英文寫作多媒體課件第1頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ManuscriptFormatandPunctuationManuscriptFormatPunctuation第2頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ManuscriptFormatPagesCapitalizationWordDivision第3頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Pages

OnonesideonlySkipeveryotherline3cmmargin~~top2cm~left,right,bottom2cmindentation2linesbetweentitleandthebodyCapitalizewordsinthetitle第4頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Capitalization

FirstwordofeverysentenceThefirstandthelastwordsinthetitles,andalltheotherwords(includingwordsfollowinghyphens)exceptarticles,coordinatingconjunctions(and,or,but,for,etc.),shortprepositions,andthetoininfinitives,e.g.第5頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月CapitalizationTitlesbeforenamesDays,months,holidaysKinshipterms第6頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordDivision

Dividewordsbetweensyllables,Dividebetweendoubleletters,prefix/suffixandthestem:bet-ter,be-foreDividehyphenatedwordsatthehyphen,Thehyphenisputattheend,notatthebeginningofalineNottodividepropernamesDon’tdividewordsinamisleadingway第7頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月

Don’tleaveasingleletterattheend\beginningofalineDon’tleaveatwo-lettersyllableatthebeginningofalineDon’tdividemorethan2linesinsuccessionDon’tdividethelastwordofaparagraph/page,writethewholeonthenextpage第8頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Italics(=underline)TostateaexampleToemphasizewords,phrases,sentencesTitlesofbooks,newspapers,films,TVprograms,plays(書里某一篇文章的題目用引號(hào))Toindicateforeignwords第9頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月PunctuationPeriod.Questionmark?Exclamationmark!Comma,Semicolon;Colon:Parentheses()Brackets[]Dash—Slash/Quotationmarks“”Apostrophe’Hyphen-Ellipsispoints…第10頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月PeriodToendasentenceUsedafterinitialsandabbreviations(e.g.)第11頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月QuestionmarkUsedafteradirectquestionAfteradeclarativesentence/asentencefragmentthatfunctionasaquestion(e.g.)第12頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ExclamationmarkToshowstrongfeelingsAfteraninterrogativesentencewhenanironyoremphatictoneismoreimportantthanthequestion.(e.g.)第13頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月CommaSeparatecoordinateclauses(分隔并列從句)separateadverbialelement(e.g.3種情況)SeparatethreeormoreitemsinaseriesSeparateconjunctiveadverbs(分隔連接副詞)Separateparentheticalelementsorappositive(分隔插入語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ))Otheruses（e.g.）第14頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月SemicolonLink2closelyrelatedindependentclausesthatarenotjoinedbycoordinateconjunctions(e.g.)Beforeaconjunctiveadverbthatconnectsthe2clauses(e.g.)Usedinaseriesbetweentermsthatalreadycontaininternalpunctuation(e.g.)第15頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ColonToexplain,illustrate,restate,amplifyorsummarize(e.g.)Tointroduceaseriesoralonglist(e.g.)Tointroduceaquotation第16頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ParenthesesToprovideexamples,exclamations,definitions,orsupplementaryinformationToenclosebibliographicalreferences,crossreferencesandin-textreferencesToenclosenumbers/lettersforenumeration第17頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月BracketsToenclosetheeditorialexplanations/correctionswithinthequotedmaterialTofunctionasparentheseswithintheparentheses第18頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月DashToindicatethesuddenchangeinthoughtorinthestructureofthesentenceTomakeaninterruption/suspensionintheflowofthoughtToexplain,amplify,summarizeSpecialuses(e.g.)第19頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月QuotationmarksToenclosedirectquotationWordsdirectlytakenfromothersourcesWordsusedwithspecialmeaningEnclosetitleofessays,poems,articles,shortstories,songsAroundwords,phrase,lettersusedasthesubjectofdiscussionoraroundawordreferredtoasawordinsteadofforitsmeaningNicknamesorwordsusedironicallyTheplacewhereotherpunctuationsareputwhenusedwith“”(e.g.8-10)第20頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ApostropheToindicatethepossessivecaseofnouns/indefinitepronounsToindicateacontraction/omissionoflettersToformpluralsofnumbers,letters,abbreviationsandwordsreferredtoaswords.第21頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月HyphenTolinkelementsincompoundwordsUsedwithprefixesTodivideletters/syllablestoproducetheeffectofstammering,sobbing,orhesitatinginspeechTomarktheworddivision第22頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月EllipsispointsToindicatetheomissionToindicateincompletestatements,hesitationinspeech,orinterruptionsinthought第23頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsandrhetoricaldevicesUsingappropriatewordsUsingappropriaterhetoricaldevices第24頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsTypesofwordsMeaningsofwordsChoiceofwords第25頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TypesofwordsCommonwords,technicalwords,andnonstandardwordsIntermsofstylisticeffect:formalwords,informalwordsCommendatorywordsandderogatorywordsAbstractwordsandconcretewordsNativewordsandforeignwordsSynonymsandantonymsGeneralandspecificwords(e.g.)第26頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月FormalandinformalwordsFormalwordsarealsocalled“big”words,mainlyappearinformalwriting,suchasscholarly,theoretical,andpoliticalworks,etc.(e.g.)Informalwordsarealsoknownascommonwords,theyappearinallkindsofwritingColloquialwordsaremainlyusedinconversation(e.g.)第27頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月DistinguishsynonymsIntheshadeofmeaning,that’sindegree(e.g.)InemotionalcolorInformalityIncollocation第28頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月MeaningofwordsDenotation,asdefinedbythedictionaryConnotation,thefeelingortheideasuggestedbytheword(e.g.)第29頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Choiceofwords:dictionDictionisdecidedbythepurpose,thetopicandtheintendedaudienceCommon/informalwords:generalpurposeformal/nonstandardwords:specialpurposeSpecific/concretewords:givingdetailsgeneral/abstractwords:makingsummariesUseidiomaticwordsandexpressionsUseexactwordsthatbestsuitthecontentandstyleAvoidclichés第30頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月RhetoricaldevicesSimileMetaphorMetonymySynecdocheTransferredepithetPersonificationPunHyperboleunderstatementIronyParadoxOxymoronEuphemismParallelismAntithesisClimaxandanticlimaxRhetoricalquestions第31頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月SimileDefinition:anexplicitcomparisonbetweentwoormorethingswhichareessentiallydifferentbuthaveatleastonepropertyorcharacteristicincommonUsuallyintroducedby:like,as,as…as,asif,asthough,etcCommonform:AislikeB(e.g.)第32頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月MetaphorDefinition:acomparisonwhichisnotexplicitlystated,instead,itisimpliedorcondensedCommonform:AisB.(e.g.)Otherforms(e.g.)Typesandexamples第33頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月MetonymyDefinition:substitutionofthenameofAforthatofBwithwhichitiscloselyassociatedTypesandexamples第34頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月SynecdocheDefinition:asubstitutionofthepartforthewholeandthewholeforthepartExamples第35頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TransferredepithetDefinition:transferringanadjectiveordescriptivephrasefromthenounitshouldmodifytoanotherwordassociatedwiththatnounExample第36頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月PersonificationDefinition:totreatathingoranideaasifitwerehumanorhadhumanqualitiesFunction:tomakedescriptionmorevividandmoreimpressiveExamples第37頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月PunDefinition:aplayontheformandmeaningofwordsFunction:itisamusingandcanmakethewritingmorecolorfulExamples第38頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月HyperboleDefinition:adeliberateoverstatementorfancifulexaggerationFunction:toachieveemphasisExamples第39頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月UnderstatementDefinition:deliberatelyunderstatingafactExamples第40頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月IronyDefinition:useofwordswhichareclearlyoppositetowhatismeantorintendedFunction:emphaticandamusingExamples第41頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ParadoxDefinition:useaseeminglyself-contradictoryandabsurdstatementorpropositiontoexpresssomethingwhichistrue,well-foundedorsuccinctExamples第42頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月OxymoronDefinition:acompressedparadoxExamples第43頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月EuphemismDefinition:substitutionofanagreeableorinoffensiveexpressionfortheoffensiveorunpleasantoneTopicforsubstitution:illness,death,oldage,toilethabits,etc.Examples第44頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ParallelismDefinition:toemploythedeliberatearrangementofasuccessionofparallelconstructiontoachieveemphasisExamples第45頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月AntithesisDefinition:toarrangecontrastingwordsorideasdeliberatelyinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasisExamples第46頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ClimaxandanticlimaxClimax:toarrangeasuccessionofthoughtaccordingtotherateofsignificanceorintensity,inanascendingorder(e.g.)Anticlimax:toarrangeinadescendingorder(e.g.)