandmostextensiveregions,themosteconomicallybackward,totheNorthinWumengmountainareaofyanjin,shuifu,suijiangcountiesradiationpowerisrelativelyweak.Yibincityandinfrastructureinsuchareasshouldbestrengthenedanddocking,extendingsouthwardtopublicservices,promotethedevelopmentofmineralresourcesinNortheastYunnan,expandoureconomichinterland,drivingsynchronousliftinginSichuan-Yunnan-Guizhouborderarea.Thisurbanaxiswithmineralresourceadvantages,focusonthedevelopmentofadvancedtechnology,comprehensiveutilizationofresourcesofhigherenergy,newbuildingmaterials,chemicalindustry,developingnewenergyandminingtowns.Urbanspaceorganization-ingongxianCounty,Gao,junlianCountyCenterforareaorganizations,improve,Gao,Gong,junlianCountycomprehensiveservices,andpromotingregionaleconomicdevelopmentandpopulationgrowthoftheagglomeration.Alongthemaintrafficarteriestoimplementpoint-axisdevelopmentmodekeyrepeatedly,Shahetown,XiaoZhen,LuotableZhen,Luotown,loveMuZhenandothertownsasdistrictdevelopmentfocusesoncitiesandtowns,promotethedevelopmentofdistrict實驗二熱電效應(yīng)實驗一、 實驗?zāi)康?、 了解熱電材料的賽貝克(seeback)定律，珀耳帖(Peltier)效應(yīng)，湯姆孫效應(yīng)等熱電材料的特性。2、 熟練的使用萬用表來測量熱電效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的電勢差。3、 認識熱電材料，了解溫度對材料產(chǎn)生的作用。二、 實驗設(shè)備半導(dǎo)體制冷片，2個燒杯，鋁質(zhì)導(dǎo)熱板，秒表，熱水，萬用表(精確電壓表)，干電池三、實驗原理電流通過導(dǎo)體時，會因為導(dǎo)體電阻而損耗掉部分能量，這部分能量轉(zhuǎn)換為熱能，就形成了電的熱效應(yīng)。電制冷的理論基礎(chǔ)是固體的熱電效應(yīng)，在無外磁場存在時，它包括五個效應(yīng)，導(dǎo)熱、焦耳熱損失、西伯克(Seebeck)效應(yīng)、帕爾帖(Peltire)效應(yīng)和湯姆遜(Thomson)效應(yīng)。其中后三者稱為熱電三效應(yīng)。1、塞貝克效應(yīng)A材料低溫點T高溫點T01iB材料圖1塞貝克效應(yīng)示意圖當(dāng)一對不同材質(zhì)兩端互相銜接且兩接頭溫度不同，換言之，溫差電偶的兩個接頭處于不同溫度時，電偶兩端就有一定電動勢，于是產(chǎn)生電流。此即為塞貝克效應(yīng)。溫差電動勢與兩接頭的溫度勢及兩種材料的性質(zhì)有關(guān)，可用溫差電動勢率，即單位溫差產(chǎn)生的電動勢來描述這一效應(yīng)，d,12,S12dT式中，為溫差電動勢。12知道了溫差電動勢率的表示式后，將乘上溫差(T1-T0)后，即得到在(T1-T0)下的溫差得到多少電動勢。于是我們可推知電流I為：I=〔S(T-T)〕/R1210R為電阻。urbanarea2.5.2YibincityinYibincity,accordingtoresourceandenvironmentcharacteristicsUrbanpopulationandurbanspatialdistribution,spatialdistributionofindustries,majorinfrastructureCorridorlayout,combinedwiththefuturedevelopmenttrendofsyntheticjudgments,planning,urbanspatialstructureofurbansystemcanbesummarizedas:"apolealongthetwoaxes"."A"referstothemetropolitanareaalongtheYangtzeRiver,isthecoreareaofthedevelopmentofthecity.PlanstobuildfortheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltonthepillar,advancingalongthe...GuangheRiver,Yiliang,prestigeoftheexternalcohesionofzhaotong,Yunnan,internalconnectingYibincitytotheNorth.TheSichuan-Yunnan-GuizhouborderareaofYibin,inthecityofzhaotong,liupanshuithree,zhaotongcity,themostpopulousandmostextensiveregions,themosteconomicallybackward,totheNorthinWumengmountainareaofyanjin,shuifu,suijiangcountiesradiationpowerisrelativelyweak.Yibincityandinfrastructureinsuchareasshouldbestrengthenedanddocking,extendingsouthwardtopublicservices,promotethedevelopmentofmineralresourcesinNortheastYunnan,expandoureconomichinterland,drivingsynchronousliftinginSichuan-Yunnan-Guizhouborderarea.Thisurbanaxiswithmineralresourceadvantages,focusonthedevelopmentofadvancedtechnology,comprehensiveutilizationofresourcesofhigherenergy,newbuildingmaterials,chemicalindustry,developingnewenergyandminingtowns.Urbanspaceorganization-ingongxianCounty,Gao,junlianCountyCenterforareaorganizations,improve,Gao,Gong,junlianCountycomprehensiveservices,andpromotingregionaleconomicdevelopmentandpopulationgrowthoftheagglomeration.Alongthemaintrafficarteriestoimplement"point-axisdevelopment"modekeyrepeatedly,Shahetown,XiaoZhen,LuotableZhen,Luotown,loveMuZhenandothertownsasdistrictdevelopmentfocusesoncitiesandtowns,promotethedevelopmentofdistrict上式為賽貝克（seeback）定律所以明顯地，賽貝克效應(yīng)可用來制作溫差發(fā)電機。因此，溫差發(fā)電機的效率主要取決于熱端和冷端的溫度和溫差發(fā)電材料的品質(zhì)因數(shù)值還強烈地依賴于溫度，因而對于不同的工作溫度需要選取不同的材料。目前半導(dǎo)體溫差發(fā)電機的效率雖遠低于火力發(fā)電機的效率，但它無轉(zhuǎn)動部件，因而具有壽命長、無干擾并可利用多種熱源(如核燃料、廢熱)等優(yōu)點，適用于做空間飛行器、海底電纜系統(tǒng)、海上燈塔、無人島嶼上的觀測站等的輔助電源。80年代美國已研制成500瓦的軍用溫差發(fā)電機。利用同位素加熱的核能溫差發(fā)電機已應(yīng)用于航天空。2、 珀耳帖(Peltier)效應(yīng)若將當(dāng)溫差電偶通以直流電流時(即加入電位差或電池)，電偶的一接頭會冷卻，另一接頭會發(fā)熱，電能不斷地把熱量從冷接頭處轉(zhuǎn)移到熱接頭去。溫差電致冷是溫差發(fā)電的逆效應(yīng)，稱為珀耳帖(Peltier)效應(yīng)。利用這種的原理可以制造電致冷器，只要加顆電池即可。半導(dǎo)體溫差電致冷器的致冷效率不隨致冷容量變化。當(dāng)致冷容量超過幾十升時，其效率比不上壓縮式致冷機的效率;但對小容量致冷，它是相當(dāng)優(yōu)越的，適用于做各種小型恒溫器以及要求無聲、無干擾、無污染等特殊場合。Q=n*I二a*TJi^c式中:Q為放熱或吸熱功率nn為比例系數(shù)，稱為珀爾帖系數(shù)I為工作電流Ja為溫差電動勢率T為冷接點溫度c3、 湯姆孫效應(yīng)湯姆孫效應(yīng)1856年W。湯姆孫用熱力學(xué)分析上述兩種溫差電效應(yīng)時指出，還應(yīng)有第三種溫差電現(xiàn)象存在。后來有人在實驗上發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果在存在溫度梯度的均勻?qū)w中通有電流時，導(dǎo)體中除了產(chǎn)生不可逆的焦耳熱外，還要吸收或放出一定的熱量，這一現(xiàn)象定名為湯姆孫效應(yīng)。在半導(dǎo)體中同樣存在著上述三種溫差電現(xiàn)象，而且效應(yīng)比金屬導(dǎo)體中顯著得多。如金屬中溫差電動勢率約為0,10微伏/攝氏度之間，在半導(dǎo)體中常為幾百微伏/攝氏度，甚至達到幾毫伏/攝氏度。因此金屬中的塞貝克效應(yīng)主要用于溫差電偶（用作溫度計）；而半導(dǎo)體可用于溫差發(fā)電。帕爾貼效應(yīng)可用于致冷（見溫差發(fā)電和致冷）。目前一級致冷，溫差可達50,60&二級致冷可達70,80C;三級致冷可達90,100C。由于低溫下材料的致冷性能變差，所以一般只作到三級左右。