Theworldhasneverseenpopulationageingbefore.CanitUntiltheearly1990snobodymuchthoughtaboutwholepopulationsgettingolder.TheUNhadtheforesighttoconvenea“worldassemblyonageing”backin1982,butthatcameandwent.By1994theWorldBankhadnoticedthatsomethingbigwashappening.Inareportentitled“AvertingtheOldAgeCrisis”,itarguedthatpensionarrangementsinmostcountrieswereunsustainable.Forthenexttenyearsasuccessionofbooks,mainlybyAmericans,soundedthealarm.TheyhadtitleslikeYoungvsOld,GrayDawnandTheComingGenerationalStorm,andtheirmessagewasblunt:health-caresystemswereheadingfortherocks,pensionersweretakingyoungpeopletothecleaners,andsoontherewouldbeintergenerationalwarfare.Sincethenthedebatehas elessemotional,notleastbecausealotmoreisknownaboutthesubject.Books,conferencesandresearchpapershavemultiplied.InternationalorganisationssuchastheOECDandtheEUissueregularreports.Populationageingisoneveryagenda,fromG8economicconferencestoNATOsummits.TheWorldEconomicForumnstoconsiderthefutureofpensionsandhealthcareatitsprestigiousDavosconferenceearlynextyear.Themedia,includingthisnewspaper,aregivingthesubjectextensivecoverage.Whetherallthatattentionhastranslatedintosufficientactionisanothern.ernmentsinrichcountriesnowacceptthattheirpensionandhealth-carepromiseswillsoon eunaffordable,andmanyofthemhaveembarkedonreforms,butsofaronlytimidly.Thatisnotsurprising:politicianswithaneyeonthenextelectionwillhardlyrushtointroduceunpopularmeasuresthatmaynotbearfruitforyears,perhapsdecades.Theoutlineofthechangesneededisclear.Toavoidfiscal(財(cái)政)meown,publicpensionsandhealth-careprovisionwillhavetobereinedbackseverelyandaxesmayhavetogoup.Byfarthemosteffectivemethodtorestrainpensionspendingistogivepeopletheopportunitytoworklonger,becauseitincreasestaxrevenuesandreducesspendingonpensionsatthesametime.Itmayevenkeepthemalivelonger.JohnRother,theAARP’sheadofandstrategy,pointstostudiesshowingthatotherthingsbeingequal,peoplewhoremainatworkhavelowerdeathratesthantheirretiredpeers.Youngerpeopletodaymostlyacceptthattheywillhavetoworkforlongerandthattheirpensionswillbelessgenerous.Employersstillneedtobepersuadedthatolderworkersareworthholdingonto.Thatmaybebecausetheyhavehadplentyofyoungeronestochoosefrom,partlythankstothepost-warbaby-boomandpartlybecauseoverthepastfewdecadesmanymorewomenhaveenteredthelabour,increasingemployers’choice.Butthereservoirofwomenableandwillingtotakeuppaidworkisrunninglow,andthebaby-boomersaregoinggrey.Inmanycountriesimmigrantshavebeenfillingsuchgapsinthelabourashavealreadyemerged(andrememberthattherealshortageisstillaroundtenyearsoff).Immigrationinthedevelopedworldisthehighestithaseverbeen,anditismakingausefuldifference.Instill-fertileAmericaitcurrentlyaccountsforabout40%oftotalpopulationgrowth,andinfast-ageingwesternEuropeforabout90%.Onthefaceofit,itseemstheperfectsolution.Manydevelocountrieshavelotsofyoungpeopleinneedofjobs;manyrichcountriesneedhelhandsthatwillboosttaxrevenuesandkeepupeconomicgrowth.Butoverthenextfewdecadeslaboursinrichcountriesaresettoshrinksomuchthatinflowsofimmigrantswouldhavetoincreaseenormouslytocompensate:toatleasttwicetheircurrentsizeinwesternEurope’smostyouthfulcountries,andthreetimesintheolderones.Japanwouldneedalargemultipleofthefewimmigrantsithasatpresent.Publicopinionpollsshowthatpeopleinmostrichcountriesalreadythinkthatimmigrationistoohigh.Furtherbigincreaseswouldbepoliticallyunfeasible.Totackletheproblemofageingpopulationsatitsroot,“old”countrieswouldhavetorejuvenate(使年輕)themselvesbyhavingmoreoftheirownchildren.Anumberofthemhavetried,somemoresuccessfullythanothers.Butitisnotasimplematterofofferingfinancialincentivesorprovidingmorechildcare.Modernurbanlifeinrichcountriesisnotwelladaptedtolargefamilies.Womenfindithardtocombinefamilyandcareer.Theyoftencompromisebyhavingjustonechild.Andiffertilityinageingcountriesdoesnotpickup?Itwillnotbetheendoftheworld,atleastnotforquiteawhileyet,buttheworldwillslowly