第47頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月RhetoricalquestionsDefinition:aself-evidentquestionwhichseldomdemandsanexplicitanswerFunction:toexpresstheindignationorastonishment,toexpressstrongfeelingsExamples第48頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WritingcorrectandappropriatesentencesTypesofsentencesWrongandinappropriatesentencesstructureWordorderandemphasisofsentencesContent-orientedsentences第49頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TypesofsentencesClassifiedaccordingtofunction:declarative,interrogative,imperative,exclamatoryClassifiedaccordingtostructure:simple,compound,complex,compound-complexClassifiedaccordingtolength:longandshort(theuseoflongandshortsentences)Classifiedaccordingtorhetoric:loose散句,periodic圓周句,andbalancedsentences第50頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WrongandinappropriatesentencesstructureCompletesentences,minorsentencesandsentencefragmentsRun-onsentences,commasplicesandcommafaultsChoppysentencesMisplacedanddanglingmodifiersPronounreferenceUnnecessaryshifts第51頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月SentencesfragmentsDefinition:asequenceofwordsthathasnosubjectorpredicatebutisusedasasentenceComparedwithminorsentences(legitimatesentencefragments)Waystocorrectsentencefragments(e.g.)第52頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Run-onsentencesDefinition:twoormorecompletethoughts(orindependentclauses)thatareruntogetherwithoutadequatesigngiventomarkthebreakbetweenthem.Towotherforms:commasplicesandcommafaultsWaystocorrectthem(e.g.)第53頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ChoppysentencesDefinition:disconnectedjerkysentencesexamples第54頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月MisplacedmodifiersMisplacedmodifiers:amodifierappearssofarfromwhatitissupposedtomodify,thisinturnwouldchangethesense,orevenmakeitridiculous.Typesandwaystocorrectit(e.g.)第55頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月DanglingmodifiersDefinition:itisagroupofwordsthathasnogrammaticalconnectiontoanyelementinthesentence.Typesandwaystocorrectit(e.g.)第56頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月PronounreferenceFaultypronounreference:itariseswhenapronounhasmorethanonepossibleantecedent,whenitsantecedentisimpliedorunspecified,orwhenithasnoantecedentatall.Types(e.g.)第57頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月UnnecessaryshiftsDefinition:itisasuddenandinexplicableshiftinthepointofviewusedbythewriter.Itwillleadtoconfusion.Typesandwaystocorrectit(e.g.)第58頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordorderArelativelyfixedsentenceorder:subject+predicateverb+(object/complement)theadverbialismobileTopic-heavyandEndfocus第59頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月SentenceemphasisPostponement:thenewinformation,themostimportantpointliesintheendandachievesemphasisFronting:othersentenceelement(exceptthesubject)takesthebeginningplaceofasentenceEmphaticsentences:usedifferentsentencetypesEmphasiswithinsentences:changethenormalwordorder,thepartofspeech,thevoice第60頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Content-OrientedSentencesUnityCoherenceConcisenessClarityvariety第61頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月UnityDefinition:oneandonlyoneunifiedthoughtFiveimplications:first,second,third,fourth,andfive.Waystoachieveunity:Subordinationandcoordination(e.g.)第62頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月CoherenceDefinition:thenaturalflowinsenseandthereasonableconnectionWaystoachievecoherence:bytheuseofconjunctions;theeuseoftheinformationstructure;thethematicstructure,etc.Avoidincoherence:choppysentences,ambiguousreference,misplacedordanglingmodifiers,andconfusingshifts,etc.第63頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ConcisenessDefinition:savingunnecessarywordsBecarefuloftheuseofexpletives(填充詞):itandthereAvoidredundancy(e.g.)第64頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ClarityWaystoachieveclarity:usedefinite,specialandconcretelanguageratherthangeneral,vagueandabstractlanguage.第65頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月varietyDifferenttypesofsentencesexpressdifferentideasandsuitdifferentpurposes.Thechoiceofsentencetypesandpatternsisdeterminedbythecontentandthecontext.Sentencevariety(e.g.)第66頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月DevelopingparagraphsTopicsentenceandtransitioninparagraphsStrategiesforparagraphdevelopment第67頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TopicsentenceDefinition:asentencethattellsthemainideaofaparagraph.Itcanappearorbeimpliedinaparagraph.Itcanbeplacedatthebeginning,attheend,inthemiddle,orbothatthebeginningandtheend.第68頁(yè)，課件共77頁(yè)，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ControllingideaHelpsthereadertoseethemainideaoftheparagraphandkeepsthewriteradheringtothetopic.Waystohelpwiththewritingofacontrollingideainatopicsentence:makethecontrollingideareallystatethetopictobedevelopedasspecificaspossibleandmakesurethatthecontrollingideawillbreakdownintotherightnumberofpartstobewrittenaboutinapa