urbanarea2.5.2YibincityinYibincity,accordingtoresourceandenvironmentcharacteristicsUrbanpopulationandurbanspatialdistribution,spatialdistributionofindustries,majorinfrastructureCorridorlayout,combinedwiththefuturedevelopmenttrendofsyntheticjudgments,planning,urbanspatialstructureofurbansystemcanbesummarizedas:"apolealongthetwoaxes"."A"referstothemetropolitanareaalongtheYangtzeRiver,isthecoreareaofthedevelopmentofthecity.PlanstobuildfortheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltonthepillar,advancingalongthe...GuangheRiver,Yiliang,prestigeoftheexternalcohesionofzhaotong,Yunnan,internalconnectingYibincitytotheNorth.TheSichuan-Yunnan-GuizhouborderareaofYibin,inthecityofzhaotong,liupanshuithree,zhaotongcity,themostpopulousandmostextensiveregions,themosteconomicallybackward,totheNorthinWumengmountainareaofyanjin,shuifu,suijiangcountiesradiationpowerisrelativelyweak.Yibincityandinfrastructureinsuchareasshouldbestrengthenedanddocking,extendingsouthwardtopublicservices,promotethedevelopmentofmineralresourcesinNortheastYunnan,expandoureconomichinterland,drivingsynchronousliftinginSichuan-Yunnan-Guizhouborderarea.Thisurbanaxiswithmineralresourceadvantages,focusonthedevelopmentofadvancedtechnology,comprehensiveutilizationofresourcesofhigherenergy,newbuildingmaterials,chemicalindustry,developingnewenergyandminingtowns.Urbanspaceorganization-ingongxianCounty,Gao,junlianCountyCenterforareaorganizations,improve,Gao,Gong,junlianCountycomprehensiveservices,andpromotingregionaleconomicdevelopmentandpopulationgrowthoftheagglomeration.Alongthemaintrafficarteriestoimplement"point-axisdevelopment"modekeyrepeatedly,Shahetown,XiaoZhen,LuotableZhen,Luotown,loveMuZhenandothertownsasdistrictdevelopmentfocusesoncitiesandtowns,promotethedevelopmentofdistrict誑wi令示濁成坦'T1圖2半導(dǎo)體材料熱電效應(yīng)示意圖四、實驗步驟：1、 分別準(zhǔn)備開水放在燒杯中，燒杯中放置一個酒精溫度計測量水的溫度。2、 測量熱電偶（半導(dǎo)體冷卻片）的兩端初始電勢差。3、 將熱電偶（半導(dǎo)體冷卻片）的兩端分別放到開水和室溫的水中測量導(dǎo)線兩端的電勢差。4、 隨著溫度的降低，每高溫端降低五攝氏度測量一次電勢差。5、 記錄不同溫度下和電勢差并觀察其是否符合原理上所說明的結(jié)果。6、 將半導(dǎo)體制冷片電極兩端加上1.5V直流電壓，用手感覺片兩端的溫度變化，記錄下變化過程。7、 交換直流電壓的兩極，感覺兩端的溫度變化，并記錄下兩次加電的不同結(jié)果，并分析原因。實驗數(shù)據(jù)序號熱電材料電阻值冷端溫度熱端溫度電勢差塞貝克系數(shù)12345五、討論：一、 半導(dǎo)體制冷片作為特種冷源，具有哪些優(yōu)點和特點，二、 半導(dǎo)體溫差電片件應(yīng)用范圍有:制冷、加熱、發(fā)電，制冷和加熱應(yīng)用比較普遍，發(fā)揮你們的想象力，舉出可能的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，urbanarea2.5.2YibincityinYibincity,accordingtoresourceandenvironmentcharacteristicsUrbanpopulationandurbanspatialdistribution,spatialdistributionofindustries,majorinfrastructureCorridorlayout,combinedwiththefuturedevelopmenttrendofsyntheticjudgments,planning,urbanspatialstructureofurbansystemcanbesummarizedas:apolealongthetwoaxes.AreferstothemetropolitanareaalongtheYangtzeRiver,isthecoreareaofthedevelopmentofthecity.PlanstobuildfortheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltonthepillar,advancingalongthe...GuangheRiver,Yiliang,prestigeoftheexternalcohesionofzhaotong,Yunnan,internalconnectingYibincitytotheNorth.TheSichuan-Yunnan-GuizhouborderareaofYibin,inthecityofzhaotong,liupanshuithree,zhaotongcity,themostpopulousandmostextensiveregions,themosteconomicallybackward,totheNorthinWumengmountainareaofyanjin,shuifu,suijiangcountiesradiationpowerisrelativelyweak.Yibincityandinfrastructureinsuchareasshouldbestrengthenedanddocking,extendingsouthwardtopublicservices,promotethedevelopmentofmineralresourcesinNortheastYunnan,expandoureconomichinterland,drivingsynchronousliftinginSichuan-Yunnan-Guizhouborderarea.Thisurbanaxiswithmineralresourceadvantages,focusonthedevelopmentofadvancedtechnology,comprehensiveutilizationofresourcesofhigherenergy,newbuildingmaterials,chemicalindustry,developingnewenergyandminingtowns.Urbanspaceorganization-ingongxianCounty,Gao,junlianCountyCenterforareaorganizations,improve,Gao,Gong,junlianCountycomprehensiveservices,andpromotingregionaleconomicdevelopmentandpopulationgrowthoftheagglomeration.Alongthemaintrafficarteriestoimplement"point-axisdevelopment"modekeyrepeatedly,Shahetown,XiaoZhen,LuotableZhen,Luotown,loveMuZhenandothertownsasdistrictdevelopmentfocusesoncitiesandtowns,promotethedevelopmentofdistrict實驗三表面電阻率測量一、實驗?zāi)康暮蛢?nèi)容：學(xué)習(xí)電阻分析實驗技術(shù)。熟悉綜合電阻分析的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，掌握電阻分析方法。測量一組材料的電阻率數(shù)據(jù)和綜合電阻率曲線，解釋曲線變化的原因二、實驗設(shè)備RTS-4型四探針表面電阻測定儀及其配套軟件、半導(dǎo)體硅片、玻璃刀、計算機、千分尺、游標(biāo)卡尺三、實驗儀器與原理對于半無窮大均勻電阻率的樣品，由點電流源產(chǎn)生的電力線具有球面對稱性；即等勢面為一系列以點電流源為中心的半球面，如圖1。若樣品電阻率為P,樣品電流為I，則在離點電流源距離r處的電流密度J為半無窮大樣品上龜流源的半球等勢面IJ,22,r又根據(jù)EJ,,上式中E為r處的電場強度，由1與2,得,IE,22r,根據(jù)電場強度和電勢梯度的關(guān)系及球面對稱性，并取r為無窮遠處的電勢V(r)為零，則有,IVr,，，2,r同理，當(dāng)電流由探針流出樣品時，在r處形成的電勢V(r)為,IVr,,，，2,r直線四探針測試技術(shù)方法主要是指Rymaszewski法(測試原理圖如圖2)。Rymaszewski法適用于無窮大薄層樣品，此時不受探針距離和游移的影響，將四根排成一條直線的探針以一定的壓力垂直地壓在被測樣品表面上，在1、4探針間通以電流I(mA)，2、3探針間就產(chǎn)生一定的電壓V(mV)(如圖2)。探針2處的電勢V2是處于探針1處的電流源+I和處于探針4處的點電流源-I貢獻之和，即,I11,,V,,,,2,2S2S,,同理，探針3處的電勢V為3urbanarea2.5.2YibincityinYibincity,accordingtoresourceandenvironmentcharacteristicsUrbanpopulationandurbanspatialdistribution,spatialdistributionofindustries,majorinfrastructureCorridorlayout,combinedwiththefuturedevelopmenttrendofsyntheticjudgments,planning,urbanspatialstructureofurbansystemcanbesummarizedas:"apolealongthetwoaxes"."A"referstothemetropolitanareaalongtheYangtzeRiver,isthecoreareaofthedevelopmentofthecity.PlanstobuildfortheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltonthepillar,advancingalongthe...GuangheRiver,Yiliang,prestigeoftheexternalcohesionofzhaotong,Yunnan,internalconnectingYibincitytotheNorth.TheSichuan-Yunnan-GuizhouborderareaofYibin,inthecityofzhaotong,liupanshuithree,zhaotongcity,themostpopulousandmostextensiveregions,themosteconomicallybackward,totheNorthinWumengmountainareaofyanjin,shuifu,suijiangcountiesradiationpowerisrelativelyweak.Yibincityandinfrastructureinsuchareasshouldbestrengthenedanddocking,extendingsouthwardtopublicservices,promotethedevelopmentofmineralresourcesinNortheastYunnan,expandoureconomichinterland,drivingsynchronousliftinginSichuan-Yunnan-Guizhouborderarea.Thisurbanaxiswithmineralresourceadvantages,focusonthedevelopmentofadvancedtechnology,comprehensiveutilizationofresourcesofhigherenergy,newbuildingmaterials,chemicalindustry,developingnewenergyandminingtowns.Urbanspaceorganization-ingongxianCounty,Gao,junlianCountyCenterforareaorganizations,improve,Gao,Gong,junlianCountycomprehensiveservices,andpromotingregionaleconomicdevelopmentandpopulationgrowthoftheagglomeration.Alongthemaintrafficarteriestoimplement"point-axisdevelopment"modekeyrepeatedly,Shahetown,XiaoZhen,LuotableZhen,Luotown,loveMuZhenandothertownsasdistrictdevelopmentfocusesoncitiesandtowns,promotethedevelopmentofdistrict,I11,,V,,,,3,22SS,,探針2和3之間的電勢差為V為23,IVVV,,,23232,S由此可得出樣品的電阻率為V23,,2,SI根據(jù)測量此電壓并根據(jù)測量方式和樣品的尺寸不同，所測得的數(shù)據(jù)需要進行相應(yīng)的修正，可分別按以下公式計算樣品的電阻率、方塊電阻、電阻:J(7圖2Rymaszewski法示意圖圖3薄層方塊電阻示意圖1、薄圓片(厚度?4mm)電阻率：Q?cm(1)式中：1—1、4探針流過的電流值，選值可參考表2;V—2、3探針間取出的電壓值，單位mV;D一樣品直徑，單位:cm;S一平均探針間距，單位:cm;W—樣品厚度，單位:cm;Fsp一探針間距修正系數(shù)(四探針頭合格證上的F值)；F(D/S)一樣品直徑修正因子。當(dāng)D??時，F(xiàn)(D/S)=4.532，有限直徑下的F(D/S)由設(shè)備說明書的附表B查出：F(W/S)一樣品厚度修正因子。W/S<0.4時，F(xiàn)(W/S)=1;W/S>0.4時，F(xiàn)(W/S)值由設(shè)備說明書的附表C查出；2、薄層方塊電阻R:?為了測量擴散薄層的導(dǎo)電性能，引入了薄層電阻（方塊電阻）概念，如果一個均勻?qū)w是一寬為W，厚為d的薄層（見圖3），則LL,,,R,,（2）,,,dWdW,,上式表明，該薄層導(dǎo)體的電阻與L/W成正比，比例系數(shù)為p/d。這個比例系數(shù)就叫方塊urbanarea2.5.2YibincityinYibincity,accordingtoresourceandenvironmentcharacteristicsUrbanpopulationandurbanspatialdistribution,spatialdistributionofindustries,majorinfrastructureCorridorlayout,combinedwiththefuturedevelopmenttrendofsyntheticjudgments,planning,urbanspatialstructureofurbansystemcanbesummarizedas:"apolealongthetwoaxes"."A"referstothemetropolitanareaalongtheYangtzeRiver,isthecoreareaofthedevelopmentofthecity.PlanstobuildfortheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltonthepillar,advancingalongthe...GuangheRiver,Yiliang,prestigeoftheexternalcohesionofzhaotong,Yunnan,internalconnectingYibincitytotheNorth.TheSichuan-Yunnan-GuizhouborderareaofYibin,inthecityofzhaotong,liupanshuithree,zhaotongcity,themostpopulousandmostextensiveregions,themosteconomicallybackward,totheNorthinWumengmountainareaofyanjin,shuifu,suijiangcountiesradiationpowerisrelativelyweak.Yibincityandinfrastructureinsuchareasshouldbestrengthenedanddocking,extendingsouthwardtopublicservices,promotethedevelopmentofmineralresourcesinNortheastYunnan,expandoureconomichinterland,drivingsynchronousliftinginSichuan-Yunnan-Guizhouborderarea.Thisurbanaxiswithmineralresourceadvantages,focusonthedevelopmentofadvancedtechnology,comprehensiveutilizationofresourcesofhigherenergy,newbuildingmaterials,chemicalindustry,developingnewenergyandminingtowns.Urbanspaceorganization-ingongxianCounty,Gao,junlianCountyCenterforareaorganizations,improve,Gao,Gong,junlianCountycomprehensiveservices,andpromotingregionaleconomicdevelopmentandpopulationgrowthoftheagglomeration.Alongthemaintrafficarteriestoimplement"point-axisdevelopment"modekeyrepeatedly,Shahetown,XiaoZhen,LuotableZhen,Luotown,loveMuZhenandothertownsasdistrictdevelopmentfocusesoncitiesandtowns,promotethedevelopmentofdistrict電阻，用R表示：？,R?,dR=R?L/W?R的單位是Q,通常用Q/?表示。從上式可見，當(dāng)L=W時，R=R，此時R表示一個正???方形薄層的電阻，它與正方形的邊長無關(guān)，故取名為方塊電阻。方塊電阻通過修正后變成R.一=：*r(D/S'J對XFw 刃口…⑵式中：1—1、4探針流過的電流值，選值可參考表1;V—2、3探針間取出的電壓值，單位mV;D一樣品直徑，單位:cm;S—平均探針間距，單位:cm;W—樣品厚度，單位:cm;Fsp一探針間距修正系數(shù)(四探針頭合格證上的F值)；F(D/S)一樣品直徑修正因子。當(dāng)D??時，F(xiàn)(D/S)=4.532，有限直徑下的F(D/S)由設(shè)備說明書的附表B查出：F(W/S)一樣品厚度修正因子。W/S<0.4時，F(xiàn)(W/S)=1;W/S>0.4時，F(xiàn)(W/S)值由設(shè)備說明書的附表C查出；表1方塊電阻測量時電流量程選擇表(推薦)方塊電阻(?/?)電流量程<2.5100mA10mA2.0,251mA20,250>2000.1mA表2電阻率測量時電流量程選擇表(推薦)電阻率(Q?cm)電流量程<0.03100mA10mA0.03,0.31mA0.3,30>300.1mA四、實驗步驟1(打開四探針測試儀電源，預(yù)熱約1小時。將被測樣品放在測量臺上，旋下探針，使其與樣品表面接觸良好，并保持一定壓力。urbanarea2.5.2YibincityinYibincity,accordingtoresourceandenvironmentcharacteristicsUrbanpopulationandurbanspatialdistribution,spatialdistributionofindustries,majorinfrastructureCorridorlayout,combinedwiththefuturedevelopmenttrendofsyntheticjudgments,planning,urbanspatialstructureofurbansystemcanbesummarizedas:"apolealongthetwoaxes"."A"referstothemetropolitanareaalongtheYangtzeRiver,isthecoreareaofthedevelopmentofthecity.PlanstobuildfortheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltonthepillar,advancingalongthe...GuangheRiver,Yiliang,prestigeoftheexternalcohesionofzhaotong,Yunnan,internalconnectingYibincitytotheNorth.TheSichuan-Yunnan-GuizhouborderareaofYibin,inthecityofzhaotong,liupanshuithree,zhaotongcity,themostpopulousandmostextensiveregions,themosteconomicallybackward,totheNorthinWumengmountainareaofyanjin,shuifu,suijiangcountiesradiationpowerisrelativelyweak.Yibincityandinfrastructureinsuchareasshouldbestrengthenedanddocking,extendingsouthwardtopublicservices,promotethedevelopmentofmineralresourcesinNortheastYunnan,expandoureconomichinterland,drivingsynchronousliftinginSichuan-Yunnan-Guizhouborderarea.Thisurbanaxiswithmineralresourceadvantages,focusonthedevelopmentofadvancedtechnology,comprehensiveutilizationofresourcesofhigherenergy,newbuildingmaterials,chemicalindustry,developingnewenergyandminingtowns.Urbanspaceorganization-ingongxianCounty,Gao,junlianCountyCenterforareaorganizations,improve,Gao,Gong,junlianCountycomprehensiveservices,andpromotingregionaleconomicdevelopmentandpopulationgrowthoftheagglomeration.Alongthemaintrafficarteriestoimplement"point-axisdevelopment"modekeyrepeatedly,Shahetown,XiaoZhen,LuotableZhen,Luotown,loveMuZhenandothertownsasdistrictdevelopmentfocusesoncitiesandtowns,promotethedevelopmentofdistrictA）測試薄圓片（厚度?4mm）的電阻率：測量太陽能電池硅片的電阻率。具體操作時分別測量硅片的？中心、？半徑中心、？邊緣處的電阻率。按以下公式：（詳細說明見“測量原理簡介”）nP,V/I?F（D/S）?F（W/S）?W?Fsp?10（Q?cm）n選取測試電流I:I=F（D/S）?F（W/S）?W?Fsp?10。（式中各參數(shù)按“測量原理簡介”中的定義可分別得出，n是整數(shù)與量程檔有關(guān)）然后按此公式計算出測試電流數(shù)值。,在儀器上調(diào)整電位器“W1”和“W2”，使測試電流顯示值為計算出來測試電流數(shù)值。,按以上方法調(diào)整電流后，按“K8”鍵選擇“R/P”，按“K7”鍵選擇“P”，儀?器則直接顯示測量結(jié)果（Q?cm）。然后按“K9”鍵進行正反向測量，正反向測量值的平均值即為此點的實際值。最后，用計算機軟件重新自動測量同一點的薄圓片電阻率。例1：測厚度為0.63mm、直徑為76mm的硅片，巳知F=1.01，由于探針平均間距S=1mm，故D/S=76,從附表B中查得F(D/S)=4.526,附表C中查得F(W/S)=0.9894，故nn0.63X1.01X10=2.849X10，顯示器顯示電流數(shù)為2849;I=4.526X0.9894XB)測試薄層方塊電阻R?:測量導(dǎo)電玻璃的電阻率，分別測不同的三點按以下公式：(詳細說明見“測量原理簡介”)n,,V/I?F(D/S)?F(W/S)?Fsp?10(Q/?)?n選取測試電流I:I=F(D/S)?F(W/S)?Fsp?10。(式中各參數(shù)按“測量原理簡介”中的定義可分別得出，n是整數(shù)與量程檔有關(guān))然后計算出測試電流值。,在儀器上調(diào)整電位器“W1”和“W2”，使測試電流顯示值為計算出來測試電流數(shù)值。，按以上方法調(diào)整電流后，按“K8”鍵選擇“R/P”，按“K7”鍵選擇“R”，儀器則直??接顯示測量結(jié)果(Q/?)。然后按“K9”鍵進行正反向測量，正反向測量值的平均值即為此點的實際值。例1:測單面擴散層的硅片方塊電阻。巳知D=100mm，F(xiàn)=1.001，從附表B中查得F(D/S)=4.528，故nnI=4.528X1.001X10=4.533X10，顯示器顯示電流數(shù)為4533;最后，用計算機軟件重新自動測量同一點的方塊電阻數(shù)據(jù)記錄：,分別用記錄數(shù)據(jù)的方法和用軟件計算的方法記錄實驗數(shù)據(jù)，在實驗數(shù)據(jù)欄中必須有I值的計算過程。