eadifferentce.Oldersocietiesmaybelessinnovativeandmorestronglydisinclinedtotakerisksthanyoungerones.By2025atthelatest,abouthalfthevotersinAmericaandmostofthoseinwesternEuropeancountrieswillbeover50—andolderpeopleturnouttovoteinmuchgreaternumberthanyoungerones.Academicstudieshavefoundnoevidencesofarthatoldervotershaveusedtheirpowerattheballotboxtopushforpoliciesthatspecificallybenefitthem,thoughifinfuturetherearemanymoreofthemtheymightstartngso.Noristhereanysignoftheintergenerationalwarfarepredictedinthe1990s.Afterall,olderpeoplethemselvesmostlyhavefamilies.Inarecentstudyofparentsandgrown-upchildrenin11Europeancountries,KarstenHankofMannheimUniversityfoundthat85%ofthemlivedwithin25kmofeachotherandthemajorityofthemwereintouchatleastonceaweek.Evenso,theshiftinthecentreofgravitytoolderagegroupsisboundtohaveaprofoundeffectonsocieties,notjusteconomicallyandpoliticallybutinallsortsofotherwaystoo.RichardJacksonandNeilHoweofAmerica’sCSIS,inathoughtfulbookcalledTheGrayingoftheGreatPowers,arguethat,amongotherthings,theageingofthedevelopedcountrieswillhaveanumberofserioussecurityimForexample,theshortageofyoungadultsislikelytomakecountriesmorereluctanttocommitthefewtheyhavetomilitaryservice.Inthedecadesto2050,Americawillfinditselfyinganever-increasingroleinthedevelopedworld’sdefenceeffort.BecauseAmerica’spopulationwillstillbegrowingwhenthatofmostotherdevelopedcountriesisshrinking,Americawillbetheonlydevelopedcountrythatstillmattersgeopolitically(地緣政治上).AskmeinThereislittlethatcanbedonetostoppopulationageing,sotheworldwillhavetolivewithit.Butsomeoftheconsequencescanbealleviated.Manyexpertsnowbelievethatgiventherightpolicies,theeffects,thoughgrave,neednotbecatastrophic.Mostcountrieshaverecognisedtheneedtodosomethingandarebeginningtoact.Buteventhenthereisnoguaranteethattheireffortswillwork.Whatishappeningnowishistoricallyunprecedented.RonaldLee,directoroftheCentreontheEconomicsandDemographyofAgeingattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,putsitbrieflyandclearly:“Wedon’treallyknowwhatpopulationageingwillbelike,becausenobodyhasdoneityet.“Inits1994report,theWorldBankarguedthatthecurrentpensionsysteminmostcountriescould notbesustainedinthelongfurtheracceleratetheageinghardlyhaltthegrowthofhelptideoverthecurrentageingWhatmessageisconveyedinbookslikeYoungvsThegenerationgapisboundtoIntergenerationalswillTheyoungergenerationwillbeattheOldpeopleshouldgivewaytotheOnereasonwhypensionandhealthcarereformsareslowincomingisthat nobodyiswillingtosacrificetheirownintereststotacklethemostpeopleareagainstmeasuresthatwillnotbearfruitimmediatheproposedreformswillaffecttoomanypeople’spoliticiansareafraidoflosingvotesinthenextTheauthorbelievesthemosteffectivemethodtosolvethepensioncrisisisto allowpeopletoworklonger[C]cutbackonhealthcareincreasetaxrevenues[D]startreformsrightThereasonwhyemployersareunwillingtokeepolderworkersisthat theyaregenerallydifficulttothelongertheywork,thehighertheirtheirpayishigherthanthatofyoungeryoungerworkersarereadilyTocompensateforthefast-shrinkinglabour,Japanwouldneed