西方古典文化ClassicalWesternCulture主講：張伯香Lecture6

GreekEpicPoems

（希臘史詩）I.WhatisanEpic?

AlongnarrativepoemonagreatsubjectWritteninadignifiedstyleTellsabouttheadventuresofatraditionalherowithsuper-humancourageandstrength,whofightsawarortakesalonganddifficultjourney.Embodiesthevalueoftheculturestheyarewrittenfor.Iliadisaprimarymodelforepicofwar.Odysseyisaprimarymodelforepicofthelongjourney.Epicpoemsdrawon:MythReligionHistoryII.Homer(荷馬)(c.850BC-c.800BC)AGreekpoet.TheearliestexampleofancientGreekcultureSettheideasoftheGoodandtheBeautiful(善和美)Saidtobeablindman

Wrotetwoepicpoems:TheIliad

TheOdysseyComposedhisworksorallyRecitedorsangthemaloud.

HomerandhisguideIII.TheIliad

(伊利亞特)1.TheHistoricalTroyTheTrojanareaTroydiscovered

TroyruinsThingsdiscoveredinTroyReconstructionofTroy-13thcenturyTroyfromtheNorthCityofTroyStoryoftheTrojanWar

TroywassaidtobebuiltbyApolloandPoseidonforLaomedon,theking.Priam,sonofLaomedon,becameKingofTroyHiswifeHecubagavebirthtoasonnamedParisafteradreamofaflamingtorch.Cassandra,thepropheticdaughterofPriam,saidthatParisshouldbekilledorelsehewoulddestroythecity.ButPariswasrescuedbyshepherdsandgrewupawayfromthecityonafarm.Asayoungman,Parisreturnedhomeandwasreceivedbytheroyalfamily.PriamandParisParisCausesoftheWar

AppleofDiscordZeus,fatherofthegods,desiredthenymphThetis.However,aprophecysaidshewouldhaveasonwhowasgreaterthanhisfather.ZeusdecidedtomarryhertoPeleus,kingoftheMyrmidons.WeddingofPeleus&ThetisAllgodsinvitedtothecelebration,exceptEris,thegoddessofdiscord.Eris,goddessofdiscordEriscameanywayandbroughtagoldenapple,uponwhichwaswritten"Forthefairest."GoldenAppleTheBeautycontest:

Hera,Athena,andAphrodite

JudgmentofParisThebribesHera:

Power,to

ruleEurope&Asia

Athena:Honor,togetvictoryinallbattles

Aphrodite:Love,tomarrythefairestwomanonearthParisgivestheappletoAphroditeHelenHelen

Helen,daughterofLedaandZeus,wasstunninglybeautiful.ManyGreekprincescourtedherformarriage.Toavoidtrouble,herstepfathermadeallthesuitorssweartoprotectHelenandherchosengroom.HelenchoseMenelaus,wholaterbecamekingofSparta.HelenandMenelausHelenfromtheTrojanWarmovieHelenofTroyPariscametovisitSpartaandgreetedwithhospitality

ParisfellinlovewithHelen.

WhileMenelaussailstoCrete,

HelenranawaywithParis,takingawayavastamountofthetreasurefromSparta.HelenandParisTheabductionofHelenTheabductionofHelenParisintroducesHelentoPriamHeleninTroyParisandHelenParisandHelenPreparationsforWar

AlltheGreekprinceswereboundbytheoathtorecoverHelen.Manyofthemdidnotwanttocome,including

Odysseus

andAchilles.AgamemnonAgamemnon,brothertoMenelaus,becametheCommanderoftheGreekarmy.ThesacrificeofIphigeniaToget

westwindforthefleet,AgamemnonhadtosacrificehisdaughterIphigenia.

AgamemnonandMenelausSailingtowardsTroyGreekfleetreachedTroyGodstakesides

Apollo,Aphrodite,Ares,andArtemisstandontheTrojanside.Hera,Athena,Poseidon,Hermes,andHephaestusstandontheGreekside.

Zeus,Hades,DemeterandHestiastayedrelativelyneutralTrojanWarBeginningofthewarTopGreekWarriors

AgamemnonMenelausAchillesPatroclus

AjaxDiomedes

OdysseusNestor

TopTrojanWarriors

HectorParisPriam

Sarpedon

Andromache

Cycnus

TroilusAeneasAgamemnonleadstheGreektroopsTrojansarereadyforthebattleAttackingDefendingAlonglastingwarNineyearsofsiege

GreeksattackingthesurroundingcitiestocutoffTrojansupplyAchilles,thegreatestoftheGreekwarriors,slewCycnus,Troilus,andmanyotherTrojans.QuarrelbetweenAchilles&AgamemnonApollomadetheGreekssick.