,注:Fsp和S在四探針針頭上有標(biāo)示，F(xiàn)sp=1，S=0.1cmurbanarea2.5.2YibincityinYibincity,accordingtoresourceandenvironmentcharacteristicsUrbanpopulationandurbanspatialdistribution,spatialdistributionofindustries,majorinfrastructureCorridorlayout,combinedwiththefuturedevelopmenttrendofsyntheticjudgments,planning,urbanspatialstructureofurbansystemcanbesummarizedas:"apolealongthetwoaxes"."A"referstothemetropolitanareaalongtheYangtzeRiver,isthecoreareaofthedevelopmentofthecity.PlanstobuildfortheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltonthepillar,advancingalongthe...GuangheRiver,Yiliang,prestigeoftheexternalcohesionofzhaotong,Yunnan,internalconnectingYibincitytotheNorth.TheSichuan-Yunnan-GuizhouborderareaofYibin,inthecityofzhaotong,liupanshuithree,zhaotongcity,themostpopulousandmostextensiveregions,themosteconomicallybackward,totheNorthinWumengmountainareaofyanjin,shuifu,suijiangcountiesradiationpowerisrelativelyweak.Yibincityandinfrastructureinsuchareasshouldbestrengthenedanddocking,extendingsouthwardtopublicservices,promotethedevelopmentofmineralresourcesinNortheastYunnan,expandoureconomichinterland,drivingsynchronousliftinginSichuan-Yunnan-Guizhouborderarea.Thisurbanaxiswithmineralresourceadvantages,focusonthedevelopmentofadvancedtechnology,comprehensiveutilizationofresourcesofhigherenergy,newbuildingmaterials,chemicalindustry,developingnewenergyandminingtowns.Urbanspaceorganization-ingongxianCounty,Gao,junlianCountyCenterforareaorganizations,improve,Gao,Gong,junlianCountycomprehensiveservices,andpromotingregionaleconomicdevelopmentandpopulationgrowthoftheagglomeration.Alongthemaintrafficarteriestoimplementpoint-axisdevelopmentmodekeyrepeatedly,Shahetown,XiaoZhen,LuotableZhen,Luotown,loveMuZhenandothertownsasdistrictdevelopmentfocusesoncitiesandtowns,promotethedevelopmentofdistrict序樣品樣品尺寸試樣或涂電流電阻電壓軟件顯示薄層/方塊電阻值號名稱（）層厚度（）（）（）（）123456五、思考題表面電阻值的大小與那些因素有關(guān)，urbanarea2.5.2YibincityinYibincity,accordingtoresourceandenvironmentcharacteristicsUrbanpopulationandurbanspatialdistribution,spatialdistributionofindustries,majorinfrastructureCorridorlayout,combinedwiththefuturedevelopmenttrendofsyntheticjudgments,planning,urbanspatialstructureofurbansystemcanbesummarizedas:"apolealongthetwoaxes"."A"referstothemetropolitanareaalongtheYangtzeRiver,isthecoreareaofthedevelopmentofthecity.PlanstobuildfortheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltonthepillar,advancingalongthe...GuangheRiver,Yiliang,prestigeoftheexternalcohesionofzhaotong,Yunnan,internalconnectingYibincitytotheNorth.TheSichuan-Yunnan-GuizhouborderareaofYibin,inthecityofzhaotong,liupanshuithree,zhaotongcity,themostpopulousandmostextensiveregions,themosteconomicallybackward,totheNorthinWumengmountainareaofyanjin,shuifu,suijiangcountiesradiationpowerisrelativelyweak.Yibincityandinfrastructure