toreviseitscurrentpopulationcontrollargenumbersofimmigrantsfromtoautomateitsmanufacturingandserviceapoliticallyfeasibleconcerningWhydomanywomeninrichcountriescompromisebyhavingonlyoneSmallfamilies ingmoreTheyfindithardtobalancecareerandItistooexpensivetosupportalargeChildcareistoobigaproblemforComparedwithyoungerones,oldersocietiesarelessinclinedto Thepredictedintergenerationalwarfareisunlikelybecausemostoftheolderpeoplethemselves Countriesthathaveashortageofyoungadultswillbelesswillingtocommitthemto PartIIIListeningComprehension(35SectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlynce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D],anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.2[A]ThemanisthemanageroftheapartmentThewomanisverygoodatThewomanwillgettheapartmentThemanislookingforan[A]Howthepictureswillturnout.[C]Whatthemanthinksofthe[B]Wherethebotanicalgardenis.[D]Whythepicturesarenot[A]ThereisnorecementfortheThereisnomatchfortheThesuitcaseisnotworthThesuitcasecanbefixedin[A]HeneedsavehicletobeusedinharshHehasafairlylargecollectionofqualityHehashadhistruckadaptedforcoldHedoesroutinetruckmaintenanceforthe[A]Shecannotstandherboss’sbadShehasoftenbeencriticizedbyherShehasmadeuphermindtoSheneverregretsanydecisionsshe[A]LookforashirtofamoresuitablecolorandRecetheshirtwithoneofsomeotherVisitadifferentstoreforasilkorcottonGetadiscountontheshirtsheisgoingto[A]Ata“LostandFound”.[C]Atatrade[B]Atareceptiondesk.[D]Atan[A]Repairitandmovein.[C]Convertitintoaho[B]Passitontohisgrandson.[D]SellitforagoodQuestions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejust[A]Uniquedescriptiveskills.[C]Colourfulworld[B]Goodknowledgeofreaders’tastes.[D]Carefulplottingand[A]Apeacefulsetting.[C]Tobeintheright[B]Aspaciousroom.[D]Tobeentirely[A]TheyrelyheavilyontheirownTheyhaveexperiencessimilartotheTheylookattheworldinadetachedTheyareoverwhelmedbytheirownQuestions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejust[A]Goodorbad,theyaretheretoLikeitornot,youhavetouseBelieveitornot,theyhaveGainorlose,theyshouldbe[A]Thefrequenttraindelays.[C]Thefoodsoldonthe[B]Thehightrainticketfares.[D]ThemonopolyofBritish[A]ThelowefficiencyoftheirCompetitionfromothermodesofConstantcomintsfromThepassingofthenewtransport[A]Theywillbede-nationalised.[C]Theyarefast[B]Theyprovideworseservice.[D]TheylosealotofSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.2PassageQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust[A]ThewholeAntarcticregionwillbeSomepolaranimalswill eManycoastalcitieswillbecoveredwithTheearthwillexperienceextreme[A]HowhumansaretocopewithglobalHowunstabletheWestAntarcticicesheetHowvulnerablethecoastalcitiesHowpolariceimpactsglobal[A]Itcollapsedatleastonceinthepast1.3millionItsitsfirmlyonsolidrockatthebottomoftheItmeltedattemperaturesabithigherthanthoseofItwillhavelittleimpactonsealevelwhenitbreaks[A]TheWestAntarcticregionwasonceanopenTheWestAntarcticicesheetwasabout7,000feetTheWestAntarcticicesheetwasoncefloatingTheWestAntarcticregionusedtobewarmerthanPassageQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust[A]WhetherwecandevelopsocialtiesontheWhetheradeletedphotoisimmediayremovedfromtheWhetherourblogscanberenewedWhetherwecansetupourown[A]Thenumberofvisitstheyreceive.[C]Thefilestheyhave[B]Thewaytheystoredata.[D]Themeanstheyusetoget[A]Whenthesystemisdown.[C]WhentheURLis[B]Whennewlinksaresetup.[D]WhentheserverisPassageQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust[A]SomeicedcoffeeshaveasmanycaloriesasahotIcedcoffeessoldbysomepopularchainsareDrinkingcoffeeafteramealismorelikelytocauseSomebrand-namecoffeescontainharmful[A]Havesomefreshfruit.