TheOracle

saiditwasbecauseAgamemnonrefusedtoreleaseacaptivegirlwhowasthedaughterofapriestofApollo.

Agamemnonhadtogiveuphiscaptive,buthetookAchilles'favoritecaptivegirlinstead,thusinsultingAchilles.Inarage,AchillesrefusedtofightforTroy.

AchillesconfrontswithAgamemnonAchillesrefusestofightSinglecombatofParis&Menelaus

ParischallengedMenelausinsinglecombatforHelen.Theyfought,andMenelauswaswinning,butAphroditesavedPariswhenhewasabouttobekilled.

TheGreekssufferedIntheabsenceofAchillesandfollowingZeus'spromisetoThetis,HectorenjoyedgreatsuccessagainsttheGreeks,breakingthroughtheirdefensivelineonthebeachandsettingtheshipsonfire.AgamemnonsentOdysseustorequestAchilles,toreturntobattleandofferedmanyrewardsincompensationforhisinitialinsult.AjaxdefendstheshipsPatroclus'deathinAchilles'armor

Achillesstillrefusedtofight.WhenHectorreachedtheGreekships,Achilles'sfriendPatrocluswasallowedtoreturntothefight.Patroclusenjoyedsomedazzlingsuccess,butwasfinallykilledbyHector,withthehelpofApollo.HectorandAndromache

ThemightyHectorralliedtheTrojansandtheyfoughtofftheGreeks.HiswifeAndromacheaskedhimifhecouldstay,buthetoldherhewasfatedtobekilled,andshewasfatedtoendherdaysasaslave.Sohereturnedtothebattle.HectorpreparesforthebattlefieldHectorsaysgood-byetohiswifeAchilles'Retaliation&Hector'sDeath

InhisgriefoverthedeathofhisfriendPatroclus,Achillesrejoinedthebattle.AfterkillingmanyTrojans,AchillesfinallycorneredHectoraloneoutsidethewallsofTroy.AchillesfightswithHectorHectorchosetostandandfightratherthantoretreatintothecity,andhewaskilledbyAchilles.

AchilleskillsHectorThenAchillesdraggedHector'sbodybehindhischariot,anddecidedtogivePatroclusagreatfuneral.AchillestriumphantPriamtraveledtotheGreekcamptopleadforthereturnofHector'sbody,andAchillesagreed.Hector’sdeadbodyAndromachemournsHectorAchilles’Death

Duringthetwelve-daytruce(休戰(zhàn))forHector’sfuneral,AchillessawPolyxenawithherbrotherTroilus.Achillesambushedthepair,killingTroilus,buthewasattractedbytheprincess.PriamthoughtofplanofkillingAchillesbytrickinghimintoamarriagenegotiationinthetempleofApollo.Paris,hiddenfromview,waitedwithhisbowandpoisoned

arrow.

AsAchilleskneltatthealtar,ParisshothimattheanklewiththehelpofApollo,thuskillingAchilles.PolyxenainvitesAchilles

Parisshoots

AchillesAchilles’deathAfterthedeathofAchilles,OdysseusandAjaxfoughtoverAchilles’armour.Ajaxlostthecontest,wentmadandcommittedsuicide.HisdeathdealtaterribleblowtotheGreeks.TheAmazonwarriorsjoinedtheTrojansideandthewarwasnotgoingwellfortheGreeksatthispoint.

TheWoodenHorse

AccordingtoOdysseus’plan,theGreeksbuiltawoodenhorse.TheyhidtheirwarriorsinsidethehorseandwaitedfortheTrojans.ThentheGreekarmysailedawayandhid.TheTrojanscameoutandarguedwhethertotakeitinsidethecity.TheGreekspySinontoldthemthehorsewasanofferingtoAthenaorforgoodluck.SotheyshouldtakethehorseintotheircitytogetAthena’sprotection.TheTrojanHorseLaocoon,thepriestofPoseidon,warnedthemnottotakeitin,butPoseidonsentserpentstokillhissonsandhimself.TheTrojanstookthehorseintothecity.TheTrojanHorseThefallofTroyThatnightaftertheTrojanshadfallentosleep,theGreeksgotoutofthehorseandopenedthecitygateslettingtherestoftheGreekarmyin.TheGreekssackedthecitytotheextentofangeringeventhegodswhowereontheirside.Theyrapedandkilledpeoplenearseveralofthegods’altarsandburnedthecity.Aftertenyears,thewarwasfinallyover.TheBurningofTroyThecitywastotallydestroyed.KingPriamwasslaughteredatthealtarbyAchilles'ssonNeoptolemos.Hector'sinfantson,Astyanax,wasthrownoffthebattlements.Thewomenweretakenprisoner:Hecuba(wifeofPriam),Cassandra(daughterof