[C]Takeahot[B]Exerciseatthegym.[D]Eatahot[A]TheycouldenjoyahappierfamilyTheycouldgreatlyimprovetheirworkManycancercasescouldbeManyembarrassingsituationscouldbeSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.Psychologistsarefindingthathopeysasurprisinglyvitalroleingivingpeopleameasurableadvantageinreaas(36) asacademicachievement,bearingupintoughjobsandcowith(37) illness.And,bycontrast,thelossofhopeisturningouttobeastrongersignthatamay(38) suicidethanotherfactorslongthoughttobemorelikelyr“Hopehasprovenapowerfulpredictorof(39) ineverystudywe’vedonesofar,”saidDr.CharlesR.Snyder,apsychologistwhohasdeviseda(40) toassesshowmuchhopeahas.Forexample,inresearchwith3,920collegestudents,Dr.Snyderandhis foundthatthelevelofhopeamongfreshmenatthebeginningoftheirfirstsemesterwasamore(42) predictoroftheircollegegradesthanweretheirS.A.T.scoresortheirgradepoint(43) inhighschool,thetwomeasuresmostcommonlyusedtopredictcollegeperformance. ,”Dr.Snydersaid.“Whenyoucompareofequivalentinligenceandpastacademicachievements,whatsetsthemapartisIndevisingawaytoassesshopescientifically,Dr.Snyder .“Thatnotionisnotconcreteenough,anditblurstwokeycomponentsofhope,”Dr.Snydersaid. PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25SectionDirections:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionspletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingMostyoungboysaretrainedtobelievethatmenshouldbestrong,tough,cool,anddetached.Thus,theylearnearlytohidevulnerableemotionssuchaslove,joy,andsadnessbecausetheybelievethatsuchfeelingsarefeminineandimplyweakness.Overtime,somemen estrangerstotheirownemotionallives.Itseemsthatmenwithtraditionalviewsofmasculinityaremorelikelytosuppressoutwardemotionsandtofearemotions,supposedlybecausesuchfeelingsmayleadtoalossofcomposure(鎮(zhèn)定).Keepinmind,however,thatthisviewischallengedbysomeresearchers.Aswithmanygendergaps,differencesinemotionalitytendtobesmall,inconsistent,anddependentonthesituation.Forinstance,Robertsonandcolleaguesfoundthatmaleswhoweremoretraditionallymasculineweremoreemotionallyexpressiveinastructuredexercisethanwhentheyweresimplyaskedtotalkabouttheiremotions.Males’difficultywith“tender”emotionshasseriousconsequences.First,suppressedemotionscancontributetostress-relateddisorders.Andworse,menarelesslikelythanwomentoseekhelpfromhealthprofessionals.Second,men’semotionalinexpressivenesscancauseproblemsintheirrelationshipswithpartnersandchildren.Forexample,menwhoendorsetraditionalmasculinenormsreportlowerrelationshipsatisfaction,asdotheirfemalepartners.Further,childrenwhosefathersarewarm,loving,andacceptingtowardthemhavehigherself-esteemandlowerratesofaggressionandbehaviorproblems.Onapositivenote,fathersareincreasinglyinvolvingthemselveswiththeirchildren.And30percentoffathersreportthattheytakeequalorgreaterresponsibilityfortheirchildrenthantheirworkingwivesdo.Oneemotionmalesareallowedtoexpressisanger.Sometimesthisangertranslatesintophysicalaggressionor.Mencommitnearly90percentofviolentcrimesintheUnitedStatesandalmostallualassaults.2Mostyoungboyshavebeentrainedtobelievethatmenwhoshowtenderfeelingsareconsideredtobe Somemenbelievethatiftheyexpressedtheiremotionsopenlythey Accordingtotheauthor,menwhosuppresstheiremotionsmaydevelop Menwhoobservetraditionalmasculinenormsaresaidtoderivelesssatisfactionfrom Whenmalesgetangry,theycan e orevencommitSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D]YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingIntheearly20thcentury,fewthingsweremoreappealingthanthepromiseofscientificknowledge.Inaworldstrugglingwithrapidindustrialization,scienceandtechnologyseemedtooffersolutionstoalmosteveryproblem.Newlycreatedstatecollegesanduniversitiesdevotedthemselvesalmostentirelytoscientific,technological,andengineeringfields.ManyAmericanscametobelievethatscientificcertaintycouldnotonlysolvescientificproblems,butalsoreformpolitics,ernment,andbusiness.TwoworldwarsandaGreatDepressionrockedtheconfidenceofmanypeoplethatscientificexpertisealonecouldcreateaprosperousandorderedworld.AfterWorldWarⅡ,theacademicworldturnedwithnewenthusiasmtohumanisticstudies,whichseemedtomanyscholarsthebestwaytoensurethesurvivalofdemocracy.Americanscholarsfannedoutacrossmuchoftheworld—withsupportfromtheFordFoundation,theFulbrightprogram,etc.—topromotetheteachingofliteratureandtheartsinanefforttomakethecasefordemocraticdoms.IntheAmericaofourowntime,thegreateducationalchallengehas eanefforttostrengthentheteachingofwhatisnowknownastheSTEMdisciplines(science,technology,engineering,andmath).ThereisconsiderableandjustifiedconcernthattheUnitedStatesisfallingbehindmuchoftherestofthedevelopedworldintheseessentialdisciplines.,,Japan,andotherregionsseemtobeseizingtechnologicalleadership.Atthesametime,perhapsinevitably,thehumanities—whilestillpopularinelitecollegesanduniversities—haveexperiencedasignificantdecline.Humanisticdisciplinesareseriouslyunderfunded,notjustbytheernmentandthefoundationsbutbyacademicinstitutionsthemselves.Humanistsareusuallyamongthelowest-paidfacultymembersatmostinstitutionsandareoftenlightlyregardedbecausetheydonotgenerategrant eandbecausetheyprovidenoobviouscredentials(資質(zhì))formostnonacademicUndoubtedlyAmericaneducationshouldtrainmorescientistsandengineers.MuchoftheconcernamongpoliticiansaboutthestateofAmericanuniversitiestodayisfocusedontheabsenceof“realworld”education—whichmeanspreparationforprofessionalandscientificcareers.Buttheideathatinstitutionsortheirstudentsmustdecidebetweenhumanitiesandscienceisfalse.Oursocietycouldnotsurvivewithoutscientificandtechnologicalknowledge.Butwewouldbeequallyimpoverished(貧困的)withouthumanisticknowledgeaswell.Scienceandtechnologyuswhatwecando.HumanisticthinkinghelpsusunderstandwhatweshouldItisalmostimpossibletoimagineoursocietywithoutthinkingoftheextraordinaryachievementsofscientistsandengineersinbuildingourcomplicatedworld.Buttrytoimagineourworldaswellwithouttheremarkableworksthathavedefinedourcultureandvalues.Wehavealwaysneeded,andwestillneed,both.Intheearly20thcenturyAmericansbelievedscienceandtechnology solvevirtuallyallexistingproblems[C]helpraisepeople’slivingquickenthepaceofindustrialization[D]promotethenation’ssocialsWhydidmanyAmericanscholars eenthusiasticabouthumanisticstudiesafterWorldWarⅡ?TheywantedtoimprovetheirownstatuswithinthecurrenteducationTheybelievedthestabilityofasocietydependedheavilyonhumanisticstuTheycouldgetfinancialsupportfromvariousfoundationsforhumanisticstuTheyrealizedscienceandtechnologyalonewerenoguaranteeforabetterWhyareAmericanscholarsworriedabouteducationTheSTEMsubjectsaretoochallengingforstudentstoSomeAsiancountrieshaveovertakenAmericainbasicAmericaislaggingbehindintheSTEMTherearenotenoughscholarsinhumanisticWhataccountsforthesignificantdeclineinhumanisticstudiesInsufficientfunding.[C]ShortageofdevotedShrinkingenrollment.[D]DimprospectsforWhydoestheauthorattachsomuchimportancetohumanisticTheypromotethedevelopmentofscienceandTheyhelppreparestudentsfortheirprofessionalHumanisticthinkinghelpsdefineourcultureandHumanisticthinkinghelpscultivatestudents’PassageQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingWillthereeverbeanotherEinstein?ThisistheundercurrentofconversationatEinsteinmemorialmeetingsthroughouttheyear.AnewEinsteinwillemerge,scientistssay.Butitmaytakealongtime.Afterall,morethan200yearsseparatedEinsteinfromhisnearestrival,IsaacNewton.ManyphysicistssaythenextEinsteinhasn’tbeenbornyet,orisababynow.That’sbecausethequestforaunifiedtheorythatwouldaccountforallthesofnaturehaspushedcurrentmathematicstoitslimits.Newmathmustbecreatedbeforetheproblemcanbesolved.ButresearcherssaytherearemanyotherfactorsworkingagainstanotherEinsteinemerginganytimesoon.Foronething,physicsisamuchdifferentfieldtoday.InEinstein’sday,therewereonlyafewthousandphysicistsworldwide,andthetheoreticianswhocouldintellectuallyrivalEinsteinprobablywouldfitintoastreetcarwithseatstospare.Educationisdifferent,too.OnecrucialaspectofEinstein’strainingthatisoverlookedistheyearsofphilosophyhereadasateenager—Kant,SchopenhauerandSpinoza,amongothers.Ittaughthimhowtothinkindependentlyand lyaboutspaceandtime,anditwasn’tlongbeforehebecameaphilosopherhimself.“Theindependencecreatedbyphilosophicalinsightis—inmyopinion—themarkofdistinctionbetweenamereartisan(工匠)orspecialistandarealseekeraftertruth,”Einsteinwrotein1944.Andhewasan plishedmusician.Theinterybetweenmusicandmathiswellknown.Einsteinwouldfuriouslyyhisviolinasawaytothinkthroughaknottyphysicsproblem.Today,universitieshaveproducedmillionsofphysicists.Therearen’tmanyjobsinscienceforthem,sotheygotoWallStreetandSiliconValleytoapplytheiranalyticalskillstomorepractical—andrewarding—efforts.“MaybethereisanEinsteinouttheretoday,”saidColumbiaUniversityphysicistBrianGreene,“butitwouldbealotharderforhimtobeheard.”EspeciallyconsideringwhatEinsteinwas“Theactualfabricofspaceandtimecurving?MyGod,whatanidea!”GreenesaidatarecentgatheringattheAspenInstitute.“Ittakesacertaintypeofnwhowillbanghisheadagainstthewallbecauseyoubelieveyou’llfindthesolutiPerhapsthebestexamplesarethefivescientificpapersEinsteinwroteinhis“miracleyear”of1905.These“thoughtexperiments”werepagesofcalculationssignedandsubmittedtotheprestigiousjournalAnnalenderPhysikbyavirtualunknown.Therewerenofootnotesorcitations.Whatmighthappentosuchasubmission“Weallgetpaperslikethoseinthemail,”Greenesaid.“Weputtheminthejunkfile.”2Whatdoscientistsseemtoagreeupon,judgingfromthefirsttwoparagraEinsteinpushedmathematicsalmosttoitsItwilltakeanotherEinsteintobuildaunifiedNophysicistislikelytosurpassEinsteininthenext200ItwillbesometimebeforeanewEinsteinWhatwascriticaltoEinstein’sHistalentas plishedHisindependent HisuntiringefforttofulfillhisHissolidfoundationinmathWhatdoestheauthorlusaboutphysicistsTheytendtoneglecttraininginyticalTheyareverygoodatsolvingpracticalTheyattachgreatimportancetopublishingacademicTheyoftengointofieldsyieldinggreaterfinancialWhatdoesBrianGreeneimplybysaying“...itwouldbealotharderforhimtobeheard”(Lines1-2,Para.9)?PeoplehavetocompeteinordertogettheirpapersItishardforascientisttohavehispaperspublishedPaperslikeEinstein’swouldunlikelygetpublishedNobodywillreadpapersonapparentlyridiculousWhenhesubmittedhispapersin1905,Einstein forgottomakefootnotesandwaslittleknowninacademicwasknownasayounggeniusinmathknewnothingabouttheformatofacademicPartVCloze(15Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreachblanktherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D]ontherightsideofthepaper.Youshouldchoos